93 50 4772 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fb327035012348acb9aa5f73c07ebcc64.jpg 6cb0824f91ddb3d4ac45e2ae10bdaa4f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource White Bluffs-Hanford reunion picnic attendees seated at picnic tables Description An account of the resource White Bluffs-Hanford reunion picnic attendees all gathered around picnic tables. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_1981 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fb39e084f60cba87eff6a1fd10d573dc2.jpg ac2916be8d3bcfed3b5f5fb9656fd58b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource White Bluffs-Hanford reunion picnic crowd Description An account of the resource A photo of the White Bluffs-Hanford reunion picnic's crowd. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_1800 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F0a2bfa38f1e8b8050833acb14402484d.jpg de17f47145e053335cefaeb4ac7374db Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource White Bluffs-Hanford reunion visit Description An account of the resource A crowd of people gathered in the streets of White Bluffs, during a reunion visit. Tour buses in the background. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_1803 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F1978f4779f82e5f7083a5602bf716484.jpg cf6008d02c2d56405acbedc58c300db6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Community Photograph Collections Subject The topic of the resource History of Hanford and the Tri-Cities area Description An account of the resource Photographs donated by the community to the Hanford History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Language A language of the resource English Abstract A summary of the resource. The Community Collections of the Hanford History Project have been graciously donated by community members for preservation and research use. Many of these are collections that were donated to the former Columbia River Exhibition of History, Science, and Technology (CREHST) and transferred to WSU Tri-Cities in 2014. Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. [Item ID], Community Collections, Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photo Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 17.8 x 12.6 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource White Markings on Rocks Subject The topic of the resource Rock art Description An account of the resource "1 photograph; 17.8 x 12.6 cm. Chalk drawings on rocks." Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project, Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/ tif Language A language of the resource none Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG1D_4B_0597 Date Accepted Date of acceptance of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Accepted may be relevant are a thesis (accepted by a university department) or an article (accepted by a journal). 2017-06-01 Date Submitted Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal). 2018-12-04 Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Rock art https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F69b5247d51dfca54c265ff966b230cfc.jpg 16c2b907c116e1d57a38fad7e2efbed0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Community Photograph Collections Subject The topic of the resource History of Hanford and the Tri-Cities area Description An account of the resource Photographs donated by the community to the Hanford History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Language A language of the resource English Abstract A summary of the resource. The Community Collections of the Hanford History Project have been graciously donated by community members for preservation and research use. Many of these are collections that were donated to the former Columbia River Exhibition of History, Science, and Technology (CREHST) and transferred to WSU Tri-Cities in 2014. Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. [Item ID], Community Collections, Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photo Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 17.8 x 12.6 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource White Markings on Rocks Subject The topic of the resource Rock art Description An account of the resource "1 photograph; 17.8 x 12.6 cm. Chalk drawings on rocks.." Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project, Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/ tif Language A language of the resource none Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG1D_4B_0598 Date Accepted Date of acceptance of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Accepted may be relevant are a thesis (accepted by a university department) or an article (accepted by a journal). 2017-06-01 Date Submitted Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal). 2018-12-04 Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Rock art https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fa736cd42a45387c4bde6b01f09637e4e.jpg d8426d2f7f8be29a7e37a40407a056d0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wiehl Ranch Description An account of the resource "At Wiehl Ranch, Matt on mower. Hattie center lady." Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_106 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F669df493dee4eb0b6840ee2ebc924088.docx a458b74fb356ebfe8243ef5eac1270be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hanford History Project Finding Aids Description An account of the resource Finding aids for archive collections held by the Hanford History Project at WSU Tri-Cities. The Hanford History Project collections generally relate to Hanford, but encompassing material outside of the Department of Energy Hanford Collection scope. This focus includes the town of Richland, pre-1943 and post-1990 Hanford Site history, and materials relating to Hanford not produced on the Hanford Site during the Manhattan Project and Cold War. See list of finding aids for specific collections. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wilfred E. Johnson Collection Description An account of the resource The collection contains newspaper clippings, correspondence, photographs, speeches/presentations, publication by Wilfrid E. Johnson, and other miscellaneous documents (i.e. programs, invitations, books and booklets, personal research materials, etc.). The bulk of the documents cover Wilfrid E. Johnson’s U. S. Atomic Energy Commission terms (1966-1972). Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Columbia River Exhibition of History, Science, and Technology Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F6d99616107b324f5ebd55f99fcb9176a.docx 2c0ebe3d135a3f865f0cdb7f6734f3c0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Guide to the Pre-Manhattan Project Towns of Hanford, White Bluffs, and Richland Subject The topic of the resource The towns of Hanford, White Bluffs and Richland Washington prior to 1943. Description An account of the resource Project funded by the Benton County, Washington Historical Preservation Grant. A virtual guide to the communities displaced when the federal government inaugurated the Manhattan Project on the Hanford Site in 1943. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Text A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text. Text Any textual data included in the document <p>Willard J. Kincaid</p> <p>Willard J. Kincaid is a fondly-remembered and prominent figure in the pre-Manhattan Project history of the Hanford area. A banker and community advocate, he helped develop the White Bluffs area into a thriving town while taking on several projects to better the community such as the Priest Rapids Irrigation District, where he served on the board and helped to secure the necessary funds to get the district up and running.  Kincaid was also the proprietor and manager of the White Bluffs Bank, which served White Bluffs and its surrounding areas including Vernita and the Priest Rapids Valley.  Kincaid worked for the White Bluffs Bank from the time he relocated to White Bluffs from Farmer, Washington in 1909, to the time he retired in the 1940s, when he subsequently relocated to Riverside, California.<a title="">[1]</a> During his many decades in White Bluffs, Kincaid and other businessmen built a golf course, started several commercial clubs and women’s clubs, and Kincaid was often the chair of many of these meetings.<a title="">[2]</a> In December of 1930, he was elected to the Priest Rapids Irrigation District’s board of trustees after having resigned his director’s position in September to legitimize the project and get it off the ground.<a title="">[3]</a></p> <p>Irrigation projects in this part of the Priest Rapids Valley had a short and troubled history of fiscal insolvency and difficulty delivering water, starting with the Priest Rapids Irrigation and Power Company in 1905 and continuing until the eviction of residents in 1943.<a title="">[4]</a>  Eventually the Priest Rapids Irrigation District did get off the ground and operated from 1920 to 1943, when it was condemned by the federal government in an effort to clear the land for use on the Manhattan Project<a title="">[5]</a>. However, due to various snags within the court system, the district was unable to operate for several years, according to Kincaid’s journal entries. During the Depression, which by Kincaid’s own admission started affecting him and his business in 1931, the financial situation was so dire that the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Company had to float Kincaid and others the necessary money to keep the district in operation, which was also supplemented with money from the State Irrigation Revolving Fund to deepen the power canal, which would strengthen the power plant’s operations in the district<a title="">[6]</a>. The land itself was the subject of a lawsuit in 1950, where it was formally dissolved under eminent domain, after it was established that the United States of America had no further interest or use for the Priest Rapids site.<a title="">[7]</a></p> <p>Elsewhere in local affairs, Kincaid had a hand in the construction of the Soldier Settlements. Construction on the settlement began in 1922, with he and others in the community appearing in front of the board of Regents at Washington State University, then known as Washington State College, successfully convincing the University to sell 840 acres of land to the committee on which Kincaid was a member<a title="">[8]</a>. Later, in 1925, the land settlement project was brought forth again, and again Kincaid made his case, urging a joint session of the legislature to adjust so that the land was suitable for such a settlement.<a title="">[9]</a>  After leaving White Bluffs in the early 1940s Kincaid journeyed first up to Bellingham, where he worked in the business office of a lumber company, before going to Riverside, California. He also briefly came out of retirement to work as a bank cashier.<a title="">[10]</a></p> <p>Kincaid died in 1970 at the age of 86. During his life, he was integral in White Bluffs’ slow growth as a small, but proud community, until its abrupt abandonment in 1943, when the US Government requisitioned the land around White Bluffs for use on the Manhattan Project.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p>Bibliography</p> <p>Kincaid Black, Virginia. “Willard John Kincaid” By M. Jay Haney. Hanford History Project. <a href="http://hanfordhistory.com/items/show/614">http://hanfordhistory.com/items/show/614</a></p> <p> </p> <p>Parker, Martha Berry. Tales Of Richland, <em>White Bluffs and Hanford 1805-1943: Before The Atomic Reserve. </em>Fairfield, Washington: Ye Galleon Press, 1979.</p> <p> </p> <p>“Prospect Bright For Enlargement Of Project” <em>White Bluffs Spokesman</em>. Dec. 29^th, 1922. Vol 16, No. 22.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <div><br /><div> <p><a title="">[1]</a> Virginia Kincaid Black. “Willard John Kincaid” By M. Jay Haney. Hanford History Project. http://hanfordhistory.com/items/show/614</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="">[2]</a> Virginia Kincaid Black. “Willard John Kincaid” By M. Jay Haney. Hanford History Project. http://hanfordhistory.com/items/show/614</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="">[3]</a> <em>White Bluffs spokesman.</em> (White Bluffs, Wash.), 19 Sept. 1930. <em>Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers</em>. Lib. of Congress.</p> <p>&lt;<a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87093008/1930-09-19/ed-1/seq-1/">https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87093008/1930-09-19/ed-1/seq-1/</a>&gt;</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="">[4]</a> Martha Berry Parker, <em>Tales of Richland, White Bluffs &amp; Hanford 1805-1943: Before the Atomic Reserve </em>(Fairfield, Washington:Ye Galleon Press, 1979), pp.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="">[5]</a> <em>United States v. Priest Rapids Irr. Dist</em>, 175 F.2d 524 (9th Cir. 1949). Casetext.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="">[6]</a> Virginia Kincaid Black. “Kincaid Family History,” <em>Hanford History Project</em>, accessed May 1, 2023, http://hanfordhistory.com/items/show/614.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="">[7]</a> The United States of America, appellant, v. Priest Rapids Irrigation District et. Al, respondents. No. 31547. En Banc.  Supreme Court December 14, 1950. <a href="http://courts.mrsc.org/supreme/037wn2d/037wn2d0623.htm">http://courts.mrsc.org/supreme/037wn2d/037wn2d0623.htm</a></p> </div> <div> <p><a title="">[8]</a> <em>White Bluffs spokesman. [vol. 16, no. 22]</em> (White Bluffs, Wash.), 29 Dec. 1922. <em>Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers</em>. Lib. of Congress. &lt;<a href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87093008/1922-12-29/ed-1/seq-1/">https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87093008/1922-12-29/ed-1/seq-1/</a>&gt;</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="">[9]</a> Virginia Kincaid Black. “Kincaid Family History,” <em>Hanford History Project</em>, accessed May 1, 2023, http://hanfordhistory.com/items/show/614.</p> </div> <div> <p><a title="">[10]</a> Virginia Kincaid Black. “Kincaid Family History,” <em>Hanford History Project</em>, accessed May 1, 2023, http://hanfordhistory.com/items/show/614.</p> </div> </div> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Willard J. Kincaid Subject The topic of the resource A virtual guide to the communities displaced when the federal government inaugurated the Manhattan Project on the Hanford Site in 1943. Funded by the Benton County, Washington Historical Preservation Grant. Description An account of the resource Biography of Willard J. Kincaid, manager of the First Bank of White Bluffs Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Written by Mark Schafer Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at WSU Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F96073730f56be130f3328aca307353df.MP3 466fe150c3a60f5d0b8a7382a0973fdf https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ffcd5fc2a84d8671b511fda204e7d00a2.MP3 65a76b09f55860805c190166b369d541 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource B Reactor Museum Association Oral Histories Description An account of the resource Oral History Interviews conducted by the B Reactor Museum Association. The collection is split between a series of audio oral histories taken in the late 1990s and early 2000s by Gene Weisskopf that focuses on the T-Plant, and a series of video oral histories done in the early 1990s by Bill Putman that focus on the B Reactor and Hanford construction. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3, DOCX Language A language of the resource English Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Gene Weisskopf Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed William V. Baumgartner Location The location of the interview Home of William Baumgartner Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound Interview of William V. Baumgartner on audio tape (not video) at his home in Richland, WA April 11, 2001 Interviewed by Gene Weisskopf, BRMA Keywords: “200 Area”, “T Plant”, chemistry TAPE 1 SIDE A WEISSKOPF: Can you give me your name and… BAUMGARTNER: My name is William Vincent Baumgartner. WEISSKOPF: And today’s date. BAUMGARTNER: Today is what, April 11th, the year 2001. WEISSKOPF: I don’t care what direction we go, I am interested in maybe, just, how about briefly what were you were doing before you came here? BAUMGARTNER: Oh, I came straight out of school. Got my degree on June 11th and I signed on on the 15th. WEISSKOPF: Did you come here specifically from your degree? BAUMGARTNER: Yes. I had two job opportunities. One was DuPont back east. The other one was Hanford here, with GE here. I didn’t have enough money to get back east so I took this one. WEISSKOPF: What was your degree in? BAUMGARTNER: Chemistry. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: Which you would expect. WEISSKOPF: ____(unclear) been a lot of work here? BAUMGARTNER: Right. When we came in, we were tech rads. There were 500 of us. WEISSKOPF: Every year there were 500? BAUMGARTNER: No, because they were stocking chemists for REDOX. WEISSKOPF: And what year was that? BAUMGARTNER: 1951. WEISSKOPF: Was that the fall or? BAUMGARTNER: We came in June and REDOX went online, I think, in ’52 or ’53, and so they were getting us prepared. Think about it, all of these were Q-cleared people so it took several months in my case. It took from June until the end of August. At which time we then went to, I went to T Plant and I was in T Plant from August of ’51 until November of ’52. And at that time we had a lot of changes, a lot of new supervision. The supervisors were changing because B Plant was shutting down or shut down, and so we were picking up those supervisors plus all the new chemists that were wandering through. In the original, from 1945 until at that time, there was only one shift chemist and we had four shifts, you know A, B, C, D shifts, which means we were working 7 days a week from the clock. The plant never shut down, it didn’t even shut down for holidays. WEISSKOPF: But you were working normal 8-hour days. BAUMGARTNER: Normal 8-hour days 5 days a week, and see you’d work swing, days, and graveyard. WEISSKOPF: Yeah, and they rotated them rather quickly right? BAUMGARTNER: Well, it would be like 7 graveyards… WEISSKOPF: 7 weeks or 7 days. BAUMGARTNER: No 7 days. Every 28-day was a cycle. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. I think they have changed that since then. BAUMGARTNER: Well, it depends. They might be working 10-hour shifts. We don’t have anything now “operating” that needs to operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. At that time no one wanted to shut the plants down. We were going into, at that time, the cold war and things were getting really sticky because we knew that the Russians had weapons and they were making lots of them. So we were just in the process of making more and better than anybody else. WEISSKOPF: So when you arrived, things were gearing up? BAUMGARTNER: We were gearing up for REDOX. B Plant shut down. T Plant was going to shut down as soon as REDOX got going because REDOX was built to handle not only all of the material that our reactors could produce but what Savannah River could produce; it was that big a plant. WEISSKOPF: Were they going to ship stuff out here? BAUMGARTNER: They did. They actually did. Our material that we made here had what was called the lowest MWd material, megawatt days per ton, that was a unit of measurement. Our plutonium was what we call 500 megawatt days per ton. Savannah River reactors were quite large and they couldn’t give us any material that had less than 1,000 megawatt days per ton, and so we had to end up blending to ours in order to get a weapon that… What do you know about plutonium? WEISSKOPF: More than the general layperson. BAUMGARTNER: Okay, plutonium as it comes from the reactor, what you really want is plutonium 239 and you don’t want 240 and 241. The higher the MWd the more 240 and 241 is in the plutonium, which is not a weapon. WEISSKOPF: And it ends up in your finished product… BAUMGARTNER: Right, and you can separate that out easily. You just can’t, not with what we’ve got. That’s plutonium and we use a chemical reaction to get the plutonium separated from everything. WEISSKOPF: Would a 1,000 megawatt day have more… BAUMGARTNER: 240 and 241, and that’s not a good weapon material so we blended it with our 500 and basically ____ (unclear) 750 megawatt days per ton which was our weapons. And the material that we got from the reactors would sit out in the reactor, in the basins, or in 200 R Area basin for at least 60 days for cooling off. So the law of the short half-life materials were gone and then we would bring it into T Plant cask. 1,500 pounds of metal, dissolve that up, separate the plutonium out of that at T Plant using a bismuth phosphate ____ (s/l coprecipitator) in the front end of the canyon and then we would transfer it over to 224, and then they would use allantoin. Allantoin brings now more plutonium for less. In other words, the precipitation is such that there is more plutonium per pound on the ____ (s/l precipity) than there is with bismuth, but bismuth doesn’t bring down fission products in uranium, where as lanthanum would have a tendency to bring out some of these other things. To give you a little insight, at the time when we were running this we were literally using up all the bismuth that was being mined in America. Does that tell ya? So, in other words, we were using a lot of bismuth. WEISSKOPF: And throwing it out each batch? BAUMGARTNER: That was all going into the waste tanks. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: Every bit of it, that’s in the waste tanks. One of these days, we’ll mine that. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: You know cause it’s… Anyway, T Plant, then the canyon building had the bismuth extract from the dissolver, and the volume. The final volume of the plutonium was, I think, something on…. if you can get a hold of a C-Manual. WEISSKOPF: I’ve got it. BAUMGARTNER: Have you? It is a very large book WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: That will tell you chemically everything you need to know. That was classified TS in 1950. Only a few people got a chance to read that, I was one of them. WEISSKOPF: When you came here did they sit you down with something like that, or? BAUMGARTNER: Well, I was in a very interesting position. When I went to T Plant, the laboratory 222-T, my first assignment…Now we had three chemists instead of one, so my first assignment was to go to 271-T laboratory, which was a “cold” laboratory. In other words, we weren’t handling any of the reactor materials. This was cold solutions that we were using to make these strikes, you know, as we were going up the process. There were like six solutions that we had to make up for this process. Recognize the C-Manual was written from test tube chemistry to this 1,800 foot long canyon building, and so in the early days when they got to operating they didn’t hesitate to make two or three bismuth strikes to get all of the plutonium out, because they wanted the plutonium. But as time went on, making multi-strikes when a single strike should work is what they were going for and when I got there they were averaging three strikes to get all of the plutonium out of a batch. WEISSKOPF: Another word for strike is… BAUMGARTNER: Is where you precipitate down with bismuth and you ended up having to use three times before you could get all of the plutonium out. Okay, then I went into 271-T Laboratory where we did the cold chemistry. Read the C-Manual, and it turns out that in the C-Manual, if you look at it very carefully the variance on the chemicals that you could use, when it said 6 normal it didn’t mean 4-1/2 or 5, it meant say like 5.8 to 6.2. Well, what was happening is that we weren’t quite as careful, our laboratory had gotten dirty over the years and so we were walking outside the limits. Even though we were saying it was 6.0, it really wasn’t for a lot of reasons. One is dirty tools, dirty laboratory, and the other is our standards weren’t good, weren’t as good as they could have been. I got in there and I got the dubious job of trying to figure out how we can get it so we can get down to one. And we did that, it took me about a month and we cleaned up all the chemical, all the glassware, went down and got a brand new set of calibrations that was really very fine, that had to meet the specifications. And then when that happened, we went down to a single strike and we were able to get the plutonium out. When that happened, operations then glommed onto me and says “ We can’t take any more chances, this guy is going to do that all the time.” So I ended up making solutions for about three or four months. WEISSKOPF: Your talking about major gallons of solutions ____ (unclear)? BAUMGARTNER: Yes, yeah yeah approximately. WEISSKOPF: The cold chemicals that they were using. BAUMGARTNER: Right, the cold chemicals that were used right. And they have to be made up to specification. Yeah, we made like 500 gallons at a crack, type of thing. Ferrous sulfate, we only made like 50 gallons and we used 50 gallons. That was not something that you could leave hanging around, which they did and then therefore the ferrous sulfate solution wasn’t as strong as it should have been, even though yesterday or the day before we measured it and it was like say, so much normality, and it turns out the next day if you leave it sit in the same ____(unclear) it is gonna be a lot less. That was part of the problem and we got that cleaned up, and when we did, then they decided oh golly, we’re now one strike per run, well let’s see if we can’t make a run, a real just see how much this plant could really have produced. And they never had in the earlier days, you know when they only had F, H, and D, in the very early days, the reactors. See and then the R came on and B Plant, you know and F, B, and C Plant, and then the two. When they came, you know as they got more and more, then these B and T Plant they didn’t have to be efficient because they had enough capability to process it all. However, when they were going to go to REDOX they just wanted to see what the plant could really do, and it turned out they could do a lot more than they had thought. WEISSKOPF: What was the turn around time when you got there, generally, for when they dumped the fuel into the dissolver until it was ____(unclear) BAUMGARTNER: I don’t know is that declassified yet? In other words, each run was equivalent to a half a piece. WEISSKOPF: When you say run your assuming 1,500… BAUMGARTNER: Grams, 1,500 grams of plutonium. WEISSKOPF: From 1,500 tons. BAUMGARTNER: From 1,500 pounds. WEISSKOPF: A ton and a half. BAUMGARTNER: A ton and a half… WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: …well about a ton. I don’t know about the halves, about a ton of metal. Depended on the… WEISSKOPF: Metric tons or English tons? Yeah…yeah, I’ll have to look this up. BAUMGARTNER: You have to look in the, C-Manual will tell you. WEISSKOPF: They go back and forth even in there. BAUMGARTNER: I thought the C-Manual will say 1,500 pounds. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: In a batch. WEISSKOPF: That sounds right to me. BAUMGARTNER: And so it wasn’t quite a ton, it was about ¾ of a ton. Anyway, that’s, look at the C-Manual and it will tell you. You know, for the specific amount. WEISSKOPF: From the time that you put it in until the time it was heading out of the 200 Area, or lets say out of… BAUMGARTNER: No, out of the back end of T Plant before it went down to 231, 234-5 building it would, when I first got there it would take about a day, three shifts. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: When we did our master run, it didn’t take a shift. WEISSKOPF: When you fine-tuned it and got it down to one ____ (s/l precipity). BAUMGARTNER: Right. WEISSKOPF: So that’s like, we’ll call it eight hours, that you could… BAUMGARTNER: About 10 hours is what it was actually. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: Boy that was a lot of stuff. So the old plants could have produced a lot, we wouldn’t have needed REDOX, but REDOX just had so much capability. Then REDOX had its problems and it wasn’t very long when we found out what its problem was because the hexone got nitrated. WEISSKOPF: No chemist had predicted that? BAUMGARTNER: No they hadn’t, they didn’t think that trinitro hexone was going to do what TNT does, but it did. And so we had some pops in some of the vessels. And so when that happened, well then we went to PUREX. WEISSKOPF: When you were at T Plant, basically, they had fine-tuned the process over those years. BAUMGARTNER: No, no. WEISSKOPF: Not to what you really could have done. BAUMGARTNER: Right. WEISSKOPF: Yeah, okay. BAUMGARTNER: Right. They were willing to take basically one run per day. WEISSKOPF: And that was taken care of… BAUMGARTNER: That was taking care of everything needed, which they knew that wouldn’t be the future, but it was enough to satisfy the military needs. You know, when you had B and T, so that basically gave you a weapon a day. WEISSKOPF: So you were spending most of your time in a lab, and not a hot lab. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah well, I lasted there two months up in the cold lab. Then they says well Bill you gotta come on down to the hot lab, we can’t let you stay up there forever. So what we did then is we moved the cold lab over to 222 T so I could do that hot work and the cold work. WEISSKOPF: Oh, they put them both together. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, well, we cleaned off one side and we put all the cold chemicals in there so they went and brought all the samples over to the T, you know 222 T, and then I at the same time got the chance then to do the hot stuff. And it turned out that the two things that I ended up doing, I hadn’t educated from, because everything is pipetting. WEISSKOPF: Right. BAUMGARTNER: Okay, and the final solution was based on 5 lambda, so you weren’t allowed to go very much over the mark and just exactly to the mark, and then you had to make double dilutions. So you were making some very interesting high-dilutions in order for the counter to count and you had to be within a fairly narrow… And we were having a hard time without reruns running the final solution, you know that went down to 231, just to get the right count for the accountability, because that was the first accountability. WEISSKOPF: How many samples would you do in one batch as it went through? That’s what you’re talking about now? BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, one sample. Well, you had many samples from the batch because you would have the dissolver solution, and then you would have the first strike, and then you would have the first strike waste because you… WEISSKOPF: What would you test in the dissolver? I mean, wasn’t that just ____ (s/l dissolvent and dissolve) it and move it on and that’s it? BAUMGARTNER: No, the dissolver solution was where we tried to get the first guess at how much plutonium was in the metal. Because see… WEISSKOPF: Yeah, okay. BAUMGARTNER: And so that when you got it at the back end of the process it had better match. WEISSKOPF: Back up one step farther, the people at the reactors had estimates of what should be in based on the number of hours in the reactor. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, but it depended on where in the reactor it was. WEISSKOPF: Right, how close was that? And when you guys did the first test in the dissolver, that was your first chemical analysis ____ (unclear) BAUMGARTNER: That’s the first. WEISSKOPF: Were they usually close to estimates? Did you argue with the reactor guys about what was in there? BAUMGARTNER: All the time… WEISSKOPF: Oh. BAUMGARTNER: …all the time. WEISSKOPF: In what way? BAUMGARTNER: Well, when you’d get 1,100 grams instead of 1,500 grams. WEISSKOPF: At the end… BAUMGARTNER: Or when you’d get it in the dissolver, what happened to the other 400 grams? You know. Did we lose it? You see, then when the discrepancy was too large then you had to rerun everything. Gotta go back and get another sample of the dissolver solution and then see what the hell…and then if it matched what you took the…Because remember now sampling is a real art. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: These guys had some, you know your only taking two drops and you know that has got to be representative of what’s in there, and… WEISSKOPF: Against how many gallons? . BAUMGARTNER: Like 500 gallons. So, right off of the bat you’ve got an interesting problem. At that time, not too much was statistics and known. We had arbitrary limits and they were as arbitrary as they thought we could meet ‘em based on the laboratory, you know, having a test tube type technology versus 500 gallons is a whole different world. And so we were having our sweats, so that when you fell out of the limits, and that should be in the C-Manual, those numbers… I know what they are but I am not sure if it’s always… If it’s in the C-Manual you can publish it real easy. I hate to give you information that I am not absolutely sure… WEISSKOPF: Right. BAUMGARTNER: …has been released. WEISSKOPF: Yeah, and to tell you the truth the specifics are less important then the generality. BAUMGARTNER: Oh, I got you okay. WEISSKOPF: Always more better than…just to get a general idea what it was. Here is a couple of things from the Tech Manual. The, well here’s the dissolver flow sheet, sort of a check list, the log, the recipe. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, yeah, yeah. Eight buckets of 105 each at 3,800 gallons of sodium nitrate dissolver 3-5 hours at 4-1/2 ____(unclear), okay. Heat dissolver to boiling and add 1,100 pounds of sodium hydroxide, digest for two hours. Okay they have released everything, alright good. Good, good, good, good. So, large quantities, these always are big big deals. So the original solution comes in, its you know like 5,100, you know ____ (unclear) 5,100 pounds, okay. That’s 5,300 gallons, 500 gallons basically. Okay, when it comes off the back end with plutonium it’s about 15 gallons. When it comes off the back end at 224 it’s about 5 gallons. When it comes off the back end at 231 it was a liter and a half, and when it comes off the back end at 234-5 it’s a piece of metal, okay, so that’s, okay. 5,000 pounds is the general guess and the solutions are large. You know, you… WEISSKOPF: And how much was in a sample that came into the hot lab? BAUMGARTNER: Two drops. WEISSKOPF: Two which? BAUMGARTNER: Two drops. WEISSKOPF: And that was so radioactive they had to put it in a shield? BAUMGARTNER: Yes, 3, 3 inches. WEISSKOPF: How could two drops be so radioactive you have put it in a shield? To a layperson that doesn’t sound like much. BAUMGARTNER: It was called a doorstop and in it was a bayonet point and in there was just two drops. WEISSKOPF: And you didn’t just pull out the test tubes? BAUMGARTNER: Hell no. We had a tool that went into the doorstop, grabbed our 25 lambda sample. WEISSKOPF: What’s a lambda? BAUMGARTNER: A lambda is a thousandth of a cc. WEISSKOPF: It was how many of those? BAUMGARTNER: 25, that’s 0.025 cc’s. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: At two drops, I don’t even remember what two drops is anymore, but I can tell you right now it ain’t a hell of a lot because if you reran a doorstop three times you were out of solution. So, it’s about 100 lambda. WEISSKOPF: You could run it three times? BAUMGARTNER: Yeah. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: You could run it three times, then you had to take a new solution. We never went past two, but you could run up to three. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: If you couldn’t get them to match, if you couldn’t the, you know, the two of them to match because one operator would be one and another operator would then run the other run. So you had two guys running the doorstop and they had to match within a given value and if they did then you went on. That became God’s law about what the plutonium concentration was. WEISSKOPF: You were looking for plutonium in two drops out of 500 gallons? BAUMGARTNER: Yes. WEISSKOPF: And, what you were looking for is the percentage of plutonium… BAUMGARTNER: You wanted to come up with a number like say 1,500 grams of what’s in that tank. If it was outside of specifications then you didn’t grab that out of the cement, but there was a limit, 1,500 grams plus or minus a 100 grams for instance; just as a case in point. So that if you got 1,350 and your two guys got 1,350, then they had to go back and resample because it’s supposed to be between 1,400 and 1,600 grams okay? So now they resample. If the second sample now agreed with the first one, then that’s what became…then they says ah-ha, there is not 1,500 grams in there, and there’s whatever the number was. WEISSKOPF: How close would it have to be before you called an agreement? BAUMGARTNER: What? WEISSKOPF: If the first guy came up with 1,500, how close could the second one be… BAUMGARTNER: It had to be within 50. We were allowed to have, you know the two had to be within 50 of 1,500 grams. WEISSKOPF: Back it up one more step. You would then take your number…Let’s say you get an accurate number and you say ‘ but the reactor guys are saying, you know, 1,800.’ BAUMGARTNER: Alright, if it was supposed to be 1,800 and we say got 1,500 then we had to back and resample. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: …because it could be the two drops we got wasn’t quite representative of the solution, so we got another one. If those two agreed within say 100, then we said that’s what the number is. However, if two of them did not agree within 100, you know within say 100 grams then we got a third sample and two out of three. WEISSKOPF: Now if yours are agreeing, but they are different from what the reactor guys estimated… BAUMGARTNER: Then this is what we took. WEISSKOPF: You took your numbers and said we’ll talk about it later. BAUMGARTNER: That’s the way we go. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: And so that when got out to the back end of 271 T, the last solution out of there, then that had to check. In other words we couldn’t… WEISSKOPF: Right. BAUMGARTNER: And if it did check fine, and if it didn’t check then we had to go back do the resampling. Because see there you weren’t using a doorstop. WEISSKOPF: Hadn’t you already lost all the, after you do the percentage… BAUMGARTNER: Oh…you leave them in the tanks. WEISSKOPF: You leave them in the tank until your all done and then you would send it to the waste. BAUMGARTNER: Right. See that’s what I’m…you leave solutions, they sit there. These solutions, they just sat there until the run got accepted. When the run got accepted then you could just pump the stuff to the tank farms. Does that make any sense to you? WEISSKOPF: Absolutely. Yeah, yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Okay, you’ve got everything here that you need. WEISSKOPF: It’s enough to get a good idea of how things ran. BAUMGARTNER: Right, right. WEISSKOPF: What we’re looking for and the kind of… BAUMGARTNER: And these percentages had to be right because they were now recalculated in terms of what the solution had to be that we are going to be adding. You know like 6% or whatever the percentage was and it wasn’t allowed to deviate very far. WEISSKOPF: Your saying based on the amount of plutonium that was in the solution? BAUMGARTNER: No, based on this, it is the amount of metal that you dissolve. WEISSKOPF: It’s what? BAUMGARTNER: It was the amount of metal you dissolve. We always dissolved the same amount of metal. WEISSKOPF: It was the batch size, not however much plutonium… BAUMGARTNER: Right, that’s what regulated the amount of chemicals you put in. WEISSKOPF: Would you need, You wouldn’t be using, You could’ve used less bismuth if there was less plutonium in the batch, theoretically. BAUMGARTNER: Not really. WEISSKOPF: No? BAUMGARTNER: Bismuth, well when we had it fine-tuned yeah. But, see we were expecting them to put slugs in there that gave us the 1,500 grams. We were expecting 1,800 or down to 11. We were expected 1,500 grams. And we expected them to blend those slugs. They knew where they were at and they knew where they had come from, so… WEISSKOPF: The batch should add up. BAUMGARTNER: It should have added up and that kind of thing was, you know, we didn’t fuss much. That didn’t bother us a lot. Maybe one run out of 10 deviated from what we expected. The rest of the time these guys were pretty good. They knew that reactor pretty well and they pretty well knew that in this pile there was…especially after we got the computer working pretty well. That took some doing, but once they got the computer program that told them what they needed, when to push, and then…See they would push not the whole reactor, so they would just push it for the section. WEISSKOPF: The tubes of their choice. BAUMGARTNER: Right, right. And that was based on what the computer said was there, based on what they saw in the profile of the number of neutrons per centimeter squared. When all that happened and that computer program was working, I was very fortunate I happened to know the guy that wrote the dang thing. WEISSKOPF: Yeah? BAUMGARTNER: And we were taking the class together because at the time, well programming was pretty much at the beginning stages, and the language you were using was your own, and the arithmetic was really…that’s where we were having all of problems. The arithmetic was such that getting five or six digits of precision was pretty hard. And so we were looking for better ways of getting the six or seven, eight digits of precision without taking a large amount of time on the computer. Because you remember now the computer in those days was at like 37 milliseconds per cycle. So you weren’t getting very many cycles per second, like you are now where we got 700 megahertz. WEISSKOPF: 37 milliseconds is 30 cycles per second, give or take. BAUMGARTNER: No it’s 300 I think. WEISSKOPF: 300. BAUMGARTNER: 300 yeah. And now there are 900 million. In my home, what I got is 333. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: And that’s about three or four years old. So you get what I am trying to say. The computers were small. They were only like 6 kil, and…So we were looking for methods and the reactor kind of thing was really burning computer time. WEISSKOPF: Just calculating when the slugs were ready to push out… BAUMGARTNER: Right, when they are ready to push out, so we were taking an inordinate large amount of time. So the guy worked on that problem and we took them out. WEISSKOPF: Do you remember what department he would have been in to be doing that… BAUMGARTNER: He would have been in the 100 Area, but in operations. WEISSKOPF: With their own people. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah it was his own, and there weren’t too many computer people at that time. You know there was, I think there was like 10 guys that I knew. WEISSKOPF: Any reactor operators or… BAUMGARTNER: Well the reactor operators are just pushers of buttons and switches you know, but nuclear engineers…we were teaching the guys nuclear engineering here. I took classes on that. WEISSKOPF: And realizing too that this idea of estimating when the slugs are ready and then finding out that you were correct… BAUMGARTNER: Right. WEISSKOPF: And they had to do it… BAUMGARTNER: Well they had to make a whole bunch of experiments and all that kind stuff and it took awhile, it took awhile. Anyway, that’s the precursor to this. At the time, when like I say it was all trying to push metal through and so we had limits and if we deviated from the limits then we did a resampling, and then if the samples were close then we went ahead and continued, got the final one. They checked the front end within a certain limit. In other words, we figured at least 90%, 90%-95% recovery. WEISSKOPF: Recovery, and you were happy… BAUMGARTNER: Well when it first got there we were happy with that one. When got done we were not happy until we got 99. So, cause then that leaves only a little bit of plutonium in the waste solutions. WEISSKOPF: Were there any problems you remember overcoming that made a noticeable difference that hey hadn’t seen before or hadn’t been able to correct, or hadn’t realized it was there? BAUMGARTNER: I don’t know, there was an awful lot of chemical engineers in T Plant, I think each shift had like four. WEISSKOPF: They had been working on it for years. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, right from the beginning. And they were as dumbfounded as everybody else was because, not realizing some of these problems. It happened that my forte was analytical chemistry and I had thee years of that stuff. When I went to Seattle University, here let me give you my college. Freshman year was Yakima Valley College, so I took beginning chemistry. Sophomore year I went up to Seattle University. I then took analytical chemistry. In my Junior year I came back to Yakima Valley and I got a ____ (unclear), and Junior year I was back at Yakima Valley College because it cost me my whole year’s of college money and I took organic. My Senior year, ah ha now then, I ended up having to take P-chem organics since I had taken it in Yakima Valley. I had to take organic qual and since then I liked what I had done. I had to take advanced analytical chemistry and advanced organic for my senior year. I was taking like 10 hours every quarter chemistry classes. So I got 30 hours my senior year alone. So I had an extra year basically of chemistry just to get my degree. And so I ended up having the kind of thing that they wanted here. Somewhat, because one of solutions was semi-organic. WEISSKOPF: What kind of automated instruments, electronic instruments were you using back in college? Was it all test tubes and… BAUMGARTNER: Well, most of the stuff that I did in college was in terms of gravimetric. Here it was volumetric. Volumetric was what we called elementary, it was more prone to error. And so that’s what I was getting at. Volumetric analysis is more prone to error, 50 lambda in 10 milliliters, and 25 lambda out of that, so you would have to make sure that everything is stirred, etc, etc, etc. So volumetric lends itself to some real interesting errors. Whereas gravimetric errors, we would have precipitated it, put it onto you know, pull it out on the filtered paper, weighed the filter paper before and after, would have been much tighter tolerance. WEISSKOPF: With two drops. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, because filter paper… WEISSKOPF: Well, that’s what…I’m sorry, but back at Berkley when they discovered plutonium those are the amounts they were working with, tiny, tiny, tiny amounts. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, they were with a fraction of a gram. WEISSKOPF: Yeah, okay. BAUMGARTNER: See and that was the total amount and now your going sample that to see how much there was really there. WEISSKOPF: So the beauty of chemistry is you can do it on big levels or small levels, the equations are the same, it’s just that instrumentation and the beakers are different sizes. BAUMGARTNER: Well, also too in gravimetric if you way say a 5 gram sample and you have down to the closest 10th of a milligram on possible with a beam balance. You can do that. So that gives me like three orders of magnitude, so a little bit of wait goes a long ways. Secondly, your adding some weight to the precipitate, by you know, putting some more, you know, atoms to the molecule and it was your precipitating so therefore your putting more weight to so its not less, it’s more. And so there, and you correct for it. But the point I’m getting at is you make sure that your gravimetric analysis will allow you at least 99%, so that if you say you can go to the closet 10th of a milligram. You would expect to have at least 10 grams difference in weight. And so in our case we would process something on the order of 50 milligrams, see and that would be 500. So that we should have been able to hit 1% easy with the gravimetric analysis. Whereas with volumetric analysis now your going to titrate and you have to know…. When I first got there they gave me the calibrated solutions to two digits. WEISSKOPF: As opposed to… what would you have expected? BAUMGARTNER: I would have expected four. With four I can do something with it. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: I can’t do much precision analysis because now all of a sudden the third digit is half, you know, so now I got I suppose a 6 normal and I’ve got 5 that’s almost a percent. And so I got nasty when I went down there at the standards. I says I’ve got to have a minimum of three digits, I’d prefer four. That was very hard for them to give me so they gave me basically about 3-1/2 on the volumetric, but that made the difference. That’s why we ended up getting precisely what we were… It was the little things like this that people weren’t watching. Yeah, if it was really and truly you know 6 normal, you know, plus or minus 0.1 normal everything was fine, but what happens when it isn’t? You know, then yeah, yeah we ended up striking twice, three times, that kind of thing. Anyway, with me getting the advantage of working with these guys in the cold part, I also was allowed to drive the elevator, in other words the crane. WEISSKOPF: Yeah? BAUMGARTNER: I got to do that, moving the cell blocks. WEISSKOPF: Based on what? BAUMGARTNER: Well they began to know me. WEISSKOPF: Oh…yeah okay. BAUMGARTNER: So I says well why don’t I sit in with you to see what you’re doing. I says ‘how can I help if I don’t know what anybody is doing?’ You know, a chemist can do more than just chemistry if he can watch what people are doing, see what kind of system. In other words, are the cells really as the C-Manual says they are? You know, big hurky stainless steel tanks. In other words, how much volume is sitting between this tank and that thank you know. Pipes two inches in diameter is eight feet long, well there’s some body in there. It’s the little things like this that they had overlooked that when I saw the equipment that I said ah that makes sense to me. And then we were dropping solutions down through sort of a rig, you know a valve, you know, so this could go into this one and this, oh we’ll let it go into that one. So it was all of those kinds of things. So there were solutions sitting there. Get what I’m trying to say? From the tank where we knew what it was until it ran out the spout down into wherever it was going. Well there was a volume in there. Okay, if that thing sits there for any length of time, well it’s not going to be the same. It’s just little things like this that, when I saw, you know, even though I read it in the manual, but it doesn’t give you these volumes. So, you couldn’t strike a tank with 10 gallons then you had 10 gallons in the pipe. WEISSKOPF: You wouldn’t be using the fresh solution… BAUMGARTNER: Right. In other words, you ended up having problems and this was all part of the problem. So then I went to these volumes, you know, and how much was being added and we then played around a little bit and we strengthened a couple of them, went to 6.3 instead of 6.0 to make up for what was decaying in the pipery. And when we did that, see that’s how we ended up really fine-tuning one strike, we really could shove it through there. It was little things like that that hadn’t been considered from the chemistry in the laboratory to the big plant. Those are the kinds of things that we discovered on the job. The chemical engineers were looking at this thing in the massive. I was looking at it in terms of chemistry and how much the volumes were involved and what my normalities had to be and all you know. WEISSKOPF: Who would have been the person at T Plant who knew what the current settings were, like it wasn’t a railroad, it was a chemistry system with pipes, who would have the map that shows how everything is connected? BAUMGARTNER: The maps were what we called on the piperoll. In other words, here sits the tanks and then we’ve got a big wall, a 12-foot concrete wall, and then on the other side you have these boards like the 6-3 board which was the 6-3 Tank and he had… In other words, he could push valves I could validate which would then allow solution A to drop in B, C, D, E and they knew, you know, well I’m going to add this solution to valve C. So he’d open up valve C and the amount of volume that was up there was the specified volume, you know that was dropped down in there and they would let it five minutes and yell ‘run’ down in there and then they’d close the valve and that thing. These are boards and each section like 6 had a board, 7 had a board, 8 had a board, up to 13; each one had a board. And each had groups of valves for whatever they were going to do whether they were exit, import, you know the openings, exit, import, adding solutions and all that kind. And then you know, so there would be maybe 8-10 switches you know for them to open and close that they would do, and there would be an operator in front of each one of those every shift. And then there would be two what I call chemical engineers following and they had a log book when they did what and for how long, opened at such and such a time, closed at such and such a time. That was all part of the record. WEISSKOPF: …in there that are like that, the log pages where you would actually put in what had happened. BAUMGARTNER: Right. WEISSKOPF: ____ (unclear) supposed to do, here’s the time we start…. BAUMGARTNER: Right, right and that all got put in there and the chemical engineer picked those up. He then scanned them. He went over them to find, you know, to make sure everything was copacetic against whatever rules. So they had a set of rules, we’ll say like 5 minutes, so they didn’t expect anything between 4-1/2 to 5-1/2 minutes so he expected a time to be like that. Sometimes then an operator would be out maybe smoking a cigarette, God only knows you know, because not everybody was conscious totally with time, you know we’re human beings. So that was the operations part. I knew all that because I had been down to see what they were all doing. This is how I recognized that there was heels. The same way with exporting. The pipe that went into the tank didn’t drain every drop. That sounds elementary, but now you have find out, you know, in other words, because when they built the tank it turns out that each tank, you know there might be three tanks identical, they would have different heels. WEISSKOPF: Describe what a heel is. BAUMGARTNER: Heel is leftover solution. Now on the surface that doesn’t sound like much, but it turns out that suppose you dissolve up something, but not everything stays in the solution. Suppose you’ve got particulates leftover, it’s you know, it’s all… Especially when your making the precipitate you know and it’s falling down. Now when you, you know, pull that precipitate out and go to the next tank…did you get it all? See how much would have stayed in the heel? So those are the…Now the chemical engineers worried about that. Now how do you quantify that? WEISSKOPF: You can’t go in and look. BAUMGARTNER: No, heck no. So we developed some sample analysis over in the lab with them. We worked together, hand in glove, and then we sat there. I got involved in a lot of that kind of thing just because of the analytical chemistry that I’d had. Not everybody that came out with a BS in chemistry had all the chemistry that I had. And that was, anyway that was fine with me. I enjoyed my time there and I knew the operating people. I was on C, A, and D shifts, so I got to meet different people. Like if you were on C-shift you only met those operators on C shift, but… WEISSKOPF: Oh you didn’t change with the same shift all the time? BAUMGARTNER: You always stayed with the same shift generally. WEISSKOPF: So you were with the same operators? BAUMGARTNER: Same operators all the time when you were on C shift. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: But I was very fortunate where I got bumped from C shift, to A shift, to D shift, so I got to meet not only C people, but I got to meet D and A people. And it makes a difference because you can pretty soon, like a technician , you can tell which ones are the good ones, that type of thing. And that made a difference for me. Anyway, I think I’ve answered all…. WEISSKOPF: How about, you mentioned you got to ride in the crane. Could you describe…how tedious was it. Describe what it must have been like for the crane operator. BAUMGARTNER: Oh…it’s a single lens, no depth perception. So what they did is they would shine light so there would be shadows, you know because to pick up a block. For instance, it was a metal frame you know that came like that and he had to put a hook into there so he could lift the rod. Well with no depth perception, where in the hell is the hook? You know it might be over here…might be… WEISSKOPF: He could only look down, he couldn’t look from the side? BAUMGARTNER: No, and only one eye. Only one single eye through a whole bunch of going down, because you know he couldn’t look straight down because we were on the side. WEISSKOPF: Your right, right. BAUMGARTNER: You know we were on the side. So you were going over a barrier looking down and you couldn’t and then the blocks were all numbered and that kind of stuff. Like he’d have 6-3 A, B, C, you know that, A comes first and then you know, and so that you put the three blocks back onto the cell the same way each time, because they were not identical pieces. WEISSKOPF: Right. When you took the lens off and looked down, there might be a mass of equipment and pipes. What would the crane operator, how would he know which one to take off first? What was that called? His instructions, you know, did he have a sheet of things he was supposed to…. BAUMGARTNER: The chemical engineer told him that maybe I want it, now each pipe had a little thing for him to put the hook on and we had the big hook for the blocks and then we had a little hook for when we wanted to do repair work. For instance, you want to take off a small piece of pipe. Okay he had to go, first of all he had an impact trench which he had to set down on that baby and get onto that nut, and then you undo it. There might be four on one end and four on the other end, pull that pipe out, put another one in its place. He had to do that all with one eye and no depth perception. So, it was all in how the guy wanted the light set so that there would be shadows so that he would know when the hook was….you know how do you know when the hook gets in there and fix it? WEISSKOPF: Did he have the lights on the crane that he would adjust? BAUMGARTNER: No they were up to high. WEISSKOPF: So what lights were there? BAUMGARTNER: When they opened a cell, they had like on a rack you know and they have lights shining down. You know it didn’t matter that that got irradiated. WEISSKOPF: Right. BAUMGARTNER: You know, so, for instance if there was a cell we would move all the blocks from 6-3 over to 7. You know, okay, so on this end on each end you could have lights or you ‘d have two one side so you, whatever the guy specified, the crane operator. And they learned that from scratch. They had four of the best crane operators your ever gonna find, because doing that job with one eye is…. When I, it takes a lot more finesse than you’d think. WEISSKOPF: And patience. BAUMGARTNER: And these guys are very quick. TAPE 1 SIDE B BAUMGARTNER: …And then you’d have to pull the tank out. So, it was to me, the most skilled individual was a crane operator and they were very good. I can remember him taking all of the three blocks off a cell in less than 10 minutes. I can remember him taking off two pipes, you know bringing your impact wrench down, putting it onto the nuts four on each end, that’s eight bolts, and it was highly magnetized so that bolt stuck, you know to impact wrench, and he had them pulled over and somebody had to, you know you had to undo it. I don’t know how that impact wrench was built, but it allowed him to put the bolts in place. I think they put them into a little thing to where he could go back down and grab a hole. You know, it set down into a block you know with a hole where the bolt then fit down into the hole with a head on top and then he would drop it off and then he’d go and grab the next one. And when had all eight, he could see all eight now, ‘I got them all off’. It’s the little things you know that you don’t….he says well I gotta take off eight bolts, so he wanted to make sure he had them all off. And I can remember we took out a 6-3 tank one time, the dissolver solution tank and it took one day. There was like four pipes to take off, pull the tank out, put it onto the railroad car…you know six railroad cars away, because this is all over, the tank had sludge in the bottom, hotter than hell…and then that went to the burial ground and the new tank had been sitting there and he went and picked it up and put it down in there. And that had to be oriented so that it just sat only one way, so that all of these hangers just fit perfectly. Because your talking about hangers, you know pipes that go to the wall you know where the guy is opening and closing and all that type of thing and he did that in one day. WEISSKOPF: And there could be no workers anywhere near that… BAUMGARTNER: Not in the canyon. Once you pulled off the cellblocks, now and up to 11, no one on the high end up to cell 11, from 6 to cell 11, I guess there was a cell 5. But anyway, when those blocks were off no one was in the canyon, but I think if he had 12 and 13 you could have someone in the canyon because there wasn’t enough stuff up there anymore to make any difference. I don’t know…have you got pictures of that? Oh here we go. Okay, oh I never saw, yeah. There’s 20 cells I see, but I don’t ever… WEISSKOPF: Sections… BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, but I never saw us ever go past 13, so I am assuming that that…Now the waste from 224 building and that was recycled. You know, take my word for that. WEISSKOPF: When you say recycled… BAUMGARTNER: Ran through another run, was added to a solution and up here at about 10 and 11 tank they would add it back into there. It wouldn’t be very much. WEISSKOPF: Oh you mean the waste from… BAUMGARTNER: The waste from 224. WEISSKOPF: From their finished process, whatever was left would have a tiny amount of plutonium. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, whatever it had in there they recycled it and ran it in even though we didn’t think, but we sure there was no plutonium or yeah… Okay, any other questions? WEISSKOPF: The width… BAUMGARTNER: Oh here we go, that is a nice picture of it. Here you can see where the crane operator was. WEISSKOPF: Yep. BAUMGARTNER: Yep, yep, yep. Pipe gallery and operator gallery, see this is where these guys were. And then the pipe gallery is where solutions were running. Oh God, it was a mess. Cause you know you make, the solutions were in 271 where the crane operator got into the cab. He would get into the cab in the front end here, he got into the cab in the front end and then you know, and that’s where we made up the solutions. Where we made up the solutions, at that, right where the crane was, where he got in. This is how I got to know the guy, cause the guy had to walk by the laboratory. And then the tank solutions that we were making up were right there and there was just a hallway to his crane. So, you know, and he couldn’t, I don’t remember… The longest I ever saw a guy in there was four hours. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: But most of the time, a guy couldn’t handle much more then about two hours and then he had to have about a 30-minute break, because that was just to…unless he could use both eyes. But, I don’t’ remember anybody ever using two eyes. WEISSKOPF: No. When there is a batch ready to go, anybody who was holding it up would be under a lot of pressure, whether it was the chemist or the crane operator who had a chore to do, how did that make your daily routine? Was it pretty pressured? BAUMGARTNER: For me, no, we didn’t, for us in the laboratory that was not the case. The only time we ever held anybody up was if we ran out of a solution. WEISSKOPF: For the cold solution. BAUMGARTNER: For the cold solution, and then they got pissed. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Your right, and that only happened, not very often. You know that would be an error on the part of the chemical engineer. WEISSKOPF: He just didn’t order enough or… BAUMGARTNER: He didn’t make the tank. In other words they ran too much solution through, you know. When we got into the final run that happened to us a couple of times where a guy made up 500 gallons and we used 500 gallons before I made up…because there were two tanks and each one, you know…you’ve got this one running and your making this one up and your trying to make it up as close to the using…of finishing off the using so that you didn’t make too many, because some of these are ____ (s/l oxcit) and reduction solutions and they age poorly, they lose their strength. WEISSKOPF: How many hours a day or… BAUMGARTNER: Oh ferrous sulfate solution, probably in three or four days would lose 50%. WEISSKOPF: Oh, okay. BAUMGARTNER: That kind of problem. So you didn’t want to make up a ferrous sulfate solution except maybe just a few hours before you start using it was the best, then it was the closest. I worked out a table for them to, because they would change the amount of volume as it got older. I would give them the moment when it got…when we knew what it was and then as it aged, and then we’d say well okay it’s 6.3, and then two hours later it was 6.2 and that kind of thing. So that they would know how much more, maybe you would add an extra gallon or two or three of that solution just to make sure that it would work, you know. WEISSKOPF: What about the hot lab though, if they were under pressure to get their numbers done… BAUMGARTNER: That was, the sooner the better because you couldn’t go from 6.3 to 7 or to 8 until you had the answer verified. So, when these operators came in and took those samples and they had to bring them over and then we got right on ‘em. In other words, if we screwed around more than and hour and half by the time they got the answer they were ticked. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: Because see that means that tank was sitting there, it couldn’t move. WEISSKOPF: So you always did test at the dissolver to get a first number? BAUMGARTNER: Always. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: And we did a test on every dang…7, 8, 9, 10, hey… WEISSKOPF: And each of those took about an hour? BAUMGARTNER: An hour and a half. WEISSKOPF: Oh, so that’s a good hunk of the batch time right there. BAUMGARTNER: Well… WEISSKOPF: Because they were processing… BAUMGARTNER: They were processing. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: See as soon as they got the 6.3 out then they could put another dissolver in there. WEISSKOPF: Right. BAUMGARTNER: So that they could have, in other words there might be three runs going through the canyon. WEISSKOPF: And if your numbers didn’t match then you say we have to do another test or take another sample, then your starting to hold thing up. BAUMGARTNER: Then is when, yeah right, right, right. WEISSKOPF: If you literally had to go get another sample, how long would it take? BAUMGARTNER: Operators had to go back into the canyon, had to go back into these little doors, go into where the sample, there was a little sample room area where they would have the doorstop and they would do their little thing of agitating solution, etc, etc, etc, etc, and dropping in the two drops. You know, sucking it out about three times into that little drop…sucking it all and doing it about three times to get the right sample size. I watched that operation too. That was a, they weren’t stirring it enough to start with… WEISSKOPF: Now you said getting a sample. Didn’t some of the cells have a little inset box where they would get the samples at the cell? BAUMGARTNER: No, no, they were all gotten over here. WEISSKOPF: In the operating gallery or where would…. BAUMGARTNER: No, no , not in the operating, on the other side. On the other side of the canyon Building, on these little doors that you see right here, that allowed them to go into a little room and they could sample three cells. Each one allowed them to sample three cells. So they could, in other words, this one could sample these three cells, and then they overlapped except for the middle one, but they overlapped on one so that if you didn’t like the answer from that one you could go maybe in the next bay and sample it from the other sampler. You know, you had, the only one you couldn’t was the middle one. WEISSKOPF: And would they enter then from that side… BAUMGARTNER: They would enter from this side and it was just a small room, just a small room. And see these pipes went into the tank, you know they dropped into the tank and it would be a little pipe you know and they’d stir around fresh solution and then… There was a whole… You didn’t take that out of the C-Manual, it tells you, they told them how to do that. And, well here, You’ve got a perfect picture. It’s complicated. See here, all you had to do to take off this one is go down and hit that thing with the impacter and straight down. Yep, here it is. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: You can get a pretty good feel as to what it was doing. WEISSKOPF: And did they have a map or a chart that would say what’s connected to what? BAUMGARTNER: Absolutely. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Absolutely. The engineer says you go in and you go to the 4th valve. So the guy had to go down and he had read 1,2,3, go and pull that one off. WEISSKOPF: Would they ever hook it up to the wrong one… BAUMGARTNER: Not easy. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Because they were all made with different lengths… WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: And different lengths. You couldn’t put this particular hanger on any place but here. So you might get it on here and it wouldn’t fit. It wouldn’t fit. It wouldn’t fit properly. WEISSKOPF: And if they were replacing a jumper or needed a new one… BAUMGARTNER: Well you had to have, remember you had to pull off two. You had to pull off two to get the jumper off. If you had the wrong jumper it wouldn’t fit… WEISSKOPF: Right. BAUMGARTNER: …on there. No that was nicely designed. Take my word. WEISSKOPF: Speaking of design, did you run into, You know DuPont designed the building before they even knew, understood completely how it going to be used. Did it work out well by the time you were there? Was the building… BAUMGARTNER: Oh yeah… WEISSKOPF: …performing as… BAUMGARTNER: Oh yeah, it was performing like the C-Manual says it should. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: And as a matter of fact when we did the trail laying on the speed runs, I think top management was absolutely flabbergasted that that thing was capable of doing that kind of production. Never, they didn’t think it was possible. And that happened in ’52 just before they went down. I think they shut down in August of ’52. I am not sure when it down. You look it up some place, it’s around somewhere. Well, you’ve got everything here. You’ve got tank farms? WEISSKOPF: Yeah… BAUMGARTNER: You’ve got the whole 2-West Area. WEISSKOPF: The Tech-Manual has tons of great, it is almost written for a layman in the sense that it is not full of acronyms and utterly technical terminology. BAUMGARTNER: It was written by DuPont people who were chemists and chemical engineers and this is how they would write a manual for their own things. WEISSKOPF: It’s very readable. BAUMGARTNER: Oh, it’s real readable. I mean if I could read it, it was readable. So, but you… WEISSKOPF: What was the last six months before they shut the plant down. They were just processing up to the last day or what kind of things were you doing? BAUMGARTNER: We processed up to the last week, two weeks, and then we cleaned for two weeks. WEISSKOPF: What type, you know, how exactly… BAUMGARTNER: Run solutions, dummies, didn’t… WEISSKOPF: Just to flush things out? BAUMGARTNER: Yep, just flushed everything out. This was when we found out that a couple of the tanks had some heels. Because see these tanks should have gotten fairly clean, but they didn’t. WEISSKOPF: Oh, okay. BAUMGARTNER: They turned out to be pretty hot. WEISSKOPF: And was the problem that it was hot, or that you were… BAUMGARTNER: It was high gamma. Higher gamma levels. See we thought that after we flushed, we could down to the 6-3 tank basically and literally go into the canyon building… WEISSKOPF: Oh… BAUMGARTNER: …and you know, get what I’m trying to say? WEISSKOPF: And walk around. BAUMGARTNER: Walk around, because what the hell you cleaned it all up. So, but that didn’t really happen that way. WEISSKOPF: Did they end up just yanking it and burying it or? BAUMGARTNER: I thought they left it in for a zillion years and then was pulled out when they decommissioned it. WEISSKOPF: Because they had to immediate use for the building right? BAUMGARTNER: Well, but you didn’t, just because we didn’t operate with it didn’t mean we couldn’t. WEISSKOPF: Right. BAUMGARTNER: And there is nothing that says that if PUREX or REDOX doesn’t blow up, well hey we didn’t know. WEISSKOPF: Right. But you wanted to keep the building operational. BAUMGARTNER: It was in mothballs. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: And B Plant went off of mothballs. Once we got T Plant running high speed then we didn’t need B Plant anymore. Because now it was doing more than the two plants were doing together. Because before the two plants were doing 30-56, so you know you say well we don’t need B Plant. So B Plant then went and we were starting to process the waste solution and taking out the strontium, and we were. See there are only two really bad actors in the waste solution which would mean that the waste tanks if you took those out after about 15-20 years would be nothing in them, and that is cobalt and strontium. If you pull those two babies out, then your tanks would decay to zero basically in 15 years and that was the goal behind some of this. Some of those tanks, they wanted them to be cold and they were. Though after they had gone though B Plant some of those old tanks really, truthfully, I mean you know you had to literally stuff the CP into it before you could even get a reading. So, it worked, it worked. And they were shipping solutions between West Area and B Plant, and from B Plant and back to West Area. There was a pipeline that runs from the tank farms from B Plant, to all the tank farms. WEISSKOPF: So they could move stuff… BAUMGARTNER: Yeah they moved stuff, and one of the pipes had hot solution coming in and the other one was the cold solution going out. Let me see, there were three plants built originally to do the same thing; T, B, and U. U Plant never went online and the only thing we did with U Plant was we took and they separated out the uranium from the, you know from the waste solution. And that ran through U Plant and then our product there was yellow cake, in other words yellow powder, it was uranium oxide, and that was shipped wherever, back east probably or I think to Oak Ridge. WEISSKOPF: Did that lower the tank levels much? BAUMGARTNER: I don’t think so. The only thing that would lower the tank levels basically would be to, would be for the evaporation. Getting rid of the liquid, because once you got rid of the uranium now you’ve got rid of 1,500, you know, you’ve got 500 gallons and you pull out almost most of the weight, what’s left it either bismuth or lanthanum, plus the fission product, plus the aluminum. The you know, the slug can. That was there. WEISSKOPF: Is that still there? BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, its still there. WEISSKOPF: They never did retrieve those? BAUMGARTNER: Never retrieved a dime of that. There were a lot of proposals put together in the late 50’s for mining the bismuth. WEISSKOPF: Really? Was it worth that much? BAUMGARTNER: Well, it wasn’t worth enough at that time, but I don’t think it’s ever been re-visited. You know there has been so much anti-nuclear things that trying to recover anything people would be so damn scared that if there was a 10 counts per minute of fission products in the bismuth, why they would be upset. WEISSKOPF: So how about just giving a brief idea of what you did after left T Plant. BAUMGARTNER: Oh, I went to 231 and 234-5. WEISSKOPF: Yeah, more chemistry? BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, for a year I did chemistry and then after I went into radiation protection. And since I had spent so much time in T, 231, 234-5, I was brought back for the Health Physics people to 231, 234-5 and all of the material that left that building I signed off on from 1954 to… WEISSKOPF: Signed off in what way? BAUMGARTNER: Signed off I knew it went out, what the numbers were, that it wasn’t contaminated, etc, etc, etc. What containers it was put into when it left the building. Who took it. And as far as I know those were a terrible ____(unclear). That was GE ____(unclear). So you wouldn’t know, from those you could make some real quick assumptions as to what went on, but from 1954-1958 I was in 234-5. That’s when we went from what we call the rubber glove line which was a hood operation with glove to a mechanical line where everything was fairly mechanicalized with little trains, you know. Where you didn’t touch the material as much because when I first got there in ’54, the operators in 234-5 building were burning out, in other words they weren’t able to work a year. So we had to have operators, you know not necessarily working 234-5 Building but they had to be trained and then they were rotated so they could…some of the guys were burning out…in other words they were getting limit of radiation that they were allowed by say August. So there was five, six months when you had to bring in other guys and so it was economically feasible for use to figure out ways in which we could stop doing that. And it wasn’t until like ’58 before we really solved all the problems and were allowing the operators to run the whole year. So, we were able to cut down the, basically cut the exposure more than half so that they could operate the whole year. Also do remember 234-5 Building was top secret and everybody got fussy about having so many people having top secret. WEISSKOPF: Oh you mean just to work there. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, just work there… WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Because that was fine to finish plant see, and so the people who were working there saw what the hell it was our products, you know. And you just, you know, operators they weren’t just a dime a dozen. Well it’s a lot training besides. I spent a lot of training time, both Health Physics people as well as operators, because you know a guy can’t just come in there and….it’s a foundry and foundry operations are notoriously famous for, you know, doing all kinds of dumb things you know. And plutonium was no exception. I mean if you could do it with lead, you could do it with plutonium you know and we did it. And so there was a foundry operation, it’s the best description I can give you. I wont’ say anymore than that because I don’t know if it’s been declassified… WEISSKOPF: It would take a while for you find out. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, I’d have to go and take a look at the pictures and see what’s been declassified. WEISSKOPF: So… BAUMGARTNER: I think the only thing that is not declassified is the actual production numbers. WEISSKOPF: They don’t like to talk about that. BAUMGARTNER: And they don’t’ want you talking about that and they didn’t want you talking about too many details about how the line worked. There were lots of problems you know since you’ve got a foundry. There was crucibles in which you were ____ (unclear) and melting plutonium and it was running down into the shape, crucibles break. How do you stop that? For awhile there we were getting, see we never made our crucibles here, we got them and crucible-breaking problems were really severe. So, that had to be solved. That was not my problem. My problem was making sure the guys weren’t getting too much radiation. It was the only operational building, which wasn’t monitored by operation monitors. WEISSKOPF: Really? BAUMGARTNER: We used Radiological Science people. At least, in my 10-year there, for the four years. Then after I left that, one of my major problems was that we knew that the radiation that the people were being exposed to wasn’t being properly monitored with the batch, neutrons are very difficult to monitor and we were not doing too good. WEISSKOPF: A film badge doesn’t pick up neutrons. That’s not meant for neutrons. BAUMGARTNER: It wasn’t meant for neutrons. So you would have had to have something separate and it wasn’t until, let’ see, we went to the new badge. A new film badge, oh I think in ’65 and I left. I went to US Testing. Who then had the contract for processing the film badges. The ____ (unclear) and the environmental samples and we made further improvements. We did a lot of improving and the last function that I did before I retired, in 1989-1995, was put the new dosimeter in place which measures everything. WEISSKOPF: How do you measure neutrons? BAUMGARTNER: Lithium-6. WEISSKOPF: Oh, just film impregnated with it? BAUMGARTNER: No, no, these are little squares, little crystals. Lithium-6 will ____ (s/l store) the neutron effect and when you heat it up, it gives it off as light and we measure that with a photomultiplier tube. Same way with the lithium-7, it only measures gamma. Lithium-6 measures gamma and neutrons. And what your doing is your, its only thermal neutrons that your measuring, but your measuring the fast neutrons that hit the body, get moderated, and come back. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: Because there ain’t no well in hell your going to measure fast neutrons, not with anything that I know. Counters you can do, but even then they use moderators, you know like BF-3 tubes inside of paraffin casks; very difficult to measure fast neutrons. And secondly, responses for the BF-3 tubes changed by a factor of 1,000 between fast and thermal so you have all of these funny little things going on. On film, to go from the old badge, you know the one that had the silver to the one with four filters, I collected 8,008 at once to get the equations for that thing to work. And then when I did the new badge, I collected I think 12,000 data points to make sure that my responses and the equations that I’ve got in the system are correct. So, it wasn’t done just haphazardly, it was done with a lot of finesse. We had a lot of statistics. We tried to make the equations be within 95% accuracy. We felt, we wanted to move away from 50%. WEISSKOPF: You said you’d retired what year? BAUMGARTNER: ’95. WEISSKOPF: And Hanford had stopped production in ’80… BAUMGARTNER: By…. WEISSKOPF: 89 or? BAUMGARTNER: Well, they started back up. There was a whole bunch of material at N Reactor produced and so it had been sitting there for years and years and years and so then they started PUREX back up and got rid of all that. WEISSKOPF: So what kind of things were you doing the last five years when there was no longer production? BAUMGARTNER: 234-5 Building didn’t go away. WEISSKOPF: So, I think, you still had material to work with. BAUMGARTNER: Do you know anything about a weapon? WEISSKOPF: Well, laypersons. BAUMGARTNER: Alright what does a layperson thing about a nuclear bomb? An atomic bomb? When we make one does it stay an atomic bomb forever, it doesn’t decay, it doesn’t get you know…. It turns out if you make an atomic bomb today that in about seven years if you don’t do anything with it, it ain’t gonna work. WEISSKOPF: So are we talking the plutonium aspect of it? Or the high explosives and all the… BAUMGARTNER: No, the high explosives. What happens, what is in plutonium that could possibly screw up an atom bomb? WEISSKOPF: Isotopes and oxidation. BAUMGARTNER: Ahhh, not oxidation. WEISSKOPF: Unless they took care of that. BAUMGARTNER: That’s not it, it’s the isotopes and 240 and 241 decay at a pretty quick rate and it goes to americium, which is a neutron absorbent, it’s a real suck-up device. And pretty soon you’ve got enough americium sitting there that the thing won’t go off. It’s absorbing the neutrons to where the neutron no longer, you don’t have a certain level of neutrons to start the reaction. Alright? WEISSKOPF: Rebuilding… BAUMGARTNER: So you gotta take the darn thing apart, get rid of the americium. WEISSKOPF: It’s a chemical process. BAUMGARTNER: Right. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: You’ve gotta get rid of the americium and then you make it back into…Okay so there has to be a cycle so when Americans are going on to this non-nuclear and they are not reworking anything, pretty soon you don’t have a nuclear capability. So, nuclear rework has to be done. WEISSKOPF: Why wouldn’t it have been worthwhile to take the plutonium from Hanford and run it though what they were doing at Oak Ridge with uranium to strip out the isotopes they didn’t want? And leave pure… BAUMGARTNER: Ahh, uranium 235 and 238 is 3 atoms difference. What’s plutonium in 239,240… 1. You’d have to have a diffusion plant that is about a thousand times bigger than what you’ve got. WEISSKOPF: And run it 10 times longer, yeah. Okay. BAUMGARTNER: You know your not going to get the separation you think you are. However, there is something that’s much better. I think it’s classified. WEISSKOPF: But, those are problems that people thought about. BAUMGARTNER: Oh hey, we thought about that right from the beginning. WEISSKOPF: Does 240 and 241 fission like 239, is it okay to be in there as far as… BAUMGARTNER: Oh, it’s marvelous. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: It’s marvelous. WEISSKOPF: It’s the decay that’s the problem. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, it goes in and it decays over the americium and that’s the weird thing. It’s just cause 240, I think and 241 are beta emitters and so they go higher and ____ (s/l up the) americium, and americium is a real absorber. It just loves neutrons and so the next thing you know all the neutrons are being absorbed by the impurity. Let me see if I can tell you, Exxon did a research and the guy that did it was Charlie ____ (s/l Lindmeyer). He was my physics teacher and he worked with lasers. And I worked, when I took the class we solved the problem for ‘em. What kind of stability do you have to have when your trying to separate with a laser, 239 from 240? I won’t go any further than that. WEISSKOPF: Using a laser to do it… BAUMGARTNER: Yes…laser right now can separate uranium 238 from 235… WEISSKOPF: By doing what? What effect would a laser have on an isotope, it’s just light. Do they absorb heat differently or something? BAUMGARTNER: They vibrate differently. WEISSKOPF: Yeah? Okay. Alright. BAUMGARTNER: They vibrate with a different frequency and when they vibrate with a different frequency, if you can make one vibrate in one direction and the other one not, then you can pull them babies out, it’s a gas laser. WEISSKOPF: Oh. BAUMGARTNER: I’ll let you read up on that. WEISSKOPF: Yeah, interesting. BAUMGARTNER: Because I knew what it took and like I said, you know early years of the computer were not very good because they only had like 6-8 digits of accuracy. Not the kind of thing that a laser needed, a laser needed much more accuracy. And there is that out there, and also too the stability of a system, you know? People talk about 0.01 %, I mean what the hell that’s only 99.9 when you need 10 digits of accuracy what the hell is 0.01%? See, its peanuts. So you had to work out some other details. Charlie did all that and we got him started when we were doing a class, Introduction to Mathematical Physics, I can tell you that much. WEISSKOPF: So it was here on site. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, that was class. I went to school at nights from 1959-1967. See, I was very short on physics and math. I’d only had up to differential equations, which is still a lot more because most of the guys who graduated with a BS in mathematics only had up to differential equations. But, that wasn’t nearly enough for the kind of things that they needed. The kind of accuracy and the early computers just didn’t have the capability either. WEISSKOPF: And since the process was evolving all the time, I’d guess that taking classes and learning was sort of almost… BAUMGARTNER: It was a must. It was absolutely a must. Yeah, since I didn’t know any physics I had to learn physics. I had to learn Nuclear Engineering. I had to take Atomic Physics, Nuclear Physics, that takes… Yeah, but most of it was math. I was taking statistics, variables, introduction on ____ (unclear) physics. My physics class in college was freshmen physics, you know wedges and time planes…that didn’t do any good out here. Even a second year level of physics, you know, wouldn’t have been enough for the kind of things that we were doing. Atomic Physics in particular was… WEISSKOPF: But you started again in 50- BAUMGARTNER: 1. WEISSKOPF: ’51. This place had only been running for all of 6-7 years. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah and it was… WEISSKOPF: A brand new industry. BAUMGARTNER: Oh yeah. We were just beginning. In the area of Health Physics in particular we were just beginning. How do you monitor what can go wrong? Hell, we were learning as we were working, you know there wasn’t… I mean now you have people scream when we have things happen today, but then after all we’ve got 40-50 years worth of experience. We don’t have to have that happen anymore. We wouldn’t expect it to happen, but then, that was not the case then. Then was…you know, we hadn’t done very much in the first place so we didn’t know exactly what was going to happen you know like pipes breaking, you name it, glassware where there shouldn’t have been glassware, you know in the system, buckets when there shouldn’t have been buckets. We didn’t know anything about criticality. What’s the criticality of volume or mass for different solutions, different volumetrics, different… WEISSKOPF: Which might not be a straight line…. BAUMGARTNER: That’s right…see like maybe anything that 4 inches in diameter no matter how full you fill it, it never is going to go critical, but you make a 6 inches and boy you only got get about 2-3 inches and it goes critical. Little things like that, that was not known. Those experiments were being run, out here we call ‘em mass criticality laboratory. I was responsible for all of the early work that that was going on, especially the solutions. WEISSKOPF: Really? BAUMGARTNER: ____ (s/l Eduwine) Clayton was the guy that was leading that was leading that, but we were doing the monitoring on him. And we were trying to figure out how to monitor his neutrons and his radiation ____ (s/l soil). WEISSKOPF: For health reasons… BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, for saving him. I mean we didn’t want that guy getting hurt. And these guys didn’t know where they were going to have an explosion or not explosion, you know. They were working, yeah they blew up a lab. WEISSKOPF: That was the famous criticality. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah. WEISSKOPF: Yeah, yeah. BAUMGARTNER: The old farmhouse, over in that area. Well you heard about a criticality down in Los Alamos? WEISSKOPF: Oh, no I hadn’t. BAUMGARTNER: Where the guy was nudging two pieces together. WEISSKOPF: That was the earliest one… BAUMGARTNER: Yeah. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: That was two metal pieces. We have had two criticality situations. One at 234-5 Building where we had an operation failure and the solution dripped into a bucket, in a 3-gallon bucket. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: And not critically safe. WEISSKOPF: And the bucket was there just catch drips? BAUMGARTNER: No, it shouldn’t have been there. WEISSKOPF: What were the drips going to go into otherwise? BAUMGARTNER: It should have been a criticality safety container. WEISSKOPF: Oh, oh, oh, but they put a bucket there to catch it… BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, and it shouldn’t have been, shouldn’t have been. Should have been a 4-inch diameter container instead of…just one of those oversights. WEISSKOPF: In a perfectly vivid illustration of what the deal is. BAUMGARTNER: Your right, of what happens because we knew it could happen, and it did happen. Yeah, and it went critical several times over a period of many months and I spent swing shift out there, for weeks we never came home. WEISSKOPF: Really? BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, it happened in our building, it didn’t happen with my operation, you know, but we supply the monitoring people making sure that everything thing was still safe. You’ve got 234-5 Building and my God, you’ve got to think about what the hell was out there and we couldn’t go in there and clean it up you know. I mean the line was left with all that stuff and no one knew whether, if you had something go critical over here would it set up ringing effects all over there and all that kind of stuff. WEISSKOPF: Oh… BAUMGARTNER: Because after all you’ve got material laying around, it might be in a critical safe configuration, but now all of a sudden what happens when a… WEISSKOPF: Neutrons come in… BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, now you’ve got a big level of neutrons. There is one thing to have say 10 of the 6th neutrons, it’s a whole other thing to have 10 of the 18th…you know. I want that answer right now quick from some nuclear physicist, and that wasn’t that fast in coming. WEISSKOPF: Yeah, it’s a very complicated situation. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah the guy had to, they had to sit down and work. It was, and they didn’t have an answer right away that’s why we didn’t do anything for quite awhile. We were scared to have anybody close to the building because of the…am I making any sense to you? WEISSKOPF: Oh yeah, yeah. BAUMGARTNER: See that’s what I say, nowadays now that we know all of that, you know, you wouldn’t do that, so the probability… WEISSKOPF: In any industry you have to collect a certain amount of work experience to get to a certain level of expertise and your doing it in the beginning, but 20 years later when you look back you say my God how did get anything done back then? BAUMGARTNER: Well, you wouldn’t of, but you didn’t have the safety rules and you know, so you just went in there and you went at it. All I can say is, we were very strong in monitoring. When we saw something that wasn’t quite what we thought was copacetic, we shut it down and discussed it with management and operations people. And if it didn’t suit us, kept it shut down until the top management made the decision. That happened several times. WEISSKOPF: Like you should of any time you “shut something down”…You were… BAUMGARTNER: You got a lot of static. You know you got a lot of Operating Managers you know. I go straight up to the top management real quick like. Health Physics was one guy and here’s Operations over here and when your shutting those guys down, you know, the only guy that can really settle the argument has gotta put of with both them and so it went there really quick because time is money. WEISSKOPF: Yeah, or national defense. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah. WEISSKOPF: I mean that was the overriding premise… BAUMGARTNER: That was the major premise at that time, I don’t think… WEISSKOPF: You pick up your headlines in the morning. BAUMGARTNER: Right, well, in the days when we were operating we didn’t make a big ‘to do’ about the kinds of levels that they are making a big ‘to do’ now. A 1,000 count per minute level now is a big deal. We didn’t think it was a big deal until they got 10,000, but then when you’re mucking around in zillions, what’s 10,000? WEISSKOPF: Right… BAUMGARTNER: See, but nothing going on is a whole different thing. Everything has been cleaned up. I can see where a 1,000 is meaningful because that is something you can see. Also too, on some of the areas you couldn’t see 1,000 counts. WEISSKOPF: They weren’t measuring that low? BAUMGARTNER: Well you had too much background. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: I mean you go into that canyon building. There isn’t hardly any place that you could get that wasn’t reading 500 counts per minute period. Especially when you opened the cell blocks, 6-3 cell blocks. That whole area you had to set the ____ (s/l five-folds) for 500 basically. So it was, in other words you always wanted to make sure you got the cell blocks back on during shift change. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Because when people are going out and in. WEISSKOPF: Out and in of the canyon. BAUMGARTNER: Canyon, well where their shift change. So that when you go out of the canyon you have to go through the ____ (s/l five-fold) and when you come in you go through the ____ (s/l five-fold). I make sure you’re clean to come in and I make sure you’re clean going out. So, 99.9% of the time the cell blocks were on top of the cells at shift change, because it wasn’t true because you know…I hate to say it but there was megarads coming out of a cell you know, and that is coming off of hitting that ceiling. WEISSKOPF: As a layperson, that’s what I still don’t have a feeling for. If somebody could show me what the canyon looked like when you took a lid off using light instead of big numbers and…. BAUMGARTNER: Alright…shoot a beam up 20 feet and what’s it going to do when it hits that tall? WEISSKOPF: Right. BAUMGARTNER: It’s going to scatter. WEISSKOPF: But if I think of a flashlight it’s like so what, but your talking about a big streak like a light they’d use in front of a used-car lot at night…. BAUMGARTNER: Oh…go that by about a hundred thousand. WEISSKOPF: Yeah, and that’s what I can’t visualize. BAUMGARTNER: Okay a lifetime dose per year was 3 rem. Suppose I’ve got 1,000 megarads, how long would it take me to get 3 rads? Not very damn long. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: Because everything was measured in rads per hour. WEISSKOPF: And the dissolver full of… BAUMGARTNER: Dissolver solution… WEISSKOPF: ____ (unclear) uranium. BAUMGARTNER: Read in megarads. To give you an example, a doorstop, two drops with a CP off scale, that’s 5 rads. TP 20 rads. WEISSKOPF: Okay how long could you be near that to pick up your 3 rads then? BAUMGARTNER: Ahh, but I was only allowed to pick up 0.05. WEISSKOPF: Per day or? BAUMGARTNER: Per week. WEISSKOPF: Per week. So how long does that take? BAUMGARTNER: Well divide, take 0.05 you know rads total and then say your going to now you’ve got. I need a piece of paper and pencil. Suppose you’ve got 1 rad… WEISSKOPF: You want these papers now? BAUMGARTNER: Okay. 1 rad per hour… WEISSKOPF: Okay it’s per hour? BAUMGARTNER: Right, it’s always per hour. It’s a rate, it’s always a rate. And now your going to receive, your going to have, your going to receive, your going to measure that by time, T x 1 RO per hour is equal 0.05, because see these cancel. So what does, say take 1 underneath 0.05, so 1 one time is equal to 0.05 over 1R, which is what 20? 1/20. 1/20 of an hour. WEISSKOPF: Three minutes. BAUMGARTNER: Yes. WEISSKOPF: From two drops. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah. WEISSKOPF: Wow. So if you screwed around in the lab you might have to leave work for the rest of the week if you were… BAUMGARTNER: That’s right, that’s right. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: And it might only take you 3 minutes to get it. They were really pissed off at you if you worked three minutes a week. WEISSKOPF: Right, right. BAUMGARTNER: Am I making any sense to you? WEISSKOPF: So if you were in the canyon, when they ____ (unclear) opened far into the canyon, down ____ (unclear) and they took the lid off of the dissolver cell, you would be getting a big dose. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, about 5 rem per hour, probably you could be down in there maybe about 30 seconds and then you’d have enough for the week. We allowed people to get a maximum of 50 millirem per day, 250 millirem per week. But if you got 250 millirem per week, your only allowed 3 rem so that would be 12 weeks worth of work. So we didn’t let anybody, we didn’t try to let anybody get 250 millirem a week. So we were trying to keep them down at 50, because 50 x 52 is 2.5, that’s 2.6, that’s as far as we wanted them to go. So we were kind of, if he got 50 then you know, if he got 30 minutes, he had 39.5 hours a week that he couldn’t do anything. That was not very efficient. WEISSKOPF: No. Two things I always like to ask. If the whole process in the canyons wasn’t radioactive, it was just chemical. How big of a plant would it have been? You want to process the same amount of material…. BAUMGARTNER: Not bigger than my house. WEISSKOPF: Okay. And workers could go around and tune it up and look at gauges, take samples, all the chemistry would have been the same, but forget…it would have been a very straight forward chemical. BAUMGARTNER: Oh God, all that pipery that you see, that would have all disappeared because you’d have gone in there and poured ____ (s/l EL) solutions with the bucket and…it would looked more like a laboratory. You know, what’s 500 gallons…at that end it’s 500 gallons and at that is 50, you know… WEISSKOPF: Yeah. The whole, the massive size of that building, all it said was this stuff is radioactive… BAUMGARTNER: Yeah right… WEISSKOPF: And ____ (unclear). BAUMGARTNER: Now, had they built the building a little thinner, you could have had nothing but super problems. WEISSKOPF: Nothing but what? BAUMGARTNER: Super problems. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: Suppose they had…do you know anything about a half-value layer? WEISSKOPF: A half… BAUMGARTNER: A half-value layer… WEISSKOPF: No. BAUMGARTNER: A half-value layer is a thickness of material which will, and you put a source on this side will…If I say I’m at 3 feet and I get a reading of 1, now I put a certain amount of material in between the source, you know, such that it now reduces it to 0.5…okay that’s a half-value layer. WEISSKOPF: Okay, right. BAUMGARTNER: Okay, if I put two half-value layers on there I get .25. WEISSKOPF: You don’t get zero. BAUMGARTNER: No, no, no, I get a .25. So 3 half-value layers, okay so I got megarads and I gotta have it down to less than a millirad. So your talking about 10 to the 9th. Well how many half-value layers do you have to have to have 10 to the 9th? Okay, if you miss it by very many half-value layer, and you don’t have to miss it by much. Like for instance if it was 1 millirad now per hour and it couldn’t be that high because you could only work 40 hours a week, you’d have 40, we’d have burned out. So they were guesstimating what it would take and they put 15 feet. Had they put say 12 feet, we would have had 3, we would have had to put up lead walls, etc, etc, etc, on the inside. WEISSKOPF: And nobody ever had to do that… BAUMGARTNER: Nobody, no one, they hadn’t done that before. They hadn’t done that before and so was 15 feet okay? So, what little we knew about absorption, those guys did a good job. WEISSKOPF: How could they estimate what a full-blown 1-1/2 1,500 pounds of uranium, they guessed at what the radiation would be, you know educated guesses. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah and then put a factor of 10 safety and that’s about what they did. And thank God they did because even at that we were getting radiation at the pipe gallery and at the operating levels. WEISSKOPF: If you went to the wall… BAUMGARTNER: No, where they were operating, where they were moving the dials. WEISSKOPF: They were getting… BAUMGARTNER: They were getting radiation doses. WEISSKOPF: Coming through. BAUMGARTNER: Yes, yes. WEISSKOPF: They were above it too. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah well… WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: See and that’s…you know and that’s going through the shielding…just… WEISSKOPF: Amazing. BAUMGARTNER: To me, it’s those little things that really lead you believe it was, God it was magnificent. In other words, DuPont did a great job. I can, I’ve got a story for you. Greenewalt at that time was their top… TAPE 2 SIDE A BAUMGARTNER: …was given the instructions about the reactor and Fermi and those guys says well a 30-foot cube, you know 30 feet wide, deep, and high will be big enough. So they gave that to Greenewalt. He went back and they built the reactors. No one ever, they had some ____ (s/l as bills) that nobody ever looked at. So then when B Reactor went up for the first time they got it loaded and it went up. It went up. Got up a little ways and all of a sudden it started going down. So, Fermi was there and they says ‘Well what’s the scoop here, the reactors doing down. No matter what we do pulling out the rods it don’t make a damn bit of difference. It’s still coming down. What’s in there? What going…you know. Hey, yo-yo.’ And we don’t know how long, you know, it took like days for it to get there and going and they back up again. So they had these little spike short…So Fermi does his calculation and ‘Ahh, I know what it is, xenon’. Xenon is getting generated in these factors, absorbing neutrons. So he does a slide rule calculation, two digits of accuracy. He says “Oh damn.” He says “You know if we’d have that reactor at 32 feet x 32 feet x 32 feet, we could, it would work.” So Greenewalt says “But it is 32 feet x 32 feet.” They just loaded it 30 x 30, you know they put dummies in so that the original load was just 30 x 30 x 30. So what they did then is they took the tubes out, put two more feet, you know, of slugs, put it at 32 feet, it went up and stayed up. All because Greenewalt says, if 30 feet is okay, 32 feet is better. WEISSKOPF: What engineers need to think about. BAUMGARTNER: Right and that’s what he did. He thought we’d get a little bit of extra capacity just…you know…and it worked. But that’s how close that got. Had they built it originally, they’d have had B and F, and D, would have never made it. Those reactors would have been too small, and as it was why they went to 1,500 megawatts and ____ (s/l bomb noise). WEISSKOPF: But what do you think in terms of leaving something for prosperity? Both T Plant and B Reactor are being looked at as being of historic significance. How can we show them, keep them, what are we gonna do? What would you like people, your shaking your head, but in what way are shaking your head? BAUMGARTNER: They are too radioactive yet. WEISSKOPF: What is? BAUMGARTNER: The building. The canyon. You still wouldn’t let anybody in there and to let someone in with a crane, you , the limited capacity of looking, it’s so limited that I don’t… WEISSKOPF: It’s, yeah, yeah. BAUMGARTNER: I mean, one half hour…that’s not my idea of…16 a day. You know that’s not my idea of… WEISSKOPF: Perhaps a small model of it that would tell as much as the building itself. BAUMGARTNER: And they have that… WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: We have that. It’s not a ____ (unclear) it’s about that big. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. You know where that might be today? I haven’t seen it. BAUMGARTNER: Go to the science center… WEISSKOPF: Oh is… BAUMGARTNER: In the Federal Building. It’s in their warehouse someplace. WEISSKOPF: They were the ones who had possession of it… BAUMGARTNER: They had possession of it. WEISSKOPF: Okay. What about B Reactor as far as the story you’d want people…What kind of things would you want people to walk away with? When they come to Hanford to learn what things were… BAUMGARTNER: I think the idea of complexity that it was not a simple machine. I think people think this thing was very, very simple. It was not very simple. It took a hell of a lot of know-how. These reactor operators had to learn a hell of a lot of stuff so they could operate. There was a lot of on-hands work in the original days, because remember there was no computers in those days. And there was no, the inner ties to the monitoring system was all manual. The guys were looking at gauges. At that time we didn’t know if the neutron detectors were really correct or not. They weren’t either, most of the time. So these guys were, they were watching temperature gauges on each pipe, a whole slug of things, all manual. Every shift, twice a shift they would go all through the 25 innertubes and record the temperature on the gauges, all that kind of stuff. And that was collected by those reactor engineers trying to figure out what to do, such things like splines and all that kind of stuff. But that didn’t’ occur until after the computer came out and we integrated all the stuff so that, you know. Also too, since it was so slow and it was all manual, they ended up having to have what’s called a third safety system. WEISSKOPF: Right. BAUMGARTNER: You know, where it was going and we had the balls. I was there when we put the balls in. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. What were you doing there? BAUMGARTNER: I was radiation protection. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: And those went in in 1953. WEISSKOPF: Your talking about when they physically put the system in, replace the liquid tanks with the ball bearings. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, well what happened with the liquid…the pipes allot the liquid run, you know, and the graphite has got little holes you know so that liquid got in there and just shut the damn reactor down just about. You’d have a cold spot right in the middle of anyplace. So what they did is they then pulled all that out and they had these little balls about the size of marbles, these boron silicate balls, and they would have them in hoppers and they would just drop. And they didn’t have pipes inside the reactor, they just had a hole. Well, when dropped the first batch of, when you know testing it, we’d say we put 6,000 balls in and God we only got 5,600 out. There were 400 balls in there…”ahhhhh.” WEISSKOPF: Each one of which produces the output of… BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, just like the liquid did. And oh God, so we had to develop a method for sucking them 400 balls out. WEISSKOPF: Well how did you get them out the first time? You sucked them out then too… BAUMGARTNER: We sucked them out with a hose, like a vacuum cleaner. WEISSKOPF: It didn’t get them all… BAUMGARTNER: No, no we, so we ended up…they didn’t want to put a pipe in there, but by that time the old reactors had such large holes that the marble could go into the crack, you know between the pieces. I mean when they were machined they were really flush, but by the time they had operated until 1953, which from 1944 to 1953, you know that’s 9 years, quite a bit of the graphite had…you know what do they call it…it had come out. WEISSKOPF: ____ (s/l Groum) is the word that…. BAUMGARTNER: Well… WEISSKOPF: …growth going on… BAUMGARTNER: Well no, that’s not what happened at first. What happened at first is that the graphite was hot and so therefore it like, it bled off. So we were getting holes. And then they finally figured out how to stop that. But when they did, all of a sudden the graphite grew, see, but the first problem was the graphite shrank. You know we were dissolving the graphite because remember the reactor is hot, I mean “thermally hot.” You know, after all we’re heating up water and almost all the moderation is being in the graphite not in the water or on the slug, we were cooling the slugs… WEISSKOPF: Moderation produces heat… BAUMGARTNER: Right and so that had to be fused out through the pipe, you know the aluminum pipe, and on into the water. So the graphite was, I don’t remember exactly what the temperature was, but I think they were talking about 600-700 degrees Fahrenheit, which enough to start vaporizing some of the you know if you had a particular atmosphere and it was…and that’s what had generated these holes. You know these splits, cracks, and so when they you know you 400 marbles. It’s not very many when you’ve got 6,000, but it’s a lot when you’re trying to get the reactor back up. WEISSKOPF: Plus knowing every time you dump it, you might end up with yet… BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, getting more and more and more in there. WEISSKOPF: Question, you could only suck water up 30 some feet…because if air pressure only allows it to go that high… BAUMGARTNER: Well that’s when atmosphere, yeah… WEISSKOPF: How do you suck up ball bearings from the bottom of the reactor. Wasn’t it farther than that…it’s 30…feet BAUMGARTNER: Well, yeah, but see you’re using not water. You’re using a high-degree of air. See, you put the tube down and you squirt the air so you loosen you know, and then you suck the, you know they drop down the ball and ____ (sucking noise) you’ve seen them suck balls up. WEISSKOPF: But you can’t suck a ball up… BAUMGARTNER: With a vacuum you can. WEISSKOPF: …water… BAUMGARTNER: Huh? Well, a vacuum. WEISSKOPF: Oh, Yes. BAUMGARTNER: You’re not using a vacuum, we’re pushing air up. You’re pushing up with air. WEISSKOPF: With water that doesn’t work… BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, well it would too because water has some force, but air is what we used. WEISSKOPF: Okay… BAUMGARTNER: You wouldn’t want to use water because you’d now get water going in there. WEISSKOPF: Right, I’m thinking of…if you have a flat column of water you can only raise it 32 feet. BAUMGARTNER: That’s no question, not arguing. WEISSKOPF: …air up through it your going to be sucking water… BAUMGARTNER: Right, you’re really…see your pushing air in the first place. WEISSKOPF: Right. BAUMGARTNER: And that was all sealed so you could put like 600 pounds of pressure… WEISSKOPF: Wow, okay. BAUMGARTNER: See… WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: In other words it’s a whole different…what you were thinking. I know what you were thinking is all…you know. No that’s not…you’ve got to think about in terms of…no they put pressure on that baby and they just blew air… WEISSKOPF: ____ (unclear) BAUMGARTNER: Yes, right. And that well…that just sucked them right out. WEISSKOPF: And did you end up with 6,000 or? BAUMGARTNER: Well, no we ended up with about, all total I think that method left about 16 left. WEISSKOPF: 16 balls? BAUMGARTNER: Yeah and then we just burned them up. You know, they’ve only got so much capacity and so that was burned up in a hurry. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: So, no big, it was no big problem. WEISSKOPF: Yeah, yeah. So at any rate if there is a B Reactor Museum someday… BAUMGARTNER: I’d love to see that. I love what they’ve got because they’ve got enough parts there to show you the complication of the front end and the back end, you know you can see all of that. The pipery…ahhh….big tails… WEISSKOPF: Yeah… BAUMGARTNER: Gauges, control room. Recognizing it’s not a little itty-bitty computer, this is bank after bank after bank of non-computerized equipment, all analog. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: To me, that’s…I think people should see that because our kids are growing up without an analog in their mind. WEISSKOPF: Not even watches. BAUMGARTNER: No, digitally and all. So consequently I think this is a piece of history that isn’t that old. WEISSKOPF: Right. BAUMGARTNER: And they would think that it’s extremely old. You know, get what I’m trying to say. I couldn’t be more for it. WEISSKOPF: Good. BAUMGARTNER: I’m with it. It’s just I’ve been helped for the central reason…reactor wasn’t my big bag. I mean, I was in the 100 Areas for two years, but from 1953 and is you know, from February of 1953 to ’54. And we did the basin work. I was involved in the basin, water runs through the reactor and then runs through a basin and cools down thermally… WEISSKOPF: Right. BAUMGARTNER: And also to short half-life of the radioactive materials so that by the time it gets to the back end in 30 minutes it’s not as hot and it isn’t going to hurt river as much. The fish…we were really…okay well these basins were made out of concrete and pretty soon the joints, you know from expanding and contracting you know and now it’s hot, water is coming out at 200 degrees, now all of a sudden the water is cold coming out at the ____( s/l cool). WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: These joints expanded, cracked, you know those basins are 12 feet deep and so pretty soon we had holes and we had as much water running out between the cracks to the river as we were getting through the main tube. So we ended up having to go in there and fill up the cracks and grout underneath the thing and stop any leaks. WEISSKOPF: Did you have to shut off the reactor while you did this? BAUMGARTNER: Oh yes, yeah. And when we were doing that was when we were doing Ball 3X. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: When we were putting Ball 3X we did the basin. So we did reactor after reactor after reactor. And I was in the 100-F Area, which did F, H, and DR, and D, and then went over to B when we did B and C. And monitoring at that time was monitoring and we…See basins got hot because if you had a rupture before you could shut the damn thing off… WEISSKOPF: Something got out. BAUMGARTNER: Something got out…well where did it go? To in the basin, and then it settled out in the basin and so we had a lot of washing to do and… WEISSKOPF: Before, when you emptied it out of water, was it not so hot that you could walk down there, walk around and take samples and things like that? BAUMGARTNER: Not at first… WEISSKOPF: Really? Okay. BAUMGARTNER: Not at first. What we did the first was we hosed all the concrete off and you know so when that went down the hole, you know you can’t stop that. Anyway we picked up all that hot water and that went back to the tank farms. And then we, cause see there could be part, pieces of metal… WEISSKOPF: Sure. BAUMGARTNER: See the slug didn’t necessarily have to fresh, it could be an old piece of slug. Now you’ve got it reading hotter than hell in little spots, reading 100,000 counts per minute. You know and you walk on that, 3,000 is a millirem, you’ve got 35 millirem. So you couldn’t walk on that. You know 35 millirem you could walk 30 minutes a day. So, and that’s about what they did. So they brought in 200 workers and they got to work 30 minutes each. You know going in and going… WEISSKOPF: You were the person who was sitting around with a clipboard and you know… BAUMGARTNER: No that was the monitors, that’s the guys working for me. WEISSKOPF: What were you doing? BAUMGARTNER: I was their boss. WEISSKOPF: Okay, okay. BAUMGARTNER: I was looking at the readings they were taking. When they went down to see whether we should change the time, changing of the time was my responsibility, making sure the people didn’t get over exposed. WEISSKOPF: So you were getting pressure at both ends. BAUMGARTNER: Absolutely. WEISSKOPF: Try to get the work done, but let’s not kill these guys either and… BAUMGARTNER: So I was the interface to the guys out doing operations. WEISSKOPF: And theoretically everything you did was by a book, there weren’t a lot of subjective decisions to make. BAUMGARTNER: Subjective decision was you don’t get over 250 millirem a week for sure. WEISSKOPF: But, yeah. BAUMGARTNER: And if you were in a hot job like we were you allowed ‘em up to 50 millirem a day... WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: …and the amount of time it took to make 30 millirem, I mean 50 millirem, that’s all they got to work. WEISSKOPF: So there wasn’t a lot of room for discussion then. BAUMGARTNER: No. And each guy that went in, you took his time in and you told him when the hell to get out. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: And you had a loud speaker and he says ‘okay Joe Blow get your butt out.’ WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: And you expected them out. And if he didn’t’ get out soon enough then he didn’t go in again. WEISSKOPF: Right. BAUMGARTNER: Because I would go over to the old supervisor and I’d say ‘ that guy didn’t listen, I don’t want him in there.’ WEISSKOPF: And did you find ____ (unclear) would add up to kind of what you were estimating? BAUMGARTNER: Pretty much. WEISSKOPF: Yeah, okay. BAUMGARTNER: Pretty much. Again there was a problem where the CP says one thing and the badge says another. So now you’ve got to figure out what the hell is going on. WEISSKOPF: Did they ever wear multiple badges? BAUMGARTNER: Oh yes. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Oh yes, some of them, we wore like two days, some of them one day. You know you’d wear them one shift… WEISSKOPF: Did ever put any on your ankles? BAUMGARTNER: Oh yes. WEISSKOPF: Oh you did? BAUMGARTNER: Shoes… WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: …inside the shoes, on the forehead, you know in back of the head, the chest, belly, gonads, knees… WEISSKOPF: At any one time how many would you be wearing? BAUMGARTNER: …wrist. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: And you’d do that, on the basin work we did that for the first three weeks. WEISSKOPF: And each worker could work at maybe a half an hour a day. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah. We said the CP said you can work 30 minutes. So you’d wear those and when he’d suit up…When he’d suit up underneath, you know on the first pair of coveralls he’d have these badges clipped to it or taped and then he’d have another pair over the top of it and another pair over the top of that, so there was three pair of coveralls on. Because you didn’t want him to get contaminated…cause ahhh…if he contaminated badges it’s bad news because that’s the radiation close, that just screws up the whole radiation reading. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: So we wanted to make damn sure. And then we were, when it was wet then we wore wet suits and a few things like that. It was a, getting ready took longer and going out took longer than it was to work. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: So, that much I can tell you. WEISSKOPF: And how quickly would you get the badge readings back? The next day or? BAUMGARTNER: We could get the reading the next day. WEISSKOPF: Were you pretty comfortable with the results… BAUMGARTNER: No we wear them you know, generally speaking for the test that we did with the 10 badges, we would wear them with the badge that he wore… WEISSKOPF: Oh right. BAUMGARTNER: So that we had a reference point to all these 10 measurements. And that’s, otherwise you can’t correlate it. Also too remember now this…this badge system isn’t necessarily “that accurate at low doses.” So you wanted to have enough dose on there to where you could have reasonable accuracy. And since the guy was taking 50 millirem per day in a week’s time he got 250. So 250 is a very good reading out of a film badge and you know you get good statistics. You could get a good feeling as to what his body was getting. WEISSKOPF: So you took the 10 badges and then looked at the single badge that was being worn by the same person and said ‘well it looks like when this badge reads this much, his feet were getting this much, his chest was getting this much…’ BAUMGARTNER: Okay, feet…arms and feet can get 10 times what the body can get. So now is this job going to be limiting to the hands, or is this job going to be limiting the body? WEISSKOPF: Right. BAUMGARTNER: And the only way you know that is to put on the extremities. WEISSKOPF: And the feet especially, in that case. BAUMGARTNER: Well, also he’s playing with hands…you don’t if he’s kneeling, so therefore the knees…you know… WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Because these guys do all kinds of dumb things. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: You know, I don’t want to stop them from working. You know, they might go down, they might be on their knees so you had to, we had to correlate. And you had to be sure that you weren’t going say ‘well hell he’s burning out his legs before he gets to 250,’ maybe he’s going to get to the legs 300…you know you can’t do that. So you say ‘hey, you gotta stop. We’re only gonna let you get 30 because you’re limiting to the feet.’ Get what I’m trying to say? So, even though the whole body said it was, you’re well within limits, extremity dose. And see an extremity dose went into the records also. You know, that’s also been recorded for these people. That’s in the guy’s file. WEISSKOPF: Because you had the badges on. BAUMGARTNER: Right. Whatever dosimeter reading we ever put on a guy, that’s been recorded in his file. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: So, there is a lot of things that were…and we were developing those kinds of thoughts because no one had ever done the basin work before. Also too, it’s little things like when we were on the concrete once we always kept everything wet, so when they working there we had a spray system. WEISSKOPF: Just for dust, keep the dust out? BAUMGARTNER: Keep the concrete wet…and I’ll tell you why. WEISSKOPF: Oh, oh, oh, physically just to keep it at wet… BAUMGARTNER: Wet, so that it can’t move. In C Basin, metal basin, they weren’t careful and on Saturday we had a whirly week and we ____ (unclear). WEISSKOPF: You mean it just blew the stuff out? BAUMGARTNER: Just sucked it right out there and spread it over the countryside. So we went out one Saturday, that’s when we found the particle problem from West Area. That problem started in the 100 Areas… WEISSKOPF: Really? BAUMGARTNER: …because we had a dry basin and the 100 Areas when the workers came in on the ____ (s/l five-fold), all of a sudden…wow we’ve got the patrolmen coming in, we were setting the ____ (s/l five-fold) off. They shouldn’t have, you coming to work. So they called us up and so we sent a crew out there and sure enough, there was particles all over. So, we started then trying to delineate this problem. So as we were moving away from B Area, it was getting lighter and lighter and lighter, less and less specks. And we were going down the railroad, and when we were going from B Area say to 2 West Area, suzie-q junction. We got to the suzie-q junction and it was kind of clean, so the guy said ‘well hell, lets go another half mile.’ So we went down another half mile, and lo and behold it started going up. Now if the source is C, what’s it doing hot over there? And as we got toward West, we got more and more and more, higher, and higher, and higher. So we says well alright, we’ll take a carload of guys and we’ll go over to 2 West Area. So we drove over there with six guys of us and I had one guy that hadn’t gotten out of the car yet and he turned his instrument on, put the probe on the ground, and 10,000 counts per minute. “Ahhhh.” So that’s how we discovered the C-stock, you know the REDOX plow, the REDOX, the ruthenium problem. And we delineated that that day and then we were totally confused because see a GM doesn’t tell you want the radiation coming from is, it just tells you activity and it wasn’t until we had, at that time, a 256 channel analyzer, it was a big thing. There were only two on the plant, one in 189-D and one down in 300 Area. So now we had to take samples and we took ‘em and it turns out the ruthenium was beta emitter so we were getting like ____ (s/l bremstroll) on a very low energy ____ (s/l siphon). But the 100 Area stuff gave us a spectra, fission product. Yeah, ‘ahhh what is’, you know so it took us…and we delineated the whole problem and then we had, oh 50-100 monitors, 3 feet apart and straight head and every time they found a speck the guy from ____ (s/l J.E. Jones) would go over with a shovel and pick it up, put it in the bucket. Until they… WEISSKOPF: So these specks were from REDOX or from… BAUMGARTNER: REDOX and from the…yeah, we picked ‘em both up. WEISSKOPF: Okay, but it was specks, it was not covering the ground. BAUMGARTNER: No no, it was little flecks, you know because uh…it’s like dirt. Little you know, the stuff kind of sticks to something else, or if it was a liquid it got absorbed in a solid material, you know, and was…that’s it. So that’s, so lots of things happened and whose fault was it? Well, too damn late to worry about that, just don’t let it happen again. You know you had your investigations and then you modified your procedures and this is how things got done. WEISSKOPF: So, it was new industry. BAUMGARTNER: Yes. We never had clean basins before. Hadn’t cleaned a metal basin before and that dried out faster than the concrete. WEISSKOPF: Wonder why… BAUMGARTNER: Well it’s metal… WEISSKOPF: Concrete’s absorbent… BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, that’s why it stayed wet. WEISSKOPF: Oh damp, yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Damp, stayed wet and where the stuff would have stayed down then the air probably wouldn’t have sucked that light particle up, because it would have been tied with water. See after that, boy, it was underneath 2 inches of water, and water running down the sides and all that kind of stuff. It increased the cost of doing the job, but it should of because we can’t afford the risk of letting things get away from us, that takes us away from T Plant. WEISSKOPF: Well, it actually is closer to reactor which is very interesting because people, there wasn’t much radiation in the normal cooling water, but over years and years of operation stuff had settled out there. BAUMGARTNER: Well, it was from the particulate coming from the ruptures. WEISSKOPF: Right. BAUMGARTNER: It was the ruptures that were… WEISSKOPF: Pure water in itself will come out perfectly… BAUMGARTNER: Pure water and if there is no rupture it will stay why…it will be hot in the sense that you’ve activated the oxygen and nitrogen, but see that’s a short half-life material and so by the time it gets 30 minutes, it’s gone. You know, that’s like 10,15-20 half-lives. Anything that goes more than 10-20 half-lives is pretty much gone and it’s not that high to start with, you know your talking about a couple thousand count per minute so what went back to the river was really low, except when you had a rupture. There are no filters out there. At least there weren’t then. I don’t think there is any now. When a rupture, but see now we have such fast equipment that…. WEISSKOPF: You mean in a regular reactor? BAUMGARTNER: Yeah. WEISSKOPF: Such as if the primary coolant ruptured into the secondary. BAUMGARTNER: Well no… WEISSKOPF: Or something like that… BAUMGARTNER: That one we could handle, but even then you had to stop, you know you had the water flow. It has to go through…but, see most of that flow, a rupture would have gone through the cooling water and goes right down to the basin and out she goes and as far as I know there’s no filter on that. WEISSKOPF: Right. BAUMGARTNER: And I don’t think it would have caught these small particles anyway. WEISSKOPF: Well it would have been… BAUMGARTNER: You can’t drive 55,000 gallons, let’s be honest. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: You just can’t drive that through a HEPA filter. WEISSKOPF: And change it every hour. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah. So, that make any sense? WEISSKOPF: Oh yeah. It all makes sense, it’s all good, and I think before we burn you out completely. You have your burn in out in how long you can talk, you know but it’s all relevant. You know, right now we are looking at T Plant, some of the things that ____ (unclear)… BAUMGARTNER: Yeah. WEISSKOPF: So a lot of things you talked about were great for that, but the work at the reactor with the Ball 3X) and the basins is the first time I have talked to somebody who worked on cleaning out the basins. So that was interesting. BAUMGARTNER: Oh there were a lot of things. WEISSKOPF: Yeah? BAUMGARTNER: I was very lucky because I got to move. I got into places…. WEISSKOPF: Everybody did. I don’t know of anybody who had one job for like 20 years. BAUMGARTNER: No, no. WEISSKOPF: Certainly not in the early days. BAUMGARTNER: No, not during time of operation. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: The most you were allowed to stay in any one place is a year, except when I went to 234-5 I stayed from, you know 1954 to 1958. WEISSKOPF: Did they encourage you to move around? BAUMGARTNER: Oh absolutely, they wanted you to be able to go anyplace. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Since I had been in the 100 Areas they didn’t hesitate to call me if they had a problem out there to whip me out there. WEISSKOPF: So that must of been the security issues of not letting anybody learn too much about any particular process, that was less of an issue then. --- I wish we had more opportunity to do it in a more relaxed, you know sort of an ongoing thing, but other people too. Because otherwise you know you spend your whole life in this career and now we’re asking for this much of it. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, pretty much, pretty much. WEISSKOPF: And, your getting just a little tip of the iceberg sample of it. BAUMGARTNER: And there is no way, I don’t think there is anyway that we can give all to you in any way. WEISSKOPF: Some people like to write their autobiographies, some people go teach a class, but otherwise there is no direct ongoing way to ____ (unclear). BAUMGARTNER: See for instance like the first and third Wednesday of every month at the… WEISSKOPF: Right… BAUMGARTNER: …the monitors meet, guys that I used to work with. WEISSKOPF: Like Bob is there... BAUMGARTNER: Yeah. And these guys have that early knowledge because they’re all retirees and they all had come in and either like, most of the guys that come in about 1949. Prior to that, it was the guys that were management were then down monitoring. WEISSKOPF: Right. BAUMGARTNER: In my early years, I had an instrument in my hand a lot. If we were really deeply concerned about the radiation problems and that, I went in. I wouldn’t let my monitors go in. Up until ’58, at which time then the union had come in and only the monitors could monitor and then we had to step back, but I was allowed to go until ’58. And the reason for that is because I had been in 234-5 Building a long time and we had an interesting monitoring problem. Secondly, I was working on monitoring problems, the doses associated with taking this reading and then what’s the dose, coming up with rules of thumb. We worked, I worked on that. Also too, I was involved in investigations and no one had more incidents than we had in the 200 Areas, it was profound. Whether it happened at REDOX or T Plant or 234-5, or 231, or at B Plant, or you know…it was all…I mean and there was a lot going on, a lot we were learning and from investigating. And then you didn’t always get the truth from everybody when they told you oh I did this, I did that, you had to kind of figure out…that’s not the way it was…the way it really was and then after you tell them the way it was, then they try and say ‘yeah that’s the way was.’ But it, sometimes to go, it took quite a bit of effort to….because people are naturally defensive, you know it’s their job…yeah yeah there you got involved. And no one wants to admit to a mistake, I don’t care who it is…whether, today’s world is no different and it was hard to get some of these things out. We had lots of interesting incidents you know like a piece of plutonium in a guys arm…that’s in… Had a guy put his hand who put his hand in the bottom of a TTPA solution of plutonium and it went right through the glove and everything right into his hand you know, millions of ____ (s/l dperem). Days and days where he never went home obviously. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Millions of ____ (s/l dperem) and I was involved in all of them. I got involved in all of, I got pulled of my regular assignment. I also built analog models to see how well DDTA works, EDTA, DTPA, how well these things work in terms of removing things that were causing confusion. WEISSKOPF: There wasn’t anywhere to go for the books right? BAUMGARTNER: We were writing it, we were writing it. And no one knew how much to give, you know, I give how much, what can I expect? And from the very meager data that we had and the very meager number of cases we had, we developed models that have held up very well, held up for 40 years. So, the work we did wasn’t that bad. I think that we did, I think personally we did very good work. I think the guys that I worked with were sterling. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Oh God, they, it was, I guess it was the right people at the right time. Really and truly it was, I’m very proud of the record we’ve got when you think we didn’t know anything and we never killed anybody. And the guys that we could have hurt, you know the guys with the heavy incidents, not too many of those died say from like leukemia or anything like that. Most of them died of heart, and not at young ages…79, 80…oh all this kind of stuff. And those that did die from things that….they’ve been compensated as far as I know, they might have had to go to court and all that, but nevertheless I don’t think we’ve been very belligerent. So, it’s just, I don’t know… WEISSKOPF: It’s interesting because every industry has a fatality factor right…and you guys were starting out in an industry that no track record and look back is how you go and… BAUMGARTNER: Yeah… WEISSKOPF: …compare it to other industries, other chemical industries, heavy industries… BAUMGARTNER: Yeah. We’re the only industry that I know that has…since people aren’t dying right from the amount of radiation they got based on the epidemiology, that we have healthy workers and they predicated that, because we got our physicals and we got monitored and so consequently we must have seen things early and so therefore they didn’t die. The alternative to that is that maybe fellas…they didn’t get as much radiation as you thought they got. WEISSKOPF: Yeah, okay. BAUMGARTNER: You know that’s an alternative. Maybe we weren’t healthier than anybody else, I don’t think we were, and just because we were getting medical doesn’t necessarily mean we aren’t dying from heart, stroke, or everything else just like everybody else is. So, but how do you prove that we didn’t have as much radiation as they’re putting in the files? So, I worked with Ethel Gilbert for five years who was the epidemiologist for the plant, who said we should have so many deaths and Jack Fix is now the guy that has that. I worked for him and we proved, or I proved I thought, that the amount of fast neutron dose that was given to our employees was considerably less than what they’ve got on the file. WEISSKOPF: Really? BAUMGARTNER: Yeah. Because they automatically added 15 millirem per week of neutrons to every worker, operator, pipe fitter… WEISSKOPF: Just as a safety factor? BAUMGARTNER: Yeah it’s just a booby factor. And that’s what makes our numbers look so big see…the amount of neutrons exceeds the gamma and that’s not possible. That’s where I came from. WEISSKOPF: What… BAUMGARTNER: That’s the safety factor to give you the best estimate of how many people should be dying by when and what. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: And see okay you say well we should be getting so many deaths, well then if they’re not dying, now what? Well, they said we have a safety factor, healthy employees, when in truth maybe your estimate of exposure is a little bit high. WEISSKOPF: The other alternative is that the radiation was good for them. BAUMGARTNER: That’s an alternative which many of us in Health Physics have indicated for the simple reason, background is 300 millirem per year from the sun, from the ground, and so you ask yourself if we are getting 300 millirem you know, we’ve been having that since birth, even before birth, is that injuring us? “Are we any dumber than the Ape man was?” 10,000 years, 100,000 years…everything was higher then than it is now, because now the things decayed you know. Every 94,000 years is a half-life or 10, or whatever uranium 238 I think is quite a bit, but 234-5. So you ask yourself these questions and you come up with, you know you wonder whether people aren’t better off. WEISSKOPF: Do things like bacteria have the same susceptibility to radiation as the human cell? BAUMGARTNER: Yes, that’s…fundamentally bacteria are one cell… WEISSKOPF: Okay… BAUMGARTNER: And so therefore… WEISSKOPF: it’s not as if you’re perhaps killing off bacteria before your hurting yourself. BAUMGARTNER: No, no your getting mutants so they are getting used to…. I can believe that. But, I think we’re generating more mutants via the chemical route then we are ever with radiation. Personally, that just…and the reason for that is 10 to the 10th photons per centimeter squared is a rad. Okay, that’s 10 to the 10th. Now lets go back, how many atoms or molecules are there in a molecular wave and it’s 6 x 7 to the 23rd …okay so I if can’t see a million, oh so I’ll be generous, a billion. One part in a billion is what? Take 9 from 23, you get 14.that’s still 4 orders of magnitude higher than 1 rad. So therefore chemically, bigger numbers. One part per million is 10 to the 17th, kinds of things…we’re talking about 10 to the 10th which is a rad and we’re talking about 0.3 a year. You get the idea of the…the chemical in my judgement is much more fearsome or fearing. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Due to the fact that’s 7 orders of magnitude or 10 orders of magnitude. Different, higher, and so therefore that’s a much more severe problem. WEISSKOPF: Interesting. BAUMGARTNER: Am I, give you a coruler, to me I find 10 to the 10th a good-sized number. This is what my…am I making sense? WEISSKOPF: Yeah. But there is also the fact though that we are exposed to the chemicals every day of our life in every situation. Where radiation… BAUMGARTNER: That we’re willing to accept, just like we are willing to accept 65,000 deaths on the highway. WEISSKOPF: That’s where, I know. BAUMGARTNER: And that’s per year. See, so there’s a funny, we have a funny sense of value. WEISSKOPF: What do you think it is that put nuclear, all things nuclear, in the light that their in today? BAUMGARTNER: Fear of the unknown. None of us people could get up in front of a hearing, a senate hearing and say, will 1 rad, how much ____ (s/l circ) will that give? I can’t tell you. You know, they can tell you what a mile of road will do, but they can tell you what a rad ____ (unclear) will do. WEISSKOPF: But, that mile of road is only based on statistics from what happened the year before… BAUMGARTNER: Right. WEISSKOPF: …it’s not like a physical thing. BAUMGARTNER: Right and we couldn’t, and see even though you haven’t had an incident you start with epidemiology and you play games. A case in point is the reactor incident in New York, you know, where the reactor blew up and they’re arguing, two PhD’s are arguing, whether it caused a half a death or a whole death. WEISSKOPF: Right, statistically, yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah. I rest my case. And, and these arguments gets raised in the papers, scare the hell out of everybody. WEISSKOPF: I presume the same thing is going to be happening with genetically engineered things for better or worse, for right or wrong. BAUMGARTNER: I don’t think so. WEISSKOPF: You don’t think people are going be real worried about it? BAUMGARTNER: No. If they were, there would be upheaval…and there is no upheaval in the paper…not like there was against nuclear. Starting in ’56 my God anti-nuclear was…Ralph Nader was in the paper everyday. WEISSKOPF: But it wasn’t nuclear reactors back then was it? It was nuclear… BAUMGARTNER: He sure as hell did go after…well yeah…but see they equated everything to bomb. There was nothing but a bomb. You didn’t have a reactor, that didn’t mean anything. WEISSKOPF: It was just a controlled bomb. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, I mean it was a bomb, it was a bomb. Everything was bomb, bomb, bomb, bomb. Nuclear power, didn’t even want to, they wouldn’t let us hardly build any reactors in the United States. I think we have what about 10,12. France has about 30. You know, they’re tweaking their nose at all of us saying go ahead let their price of gasoline get high, we don’t care we’ll go build another 6 reactors. They’ve operated now for 50 years and they’re doing really fine. Our reactors have done fine. I mean the worst criticality incident we had might have cause a half a death…maximum a one death. Now is that something to be outrageously feared? WEISSKOPF: No. BAUMGARTNER: How many reactor years have we got? We must have, by now we must have 300-400 years of reactor years with experience and we’re not even thinking about it. WEISSKOPF: But when you started, did you feel like you were getting into the industry that was going to replace the oil industry? I mean was it… BAUMGARTNER: No, no, no. No, no that didn’t’ happen until…we never went into those kinds of things until 1956. For instance when Eisenhower, he had the Atoms for Peace Program where we gave away 500 reactors you know swing the pool type reactors. Khadafy got 3 of them at 100 kilowatts which is two bombs a year for those people who…If you want to see something interesting, Dan Rather had a special one time in which he was reporting on how many airplanes had been left in the desert. We didn’t need them you know, B-24s and B-17s, and… WEISSKOPF: During what period? BAUMGARTNER: After World War II. WEISSKOPF: Just left them there? BAUMGARTNER: Just left them there, it didn’t pay to bring them back. The thing that was interesting is…all of the tails were missing. You know the part that rises? WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Here you’ve got 300 airplanes on the deck and not one of them has got a tail. Now what’s with that? Well that’s strange and then I read the Washington State Law, which allows Boeing Airplane Company to put 1,500 pounds of uranium into the tail of a ’47, 500 pounds into a 707. Did you know that? WEISSKOPF: Just for balance? BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, cause see uranium weighs ____ (s/l spegee) of 19, lead is only 11. So that for the same volume I almost get twice as much weight and you don’t have that much space. However, it’s only depleted uranium. WEISSKOPF: Oh. BAUMGARTNER: So, we’re getting rid of that big pile of depleted uranium that we…. However, what is depleted uranium? WEISSKOPF: It’s uranium that’s been through a reactor or a separations process. BAUMGARTNER: And what’s the primary nucleon? WEISSKOPF: 238. BAUMGARTNER: Beautiful. And what is 238? It’s the mother atom of plutonium. WEISSKOPF: If you put it, yeah… BAUMGARTNER: If I put a neutron into 238 it goes uranium 239, later it goes off and becomes plutonium 239, ahhh so… we let 300 airplanes with 500 pounds of uranium go to Khadafy. I’m sure that he can put them through a roller and make ¼ inch thick uranium sheets and line 17-foot pool reactors with that and let all the… WEISSKOPF: Make is similar, yeah… BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, and let it sit, but who the hell cares? And you know then every once and awhile, maybe once a year or once every two years, you to take that out, put another sheet in there and then go over to a laboratory with a hood and dissolve that baby up and… The chemistry of plutonium is well-known by everybody. I mean if Russia’s got it, Khadafy’s got it. So, the guy, he doesn’t have to steal plutonium from the Israelis. Just like the Israelis didn’t steal it from anybody else, they made their own. So how can you keep, with 500 reactors out there, how can you keep plutonium not happening to people. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Anyway and that happened to us. Once we knew those reactors were going against our judgement, because Eisenhower says no we want to let everybody have the nuclear, because we want them to make the measurements on metal fatigue and so on, so on. It sounded good, but you buy this problem which we did. Which we have, and anyway I helped write state law. WEISSKOPF: You helped what? BAUMGARTNER: Write the state law for us being an agreement state. WEISSKOPF: Which state law. BAUMGARTNER: Washington state. WEISSKOPF: About what. BAUMGARTNER: Nuclear. WEISSKOPF: Oh. BAUMGARTNER: Go read it, it’s down at the library. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: I think it’s 208 or something like that. And then you go back in there and you look at what they can put into an airplane and there is a whole bunch of little things in there that scare the hell out of ya. You know for a guy who’s been in radiation protection. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: So, that’s… WEISSKOPF: Interesting. It’s a whole tangent I hadn’t imagined. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, well…your not, you’ve never been in the field. WEISSKOPF: No. BAUMGARTNER: And so you wouldn’t…would you ask a question? No. I’ve given you more information then the questions you’ve asked because there are interesting little aspects that go with this whole thing. They are not necessarily good for the T Plant. WEISSKOPF: Well and the other thing is, just asking questions might be not what’s interesting or ____ (unclear) other things you’ve done. You know I might be asking questions that don’t really relate to you too. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah. WEISSKOPF: So I think that I always do better if I shut-up a bit and let people talk about the things.. BAUMGARTNER: Lets us talk… WEISSKOPF: …they’re comfortable about or interested in, or find important. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, and all of us have had, like you say, had interesting careers. There isn’t hardly any guy that you’ll talk to that doesn’t felt that he did a good job. At least in radiation protection. WEISSKOPF: Now did you have any friends who quite because they didn’t think it was safe? BAUMGARTNER: Oh yes. WEISSKOPF: Or didn’t like the management? BAUMGARTNER: Oh yes, oh yes…lots. We brought in 500 chemists and we lost 75 the first year. WEISSKOPF: Just the green… BAUMGARTNER: From as soon as they found out what the hell was here, they didn’t want any part of that,… nuclear bomb. I had a good friend who no longer could do the job that I ended up getting after he left. Signing off on all those weapons. WEISSKOPF: Oh, not for… TAPE #2 SIDE B BAUMGARTNER: Like for instance an H-Bomb, that’s so hellaciously large and that’s not against just military. That has to be against civilian population. WEISSKOPF: What military installation is that big? BAUMGARTNER: Is that big? You know, you know… WEISSKOPF: New York City is that big…. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah right. And so you get rid of the back up for the military which is the people, and that’s what H-Bomb, and it’s so hellaciously large that you’ve ruined your political system if you drop it. I mean you know you drop 7 bombs on Russia and you haven’t got enough big cities left or enough politicians left to do anything. And if you let those people, if you warn them and then you destroyed the city after they’re out, what do you do with all these locusts? I mean they, just you have anarchy so, there isn’t anybody that I know of in the political system that is so paranoid that would use a weapon. The reason they won’t is because, like Khadafy, he’s only got three cities and then he hasn’t got anything left. I mean what’s he going to be ruler of? You know, so you drop 9 bombs on America and you’ve got like 75 million people, what are you going to do with 75 million people out in the countryside. WEISSKOPF: Now, would somebody have stayed here working at 234-5 if they were adamantly against nuclear weapons? And the policy of having nuclear weapons? BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, but I didn’t meet too many of those. The only one I met was one the guy who was signing off when he realized how many weapons there were, the number was so large, it was so mind boggling that to build any more he thought was, you know, crazy. WEISSKOPF: And politically you were still comfortable with what was going on? ____ (unclear) BAUMGARTNER: Well we were…. WEISSKOPF: …reasonable approach. BAUMGARTNER: I felt much more comfortable once we had the H-Bomb, because see the A-Bomb is small enough to where it could be a tactical weapon and we built a lot of cannon shells, but there is no… The H-Bomb is a whole different thing and if you ever escalate, my God, I would assume soon the ____ (unclear) would take care of us. WEISSKOPF: So you thought that the sheer lunacy of even trying to use one… BAUMGARTNER: The sheer lunacy of going against America with 30,000 weapons is lunacy, even if you figure on getting 90%… WEISSKOPF: Right, it’s still not… BAUMGARTNER: No…it’s just crazy. And we can’t afford to go against Russia even with 6,000. I mean 60. What are we going to do against 60? Or 600? I mean its crazy. WEISSKOPF: You would have more deaths civilian and otherwise in the first half-hour of the war then…. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, you would no longer have any capability, in my judgement, of attacking further. In other words, there is no way you can invade us nor can we invade them because there is too much anarchy. There is just no law and order. I don’t care what anybody says. WEISSKOPF: So you thought it was a reasonable approach to international…. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, the bigger pile was, the better I liked it, because now I don’t care…even a little paranoia stops you from using it. You no longer have to worry about large paranoia, just even a little, even a little bit. Any sane man, even a sane man is scared much less a paranoid. That’s the way I thought. I’ve let my views be known and you didn’t agree or not agree, but that’s the way I felt. It just didn’t make sense. There aren’t 600 targets out there or 6,000 targets out in this world, there just aren’t. And then when people started talking about China… I went to China, 25 years ago admittedly, but I was worried, but there is no way in hell China can do anything. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: I mean what can they do with a sampan? You know, sure they got 7,000 or 10,000 sampans, but they aren’t going to be able to come across the ocean. I mean remember when they invaded Vietnam? Maybe that was before your time. After we left Vietnam, China went to invade Vietnam. And they got 7 miles into the country and couldn’t go any further, and you know why? The single transportation that they had was a single railroad line that were bringing supplies from 1,000 miles back out to the front. So when they sent a soldier to the front, he had a knapsack full of whatever the hell they put in there, but he can’t put a ton in there. I mean if he puts 90 pounds in there for a little guy like that he’s got a lot. Okay, how much food is that, how much ammunition is that, etc. How long will he last? A week? 10 days? 15 at the most, and then what does he do? Then you’ve got to retreat…and that’s exactly what happened. So they put…ah…Remember the Tiamen Square fiasco? WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Well, I was in Peking a few years before that and to give you an example of a problem. When I was there, there were two filling stations in Peking for the military vehicles and for everything else. During the day the military vehicles were loaded with food stuffs which they brought into town and dropped off and the people then picked it up with ____ (unclear) and then the military, at night then could go out, pick up soldiers and bring them in. Well, how many, I think they had like 15-20 trucks 1-ton trucks, well how many guys can you pick up with 25 trucks, until you can get an army of 10,000 guys? It takes weeks and if you recall they were running around Tiamen Square for weeks before they finally quelled them and that’s because it took them that long to get the 10,000 GIs in there to do it. So you can…to me China is not a threat. They’re a threat in terms of nuclear, but their sure not a threat…now if they could blow us out of the world okay then you know that’s a threat. Now they might be the ones who might use a nuclear weapon with a rocket. WEISSKOPF: Theoretically, I mean the theory that anybody who understands them well enough and knows how to use them offensively, would never do it again somebody who has equal weapons. BAUMGARTNER: No and they’re even more conservative than we are, so…Anyway I… WEISSKOPF: You can’t be world power without it… BAUMGARTNER: Right, right. WEISSKOPF: You don’t feel like your part of the big boys unless you do have the capability. BAUMGARTNER: Right, right. WEISSKOPF: Germany, France, or England, or China. BAUMGARTNER: Right, right, right. So, anyway…I have gone to these countries just to see what’s, you know, what’s there. To give you an example, inside of Peking there are two roads, four lanes. One going east and west and one going north and south and as soon as you get to the edge of the city…now how do you know your at the edge of city? Because that’s the last house, which is a high-rise apartment, and then it’s a two-lane highway. And how do I know that was a two-lane highway? Because we went to the China Wall. So we went out north and went to the China Wall, and then when we came in we were going to go to the coastline and as soon as we got out of the south end it was a two-lane highway. And if you want to see how they made the road, down at Kweilin which is way down south, they were making it in 3-foot squares and they had a manual tamper like we have you know, and a three foot square that big was all that that half-ton truck could hold. So they made it in 3-foot squares. Can you imagine going down the highway, and I was looking at this, and there was this quilt of 3-foot squares and when I saw that I, you know, I couldn’t imagine it until I asked somebody. I said “what is this?” and he says well that’s….so each truck load gave a 3-foot square, and the next truck. When I saw all that I says why worry? We’ve got enough power no one is going to attack. We will not use it because there aren’t enough targets anyplace. And if you notice all of the stuff that, they’ve always stayed with explosives. WEISSKOPF: They’ve what? BAUMGARTNER: Everybody’s always stayed with explosives, TNT, plastic…they’ve stayed away from nuclear. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. Well, it’s interesting in 50 year’s time. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah. WEISSKOPF: There has never been an occasion to use one. BAUMGARTNER: The only nuclear material we have every used against anybody was when we were at the Gulf War… WEISSKOPF: Oh the depleted uranium… BAUMGARTNER: The depleted uranium shells… WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Oh I was upset when I heard that. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Wow. WEISSKOPF: Just because it’s not a good metal to be breathing in or? BAUMGARTNER: You’re spreading uranium all over hell. WEISSKOPF: Oh uranium that could be useful to somebody. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, my feeling is there is a, I’ve got these 5million shells, I mean we’ve given them a gift. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Does he have to steal anything? No. ____ (unclear), you know the guy is not an ignorant guy. WEISSKOPF: Can you buy uranium on the open market? BAUMGARTNER: No. WEISSKOPF: It’s regulated or? BAUMGARTNER: Well, read the state law and I’ll give you a hint. After the second, third resale value of an airplane it is no longer controlled. WEISSKOPF: The airplane is new and then it’s sold used…. BAUMGARTNER: And then sold used, and sold used again, and when that happens it’s no longer regulated, no longer put on the books. And if you go to some of these small airports you will see 707’s with tails missing. WEISSKOPF: Okay, I’m gonna watch for it. BAUMGARTNER: Watch for it when you’re in these foreign countries. WEISSKOPF: How many pounds do they put in? BAUMGARTNER: 500. WEISSKOPF: Oh, okay. BAUMGARTNER: It’s an appreciable amount. You don’t have to, I mean that will make quite a bit of ¼ inch thick sheeting. Thermal neutrons will not go through more than a ¼ inch. WEISSKOPF: And is it depleted uranium only because it’s more valuable for other uses when it’s not depleted? Or? BAUMGARTNER: Well, 235. WEISSKOPF: Or is it that they won’t sell real uranium in a metallic version? BAUMGARTNER: Oh they sell regular uranium all the time. That’s in the open market. There’s a uranium market in the world. WEISSKOPF: But, why do they use depleted in the back of… BAUMGARTNER: Oh because we have this big warehouse full of it you know that’s about 17 miles long and 18 miles wide that’s… WEISSKOPF: Really? Okay. BAUMGARTNER: You know where we suck out the 0.35% and made reactor material at 5%, so… WEISSKOPF: I never heard that before. BAUMGARTNER: Well, and then you, what do you do with the reactor material that you rerun? You know, we are such a rich nation that we have not yet at this point in time redissolved a single slug that has gone through a ____ (s/l pollo) reactor. WEISSKOPF: That’s right. Let alone, taking depleted uranium, mixing in plutonium and saying hey we got fuel again. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah. WEISSKOPF: Well…and we have no plans to recycle fuel. BAUMGARTNER: Not that I, yeah we’re going to debury it. It’s crazy. WEISSKOPF: Have you at all read about what they do in France with their fuel? BAUMGARTNER: um-hum. WEISSKOPF: Yeah? BAUMGARTNER: They’re recycling. WEISSKOPF: How modern or different is it from what you were doing here? BAUMGARTNER: Not any more modern than we proposed, which we already know all about because we had done all the preliminary, we’ve done all the chemistry. WEISSKOPF: Oh, the one that was going to be back east, that was the one they were going to build. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, well France has, I think, three of them. WEISSKOPF: Okay, they ship hot fuel around to various plants. BAUMGARTNER: No, no , no they remake it. WEISSKOPF: No, but they ship it from the reactor to a separations plant. BAUMGARTNER: To a separations plant. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: Yes, then they remake it. Then see, what people don’t understand is that the plutonium that’s in there is really much better than the plutonium that we’ve got because our plutonium is weapons grade, but if you want a reactor grade plutonium…. WEISSKOPF: Oh… BAUMGARTNER: …you want something that has maybe like 50% of 240. WEISSKOPF: You like that… BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, cause when it splits, when it hits the neutrons, see instead of giving you…ahh let me see, uranium is 1.4 neutrons, I think, per event. Yeah and plutonium is I think 1.9, 239; 240 I think is 2.6…so now you get 1.6 atoms of plutonium back for every atom used…ha ha….I mean breeder concept is here to stay, now every ton of uranium becomes a ton of plutonium and ….MEV’s is enormous, 9.3 MEV per event…oh God. WEISSKOPF: It’s a whole different kind of energy production then we have ever had before. BAUMGARTNER: Yeah well… WEISSKOPF: Especially if you burn it…. BAUMGARTNER: In the 50’s when we through the mathematics of it we said that we have enough uranium on hand at that time, just the uranium part, that we would have 400 years with a 2% growth per year. You know where we go to reactors, and if we went the breeder concept, we have no idea how much. I mean it’s like having 10,000 oil fields. Because now instead of 0.35% of the uranium going into plutonium atoms, you’ve got to stop talking about the whole works. And 0.35 is something like the factor of 300. So now 400 years x 300. You know you say to yourself…well…and that’s without the new found uranium, without…so…it’s such a large number that I guess people didn’t believe it. You know because at least the Americans did. So, it’s just a… I could study, but I stopped worrying about studies in ’67, by that time we had done all the ways there were. We had done all the recovery. We already had the classification. We had them on a list with making it into a great big monolith of concrete, with you know, which was do you want to go with what levels? There were two other methods for making little glass balls…so there was a whole bunch of methods that we had developed all here. WEISSKOPF: How much waste was there going to be, or is there in France from a modern efficient, recycling of hot fuel. BAUMGARTNER: Each reactor produces a tube of material 17 feet long and 1-foot in diameter per year. WEISSKOPF: A tube of unusable material? BAUMGARTNER: Of fission products, not plutonium and not uranium. WEISSKOPF: But, which you know you can take out and reuse. 17 feet long and how big around? BAUMGARTNER: 1 foot in diameter. WEISSKOPF: And that would be very hot stuff. BAUMGARTNER: No necessarily, because you’ve also taken out the strontium and you’ve also taken out the cobalt. WEISSKOPF: I wonder if they’re doing that in France… BAUMGARTNER: Yes, yes, yes. WEISSKOPF: Okay. BAUMGARTNER: They’re using the technology we developed in the ‘60s. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: I can tell you that right now. The separations plant is a PUREX plant. WEISSKOPF: And do they have a permanent waste storage for the stuff they… BAUMGARTNER: Yes they do…yes they do. But remember now, these old slugs, these old 17-foot long, some of them are innocuous almost. They’ve been around 25 years, so after 25 years as far as I’m concerned that’s no longer a problem. But, you leave it where it’s at and it’s not that big of deal. So there, I think they’ve got what 30 reactors, so they’ve got 30 of these tubes per year. I mean, you know, if you can put them in the ground and if they’re not generating enough heat anymore, especially the old ones, you don’t need to you know hardly do anything with them. You know…a little bit of water-cooling and that’s just undoable, you know to a pipe. WEISSKOPF: Was there any talk 25 years ago getting the tanks emptied out in the 200 Areas? BAUMGARTNER: Oh yes, oh yes, that’s when we talked about getting the bismuth and the aluminum and all that type of thing. WEISSKOPF: But they never took the time or the money to set up a system of doing it? BAUMGARTNER: We did all the preliminary work, like I call the test tube work, so we know what the reaction, we know what it takes to do it. Yes. So, deep geological storage was just the ____ (s/l intima), I mean that was crazy, crazy, crazy, all that uranium. And that’s all 5% and we haven’t burned 5%… WEISSKOPF: Oh…in a modern reactor. BAUMGARTNER: In a modern reactor is 5% uranium 235. WEISSKOPF: So, it’s still more enriched than natural uranium. BAUMGARTNER: Oh absolutely, but at least an order of magnitude. WEISSKOPF: So if you just pull out the uranium, isotopes and all, you end up with something that’s more enriched than… BAUMGARTNER: Oh yeah, oh yeah, oh yeah. Oh yeah. WEISSKOPF: And there’s how many thousands of tons waiting to be buried. BAUMGARTNER: Oh Jesus. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: I mean… WEISSKOPF: Its interesting. BAUMGARTNER: I’m sorry, it’s crazy. We’re such a rich country we don’t need to do that. WEISSKOPF: And oil is not so expensive yet. BAUMGARTNER: No it’s not very high yet, power’s not high yet. Did you know that some of the cheapest power shortly is going to be in that one spot? WEISSKOPF: Yeah? BAUMGARTNER: Well because we were not satisfied until we had put a penalty on the Hydroelectric power plants of 500 million dollars per year. That’s how much the fish are costing us right now. So right now, they can’t sell power from the dams which cost roughly I think 1.6 cents a kilowatt or maybe a tenth of that, but it now costs 5.4 cents and we can make power out here, I know but it’d 4.6. So nuclear power right now is cheaper than dam power. WEISSKOPF: That’s interesting. BAUMGARTNER: And gas power is now going to be about 12 cents, maybe 18 cents, I don’t know I haven’t seen the latest numbers on the BTUs. The same with oil, see oil doesn’t have to pay the tax. They are burning 24 dollars a barrel type of thing, they’re not paying like we are a few dollars a gallon you know. WEISSKOPF: Interesting. BAUMGARTNER: So, and these are…we, all of that is in that library out there, I can tell you that now. Because all of those became documents that we wrote and that we used to go to meetings. Because you know the Health Physics was kind of interested in going to nuclear power, because after all that was our future because we knew ultimately that these reactors would shut down. And so for the monitors and the workers to work they were going to have to go to reactors and so our future was in private power, you know by the nuclear power. So, we obviously as…since that’s the kind of thing that health physicists, you don’t need them except in you know nuclear plants and separations plants, you know and canyon. So, consequently, they wanted to have all of the reasons why power should be coming along. Anyway, that’s… WEISSKOPF: Well, its interesting how we can move off in other directions so easily, I like that. BAUMGARTNER: Remember that we worked on all of that really early. You know people always say…You haven’t heard Nader say anything in the last 10 years against nuclear power. It isn’t there because he’s got to read 70,000 documents and lawyers are notoriously famous for reading about 2 or 3 and that’s it. WEISSKOPF: Were you looking forward to retirement when the time came? BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, I had spent 44 years. WEISSKOPF: Yeah. BAUMGARTNER: It was long enough, I think it was time for guys like me to go away and let the young guys… No I didn’t have any problem with that. WEISSKOPF: Still enjoy living in Richland? BAUMGARTNER: Oh absolutely. There’s no traffic. WEISSKOPF: That’s right. BAUMGARTNER: Short distance. WEISSKOPF: You don’t realize it until you go anywhere else. BAUMGARTNER: I just came from Phoenix, 1-1/2 million people, like I said 100 blocks took me 45 minutes. I mean I could drive to Pasco in 15. WEISSKOPF: But why do you need to go to Pasco? BAUMGARTNER: Yeah, but I’m saying…you know. WEISSKOPF: You’d have to find a reason to go… BAUMGARTNER: Yeah. WEISSKOPF: No, I laugh literally, I’m self-employed so I work at home and I put 3,000 miles a year on my car. BAUMGARTNER: So, hardly pays to buy a new one. WEISSKOPF: No it doesn’t, not at all. BAUMGARTNER: Your rusting through just from sitting. WEISSKOPF: But no, it’s easy to live around here. How long have you been in this house? BAUMGARTNER: 1965. I had it built, first owner. We had lots of first owners here. There is only about three of us left and you’d expect that. WEISSKOPF: I’m going to turn this off now. BAUMGARTNER: Go ahead. Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) Part 1: 01:38:00 Part 2: 01:12:12 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128kbps Hanford Sites Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview T Plant REDOX Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William Baumgartner Oral History Subject The topic of the resource Hanford Atomic Products Operation T Plant REDOX Description An account of the resource An audio oral history interview with William Baumgartner for the B Reactor Museum Association. Baumgartner was a 200 Area Chemist at the Hanford Site during the early Cold War. Interview is split into two parts. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource B Reactor Museum Association Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 4/11/2001 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project. Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG2D-4B https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F2bd5d807b3c32f7431ca815aac9f9878.mp4 c8a88ee33322fb73eca55b4ef818a1dc https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F6fb09eff3c6ac1b74a14b435f85a38dd.pdf 09e8c888d3ef7cacd14f3698295dadcd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource CREHST Museum Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Oral History; Hanford Site; Richland, WA Description An account of the resource Oral Histories conducted at and collected by the Columbia River Exhibition of History, Science & Technology (CREHST) Museum. The CREHST Museum, closed in 2014, was dedicated to preserving the history of the Hanford Site and Richland, WA and held the Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. After closure of the CREHST Museum most records and archival holdings were transferred to Washington State University's Hanford History Project where they are now held. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource CREHST Museum, Gary Fetterolf, Terry Andre Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1999-2013 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource All resources have consent transferred to Washington State University's Hanford History Project. Contact Hanford History Project for information on use and rights. Language A language of the resource English. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG2-4A Spatial Coverage Spatial characteristics of the resource. Hanford Site; Richland, WA Temporal Coverage Temporal characteristics of the resource. 1943-1990 Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. Oral histories originally conducted by, or collected by, the CREHST Museum. Property and rights transferred to Washington State University upon CREHST closure in 2014 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. Washington State University's Hanford History Project. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Todd Kenning Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed William J. Bair Location The location of the interview CREHST Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound CREHST Oral History Project TITLE: Dr. Bair Comment INTERVIEW DATE: October 25, 2004 INTERVIEW LOCATION: CREHST INTERVIEWER: Todd Kenning INTERVIEWED: William J. Bair TRANSCRIBER: Robert Clayton Dr. Bair was a pioneer in the field of health physics. He was employed at Hanford beginning in the era when GE was the prime contractor. He did innovative research on the effects of radiation using animal models. DR. BAIR: I was born in Jackson, Michigan 80 years ago. Lived most of my early life in Ohio. I was drafted in to the Army in 1943. Prior to that for a few months after I got out of high school I worked on the railroad as a machinist in the roundhouse. So that was a good experience because I knew I wasn’t going to do that for the rest of my life. But anyway I was drafted in ’43 and served in the infantry for 3 years in combat in Europe. I was in Czechoslovakia at the end of the war in Europe. And then my division was shipped to the Pacific for the invasion of Japan. Of course by the time we got there the bombs had been dropped and I stayed as part of the Army of Occupation for I guess maybe up to 6 months. I think it’s ironic that the bomb of course one of them was fueled with plutonium saved my life. I talked to Glenn Seaborg about that on a couple of occasions because he had a nephew that said the same thing. But anyway it’s ironic that I ended up out here at Hanford doing most of my research on plutonium. The health effects of plutonium. KENNING: And what year did you come out? Where did you get your schooling? DR> BAIR: After I got back from the Army in ’46 I went to Ohio-Wesleyan University and got a bachelor’s degree in chemistry. And then I got a fellowship a National Academy of Sciences fellowship in Radiological Physics at the University of Rochester in Rochester, New York. That first year it’s what we call Health Physics now. They didn’t have that term or use that term at that time. And at the end of the first year I was asked by Newell Stannert a professor there if I would stay on as a graduate student. And I did that with the idea that I would do my research in radiation biology. The biological effects of radiation. But at that time they had no degree program so I was in the Department of Physiology for a year until they got that program established. I finished my PhD in 1954 and I received the first PhD in Radiation Biology in the world. That’s my one claim to fame. Incidentally my professor Newell Stannert he’s about 94 now and still alive in San Diego. I gave a lecture this last spring in his honor down in California. But then after I graduated and got my degree in ’54 I looked around for a place. I had options at Yale, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, and out here. My wife and I decided we’d try the west. And they offered more money too, which was a big factor. But anyway we came out in 1954. I came out to do research at the cellular level. And within 2 years I was working on the effects of breathing radioactive material because at that time there were concerns about workers being exposed to plutonium, ruthenium, and other aerosols in the workplace. Also at that time there were ruthenium particles being dispersed in the plant environment out here. Most of them were large enough that you could actually pick them up. But they were still concerned about the people actually breathing them. Anyway that’s how I began to get into the inhalation area. I served in that position until about 1960 so that was about 14 years 15 years. TODD: So that was the? DR. BAIR: Inhalation of radioactive materials. TODD: Did the program have a title? DR. BAIR: Not specifically. It was the Inhalation of Radioactive Materials. TODD: And the department you were working for? DR. BAIR: I was in the Biology Department. TODD: The Biology Department for the Department of Energy? DR. BAIR: No no no this was back in the days of the Atomic Energy Commission. TODD: Right oh ok still AEC. DR. BAIR: Right. Now the Biology Department I should say something about the Biology Department. When the plant started up out here the management brought in Herb Parker from Oak Ridge. Herb Parker had been out in Seattle. He was an Englishman from Manchester but he had been at Swedish Hospital. When the atomic energy business got started they hired him to go back to Oak Ridge to start a program to look after the health of the workers. They knew nothing about radiation protection in those days. I shouldn’t say that because they did have some experience with radium and other things but certainly this was a totally new ball game. When the aspect or prospect of making plutonium and other radioactive materials was totally new. So they brought Herb in to organize a radiation protection program, a health protection program, at Oak Ridge. And he did that. Actually he really started the whole field of Health Physics. Then when Hanford began operations out here they asked him to come out here and essentially set up the same program. One of the first things he did was to hire Dick Foster, a PhD from the University of Washington in the fisheries department, to come over and set up a research program to monitor and study the potential effects of the operations here on the salmon and other aquatic life. Then they also began shortly after that to look at the other aspects of the environment. The terrestrial environment…the whole ball of works. I mean what was going to be the impact of this plant on this whole area? TODD: What was the time frame when they started doing this? DR. BAIR: They started doing this shortly after he arrived and I can’t tell you the exact date. I think I could find the date for you. TODD: But approximately what year? DR. BAIR: It was approximately 1953. Oh whoops I’m off by 10 years about ‘43/’44. Anyway one of the groups that they began to set up was one to look at health effects. And this was when they hired Harry Konanberg. I think he might actually have been at Oak Ridge too to come out and get started this biology department. Initially this whole operation was in the same group as the medical people, which was headed by Dag Norwood. Dag Norwood was one of the first persons to really develop a very effective a health surveillance program for workers in the atomic field. Of course he died a number of years ago but his legacy is still out here in the Hanford Environmental Health Foundation. But anyway shortly after that time probably around 1947 I suppose ’48 maybe even earlier they split off separated the biology environmental work from the medical. And they also at the same time separated out the health physics- the routine monitoring of workers and the film badges and all that kind of work they separated that out. TODD: Ok when you came here in 1954 if you could tell us what your work was and kind of what it was like around here in ’54. DR. BAIR: When I arrived in ’54. First I’ll tell you a little bit about the biology department that I joined. The main effort of the biology department had been was still looking at the potential effects of radioiodine. And they had a large herd of sheep that they were working with. Dr. Leo Bustad who eventually became dean of the Veterinary School at Washington State University was in charge of that program. They also had a herd of miniature pigs. And they also developed a strain of white pigs because they were interested in looking at the potential effects of these particles these so called “Hot” particles ruthenium particles on the skin. TODD: What was the name of these particles? DR. BAIR: Hot particles. That’s where that term originated. In this case they were particles of radioactive ruthenium. And these were crystalline materials crystalline particles that had been released from the separations stacks. So they were out in the environment. So one of the points they were looking at was what the potential hazard of those particles were when they fell on people’s skin. So they used pigs to do that. TODD: And the white pigs were? DR. BAIR: Good animals for that. They used the miniature pigs then for studies similar to what they had done for sheep. Miniature pigs were good because they took up a lot less space and they ate a lot less food. They were a good experimental animal and I think some descendants of that herd they developed out here are still being used in the pharmaceutical industry and other places. At least we sold some to some of those companies from the private Battelle herd. Anyway the emphasis there in the animal area was on the hot particles and the iodine. We were beginning to get interested in plutonium because there was a potential for people being exposed at the plant of course. The environmental people were going out and collecting samples from the field. Wayne Hanson, Bob Genoway was another one. They would get on a big Dodge pickup like vehicle they had a seat mounted up there and they would go out shooting jackrabbits. I have photographs of some of that. So they collected samples that way to see if any radioactive material was being picked up by those animals. Essentially monitoring the environment that way. They also had plant studies going on to try to determine whether the radioactive material if any of it that was released was causing any or would cause any problem with plant growth. Before I arrived back in the ‘40’s they had a farm across the river over at Ringgold that they farmed. They did that over there because it was far enough away from the site that it would not be contaminated. So they did some studies over there. So the biology program was pretty extensive when I arrived. The river problem was actually chromium because they used chromium in the cooling water to prevent to reduce corrosion in the reactor. So they were concerned about chromium toxicity in the aquatic in particularly in the salmon. A lot of work was done on that. There was a small group looking at fairly basic kinds of effects and that’s the group I was hired into. My boss was Frank Hungate who is no longer here. He’s in Seattle. I looked at microorganisms looking at potential genetic effects of radioactive materials. We were interested primarily in whether when you have a radioactive material when it decays it becomes another element. Sulfur-35 becomes a chlorine. So if you have radioactive sulfur in a biological molecule and all of a sudden becomes chlorine what happens? Could that trigger a mutation? So that was the first thing I actually worked on. TODD: Excuse me sir. In microorganisms? What particular? DR. BAIR: Ecoli was one of them and we used various yeast. Anyway our objective was to determine was that particular mechanism was the potential for causing mutations. We had some results that weren’t all that exciting. TODD: That’s typical science isn’t it? DR. BAIR: Oh yeah that’s right. And I don’t think anyone is looking at that area now. But after I had been there 2 years the man who had been hired. He was a physician. Ralph Waggert had been hired to develop a program looking at potential effects of breathing radioactive materials. He was working with 2 people: Lewis Temple his son is actually a physician here in town Edward Temple. Another one was Don Willard and another one was Victor Smith. And Victor Smith lives in Kennewick and Don Willard lives in Kennewick also. Ralph Waggert died suddenly and I was selected, elected, drafted or whatever to take over responsibility for that program. The reason I was asked to do it the University of Rochester had led the field in developing the technology for studying radioactive materials in the air radioactive aerosols. They had the aerosol technology program there. They began to do the studies. They were really leading the field. Primarily in uranium. A lot of uranium was being used in those days for the weapons program of course. And a lot of that dust was spread around in those big plants out here, in Oak Ridge, and other places. So the University of Rochester had this large program going on to study the toxicology of uranium. So since I was at Rochester some of that had to have rubbed off on me. I was supposed to have absorbed some of that. Well I had some classes. TODD: Well it was so brand new the whole concept. DR. BAIR: Well true. But anyway I was drafted to take responsibility for that program. And I learned a lot. I learned a lot from Lew Temple and Don Willard and the people who were already working in it. But we found from some of our first studies we actually were the first to prove that if you gave animals enough plutonium in the repertory tract if they inhaled enough you could eventually get some cancers. And I have to tell you that the idea that you can easily produce cancers, lung cancers, by inhaling plutonium is wrong. It was a long trial and error period to get just exactly the right dose. You could give them enough plutonium that the radioactivity would actually damage the lungs so severely that it would kill the animal. And of course if the animal died in a month or two months it wouldn’t live long enough to demonstrate a cancer. So we had to work hard to develop techniques that would really show if plutonium would cause a cancer. And we did finally find that you could give enough but not too much that you would begin to find a few lung cancers in mice and rats. I think probably the most important study along that line was with dogs. And this was, you asked about dogs earlier. At this time it was kind of rare for us to do work for other agencies we were working for the Atomic Energy Commission. But the Air Force was interested in the effects of plutonium because they were carrying bombs with plutonium in them. They asked us to do a study looking at the effects of being exposed to large amounts of plutonium aerosols. So we did that and we had a few dogs on the lower dose end that lived you know 2 years. And so we just we kept them. TODD: What kind of dogs were they? DR. BAIR: Beagles. Now we chose beagles because back in Cornell I was a graduate student. Cornell University had developed a beagle colony. They were looking for an animal species that would be useful for relating to potential human effects and I don’t even know what they were studying at the time. But they found that the beagle was a very good animal for this purpose. So they developed background information on beagle dogs. And that helped us because we didn’t have to do a lot of that it was already done. So we selected the beagle dogs for that study. We bought from licensed dealers we didn’t go around getting pets from anybody. TODD: That’s pretty important that you did not go around taking people’s pets. DR. BAIR: We eventually got some beagle dogs from I believe Washington State University and also from down in California at Davis. They had a beagle colony down there. But anyway we eventually had about 3 or 4 different groups of beagles and we set up our own colony. We raised our own dogs. WE were self-contained in a sense. And I might just add while were on this subject. Our dogs we had I forget just how many veterinarians we had working out there. Those dogs and of course the other animals too they had the full time attention of veterinarians and specialized animal care people. The dogs and all the animals were in probably the best facilities and certainly received better care than any animals in the community. They had the regular health check-ups and received all the inoculations they needed. And besides that they were well fed and cared for. We had probably some of the oldest beagle dogs out there that you’ve ever heard of. I think we had some living 18, 19 years because they were even though they had plutonium. TODD: Well if you take good care of dogs there going to last longer just like human beings. DR. BAIR: You know what the average life span of our dogs out there far exceeds the average life span of pets by many years. But anyway we did one of I think our first major observations out there was the fact that some of these dogs did eventually develop lung cancer so we continued to use beagle dogs to get some idea what the dose would be for a human. Trying to extrapolate from a dog to humans. TODD: This was with plutonium dust did you ever do any with uranium dust here? DR. BAIR: We did some with uranium ore dust somewhat a little later and radon. I don’t know whether you know about this or not but one of the earlier observations back in the early ‘40s was the fact that uranium miners were beginning to show up high instance of lung cancer. And it was difficult to know early on whether it was due to radon, whether it was due to uranium ore dust, with the residue from explosives they used in mines, the oil from the jack hammers the drilling equipment that they used all these factors arsenic all different things were in the mine. Historically back in the late 1800s over in Germany and Czechoslovakia they found that there was a high instance of lung cancer in hard rock miners. They were not I can’t remember now what they were mining at the time but arsenic was considered one of the factors. TODD: Arsenic yes. DR. Bair: And it wasn’t until the late ‘20s middle ‘20s that it was lung cancer. You know if you go back many years you never hear of lung cancer…consumption all various different kinds of things. But I think it was in the ‘20s that they diagnosed their problem as lung cancer and begin to feel that maybe it was radioactive material but you know radioactive materiel was not very well known in those days having only been discovered at the turn of the century. But anyway we did do studies with uranium and with trying to understand what in your mine environment was causing the problem. We eventually did find that radon was causing the problem. We also did some studies that combined radon with smoking because most of those miners smoked. The results are still kind of iffy. You couldn’t expose the dogs or rats or hamsters or any of the animals we used to this ore dust and have them smoke at the same time. So we either had to expose them to cigarette smoke before or afterwards. I think we exposed them afterwards had a little more effect more enhanced effect than if they smoked before they were exposed to the radon and ore dust. Anyway there was some evidence of enhancement by smoking. TODD: Now you were doing that particular one with the beagles also. DR. BAIR: We did that with beagles. We did that with hamsters primarily hamsters and beagles. We did studies with some of the fission products: cerium, strontium strontium-90, with iodine TODD: That’s iodine-131. DR. BAIR: Right. One of the things that we tried to test. One of the AEC atomic energy commissioners I think his name was Wilson. He was I believe a physicist. He wondered if you had in a rector containment vessel a release of iodine-131 if you immediately released a large amount stable iodine if this would not reduce the effect on the people that were breathing it. We do know that if you saturate the thyroid with stable iodine it won’t pick up near as much of the radioactive iodine but you gotta do this before hand. His idea was if you did this simultaneously. And we did find in some studies that yes you could reduce the uptake of radioiodine in the thyroid if you also got a big dose of stable iodine. But here again you are talking about something that itself can be toxic. Anyway I don’t think that they ever utilized that but we did show that under certain circumstances it was feasible. TODD: Ok I’m going to change the subject just a little bit. Now you are going to add some things about the plutonium dust and americium. DR. BAIR: Right. Back in the early ‘60s we were working with plutonium-239 the plutonium isotope that’s used in the bombs produced in the reactors. It’s the main product here. About that time Merle Eisenbud at New York University asked us if we hadn’t considered doing some studies using plutonium-238. Plutonium-238 is a very high activity plutonium. It’s much more radioactive than plutonium-239. It’s a very hot material. Thermally hot actually. It was beginning to be used in space flights and satellites as a fuel. It’s a thermal-electric fuel. They can use it to produce electricity. It’s a heat source used to produce electricity in the satellites. And it’s also used in some of the weapons systems I understand as part of the triggering system or something. I don’t know exactly. So we began to look at that and we went to my old laboratory in Ohio to get some plutonium-238. The first studies were very interesting. We found where as plutonium oxide is very insoluble, very insoluble the plutonium-238 is mush less insoluble than plutonium-239 oxide. If you put 239 oxide in your lungs it just stays there in the lymph nodes a long time. But if you inhale plutonium-238 even though it’s supposedly an insoluble oxide it begins to disintegrate primarily probably because of its high specific activity. It’s unstable physically unstable so the particle begins to break apart in smaller pieces and thus becomes more soluble. You know a greater surface area. So anyway this was a discovery we made here and I remember going back to the Pentagon and telling them about this. I was in a meeting with several admirals and generals from the Air Force, and the Army, and the Navy telling them they could not use plutonium-239 as a surrogate for plutonium-238 in their planning. They didn’t believe me. You have 2 isotopes same material they should be the same. But they did not. Anyway I had a couple of meetings back there trying to convince them. I did convince them of course that that was the case. But that had an impact on a lot of things. For example I was on a committee advising the space and the military people on this program putting these snap devices they called them in the satellites. Initially when they began to make these things they put the plutonium-238 in the oxide soluble form thinking that if they had an accident it would just burn up. And they did that. They had an accident and they just burned up. So what happened was we had plutonium -238 scattered all around the world. So anyway one of the things we did as a result of our studies we convinced them and the committee I was working with knew part of this or was part of this we convinced them that they should design their thermal electric system containing plutonium so that the plutonium was in a very insoluble form. So they then produced a ceramic form of plutonium-238 oxide which they use today. So if they have an accident and it comes back it’s going to come back in one chunk. And they have had a couple of those that have dropped in the oceans with no more worldwide contamination of plutonium-238 from that source. I want to say something about americium I want to tell you about some of these things that I feel I made an impact. Back in I think it must have the 1980s I received a call from 60 Minutes. This woman said, “You know we’re interested in doing a segment of a show on americium-241 because we know it’s used in smoke detectors. So we’re concerned that these smoke detectors after people get through with them they through them out in the trash and they go out in the dump and the source gets scattered all around. Well I told her I said, “You know I don’t think that’s a good idea. Because if you think about the lives that are saved by people using smoke detectors, Then you could begin to consider how infinitesimal the risk is, the health risk to people getting those materials and actually getting enough of it in their body. They could not get enough from one smoke detector to cause any problems. Well after several phone calls she called back and she said, “You know we agree with you, we will not do that show.” So I feel I made a real contribution (Laughter) TODD: Well you know it’s funny when we tell people, everyday people that americium in the smoke detectors. We’ve had people say I am going to get rid of my smoke detectors. And that’s just silly. DR. BAIR: Well if 60 Minutes had done that show it would have been terrible. And they didn’t do it. TODD: Ok we’re going to get to the alligators now. DR. BAIR: Ok back in about early 1960s we had an aquatic physiologist out there Bob Schifman who was planning to do some experiments to see how sensitive alligators were to radiation. In the radiation biology field we’ve done an awful lot of studies with various species. What you do is you can’t do these studies on people so you’ve got data from many species and then you begin to put man into this whole scheme of things. Where does he fit? He was going to do this study with some alligators. Well they had them in a can …should I show you a photograph now? This shows the 100-F area and down at the bottom is a picture of the Aquatic Biology area with some pens, fish pens. And Bob Schifman kept the alligators in these fish pens. I think he had 20 or 30 alligators maybe. Well one day a fisherman over at Ringgold well he picked up an alligator’ He was fishing on the bank and an alligator crawled up. So he took this alligator and displayed it at BB and M sports store. It’s no longer there. The people from the laboratory soon recovered that. . They came and got it of course. But anyway there was an alligator that had gotten loose in the Columbia River and a fisherman had found it. TODD: Excuse me. How big was the alligator? DR. BAIR: Well they were probably from 30 to 36 inches maybe 40” maximum. Bob Schifman took a position somewhere else so the alligators were sitting there and they were going to be destroyed. So I said oh we can’t do that. I’ll take over that study and I’ll go ahead and do it. So we did. We did a pilot study to find out how sensitive they were. We had to get this study going. Nothing had ever been done so we were starting from scratch. We exposed a group of 20 or around 21 or 22 alligators. TODD: Now these were still about 3’ long? DR. BAIR: Yeah about that size. So these alligators had gotten out through that fence. How we don’t know but they squeezed through there and headed right for the Columbia River. TODD: What did you expose them to? DR. BAIR: X radiation. And the timing was not good for what subsequently happened. We put them in the same ponds out there and I knew that obviously one had gotten away before. So the ponds are surrounded with chain link fence about 4 feet high. And we had plywood panels wired to the outside of that and overlapping so there would be no alligators getting out. Well that was not good enough because one morning our animal care-takers came out there and the first thing they saw was tracks going down to the river. TODD: Now these were alligators that had been exposed? DR. BAIR: Except for one. One was a control that was not exposed. The other 3 were exposed to radiation and we knew the doses and everything. We thought well we don’t want fisherman to find these alligators. So we got in touch with our management and with PR and they put a note in the paper saying that these alligators had escaped so people would know about it. But we were still working for General Electric Company then. That was before Battelle came in. And as happened that morning one of the vice presidents from General Electric was in town. So he picked up the newspaper. I think it was an evening paper in those days and there it was. He jumped on W.E.Johnson who was the plant manager. And W.E.Johnson obviously turned to Herb Parker who turned to Harry Konanberg who jumped on me. But we had already begun looking for the alligators. Going along the river. And we actually by that time we had found 2 of them. At that time the reactors were operating and the water from the reactors going back into the river was warm. And so the water along the shore was pretty warm and that’s where we found the 2 alligators. TODD: What time of year was this? DR. BAIR: I think it was July/August that time frame. Then they weren’t satisfied even though they knew we were doing this. Herb Parker sent a note to Harry Konanberg asking for a weekly report on what we had done to recover those alligators. So everyday I put out a crew looking for alligators. We searched as far down the river as Finley looking for 2 alligators. TODD: You searched as far as Finley. DR. BAIR: We did. We of course didn’t find them. But just the same I had to put a crew out everyday from I think the beginning of September until January. And every Friday I had to turn In a report to Harry Konanberg who sent it on to Parker who sent it on to Johnson the status of our alligator hunts. TODD: But you only found 2? So you still had 2 you were still looking for? DR. BAIR: Still 2 outdoors. Well anyway finally January I talked to our aquatic people and they convinced me if there were any alligators out there the water’s too cold for them. So I sent a note to Konanburg and to Parker that we have done everything we could and we’re not going to find them. He agreed that we could cease our alligator hunts. We did expose some more to complete that study the following summer. Well actually we did that winter. But this time we housed them inside the greenhouse which is shown there on that the thing. Well the greenhouse was near the ponds and in there we could control the temperature. The water in the ponds at this time of the year was too cold for the alligators. So the next phase of the study we did with the alligators housed inside of the greenhouse. There was no way that they could get out of there and of course they didn’t. And actually we finished the study the following summer with another group of alligators. We didn’t loose any of those. But alligators was not a very popular subject among the management at that time. You know it was very serious then. I tell you it was serious because I’d only been there a short time and I was young in my career and it was not a nice thing to have happen. You know we look back now with a bit of amusement but it was not funny at the time. TODD: Well the public is so paranoid about some of these types of things that I can imagine that you could get some pretty good stories about irradiated alligators there. And they would grow very large. Quite the old Woody Allen movie. DR. BAIR: I’ve had 2 calls since then think back in about the 70s. A fisherman reported that had gone in a bar and said he had seen an alligator in the river. I had enough evidence to show that they wouldn’t survive. Then I think about in the 80s maybe it was in the 90s I guess shortly before I retired I had a call from a fish and wildlife person. He said, “Do you know anything about alligators in the Columbia River?’ I said, “No sir.” That was the end of the alligators. I hope. TODD: Yeah well they would have gotten to be pretty good size if they had lasted long. Ok now what were going to do. DR. BAIR: (showing photograph) This shows the equipment we used for exposing the alligators to X-radiation. Alligators were placed in this circular plexi-glass box and the box was placed on a turntable. The box was rotated underneath the X-ray beam to insure that the alligators received uniform exposure to the radiation. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data VHS Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 33:42 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William J. Bair Subject The topic of the resource Hanford Atomic Products Operation Description An account of the resource "Dr. Bair was a pioneer in the field of health physics. he was employed at Hanford beginning in the era when GE was the prime contractor. He did innovative research on the effective [sic] of radiation using animal models." Interview with B. Bair on 10/25/2004. Includes "alligator story" Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource CREHST Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 10/25/2004 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource mp4 Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource Oral History Coverage The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant ||||osm RG2D_4A Alternative Title An alternative name for the resource. The distinction between titles and alternative titles is application-specific. T.2010.52.04 (CREHST #) Extent The size or duration of the resource. 33:42 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F2ec3238c3bc573350fa2b4c2ae60639e.MP3 a8ab0541ed6f323b26fe0e8436530321 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource B Reactor Museum Association Oral Histories Description An account of the resource Oral History Interviews conducted by the B Reactor Museum Association. The collection is split between a series of audio oral histories taken in the late 1990s and early 2000s by Gene Weisskopf that focuses on the T-Plant, and a series of video oral histories done in the early 1990s by Bill Putman that focus on the B Reactor and Hanford construction. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3, DOCX Language A language of the resource English Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Gene Weisskopf Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed William Kenneth "Mac" MacReady Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound Weisskopf: This is the BRMA interview with Mac MacCready at his home in Kennewick, Washington, November 19, 1999. MacCready: ...As a consequence, my recovery period, I still was bedridden for quite a while, and so books were something that my mother could give me. Little books in those days, of course. But that got me interested in it. And we had a library that had a children’s area for kids up to 12, and when I was up and around again I went down there and so on, and I continued to do that when I got beyond that in the library. And I got a book, interestingly enough, because it is significant, I don’t remember its name or the author’s name now. But I got a book which talked about the field of chemistry, and a major degree of its presentation of the thing short biographies of some significant people in chemistry, and particularly those in the 1800s, and it was quite fascinating. Weisskopf: Was it written for kids? MacCready: Hmm? Weisskopf: It was sort of written for kids? MacCready: No, it wasn’t. This was --- I was about 13 when I came across this, 13 or 14, so it was an upstairs book. But at any rate, it stimulated my interest. So I read some more stuff, and of course it was only a couple years later that I was able to take chemistry in high school. And it happened so that the teacher we had was a guy who had been a professional out working for some of the processors of lead and zinc. There were a lot of mines of that sort in southwest Missouri then. And this, see, was --- well, the mining and milling was moving away from Joplin as they started getting stuff farther away. So this guy had lost his job, and he had hooked on to the high school as a teacher. So, to my mind at least, as I look back on it, he was probably better fitted to teach me well and to keep my interest at a high level. Weisskopf: Because he had real-world experience? MacCready: Yeah. Yeah. So at any rate, I took the course, and had fun with it, and enjoyed it, and obviously talked with him about it beyond the class. And so as a consequence, then, in my senior year of high school, he let me use the high school laboratory when it was not actually being used for his classes. What I really did, he gave his books, and I did what was the normal lab work for beginning chemistry in college. I got that all done in high school. So it was that --- I had the interest, then I got an opportunity to do some of the things and to learn more and found it still very interesting. So that was it. When I went to the university, at the time, as far as I know, there were two universities in the United States that had specifically set aside chemistry departments with their own names and such like. One of them was Penn State and the other was the University of Alabama. And it happened so that in the normal events of my personal life that I wound up in Alabama’s area, went over and looked at the university in the summer and liked the looks, so that was where I entered school. I didn’t know this, but it was about the infrequency of having separate university entities that were significantly dedicated to chemistry, but I learned that later. So I had a good university and I had a good faculty. And it was, as you might imagine, it was not --- the university had a total population of about 5,000, 5500 then, and as you might imagine, our chemistry department was relatively small. Of course, it didn’t do chemistry work for a whole lot of other than its own people in the general chemistry field, but we had about 120 people that were in there. Weisskopf: As chem majors? MacCready: Well, yeah, we were enrolled in the School of Chemistry, Metallurgy and Ceramics. Weisskopf: That was the formal name of it? MacCready: Yes. Weisskopf: School of Chemistry, Metallurgy... MacCready: And Ceramics. And after the first two years, your focus split. One way, you went to more advanced chemistry the last two years, and if you went the other way, you went into more in-depth education in metallurgy and ceramics. Of course, I went the one way. But with those kinds of associations, see, we had our building, so we saw our professors at times other than just in class, around the halls and such like. In the libraries and so on. So we had a whole lot more attention than you would normally have and that people do now, and it was an excellent education. And it also happened so that it kind of was the avenue which gave me my job, my opportunity to have a job with DuPont. Weisskopf: What year did you --- you graduated with a degree in chemistry, then? MacCready: I graduated in 1934 with a BS. I stayed on another year and got a master’s degree. I was not feeling the essentiality of having another year at the university, but in the middle part of my senior year I came upon a lady. And since that was, what, four months perhaps until the semester was over and I was graduating, if I was going to eat I had to do something, but I would like to do something that would make it possible to continue to see her. So I talked with the dean about the fact that I would like to stay on and get a master’s degree, but money problems would be noticeable, was there anything he could do about it. And he came up with something. He put together a job for me that would give me about half of the necessary money to go through, and I had to fund. Then in the summertime before I really started on that job. I was there, and I started my master’s work immediately after the spring term was over. And so during that period I did all the business of cleaning up the labs, stocking up and --- Weisskopf: That was the job they were paying you for? MacCready: That was the job that I wound up doing, was being the guy in charge of all the equipment storage and the material storage and getting it around to the laboratories, and such like. The summer, the last three or four weeks, I did nothing for a 12- or 14-hour day except wash laboratory equipment. I cleaned everything up and got it stacked back where it had to be for the start of the season. I got the --- I think I got 35 cents an hour then, and I made quite a lot of money even at that. So, at any rate, that was what happened. And then because of that, in all honesty, I got the master’s degree. Weisskopf: What was the thesis or the theme of your master’s? MacCready: We had a professor who had developed an electrolytic method of analysis for iron, steel, and that sort. All of the businesses were trying to get quantitative analyses of things involving iron or steel. None of them --- there were three or four different ones. There were two others particularly that were the most commonly in use, and they depended upon the business of a color change when you got to the end point. And it was, both of them, it was a pretty delicate change, and if the light was just about so, that --- so, at any rate, he felt that there was significant use for this. But in order to have an opportunity to present it in what he felt would be a controlling fashion, he needed to have a lot of work done in terms of doing the kinds of tests to determine quantities and such like that would normally be used using his system and develop a whole cadre of information as to how efficient it was versus these others, time and all that sort of stuff and so on. So that’s what I did, I ran that and the other thing and fiddled around with it. And it turned out to be very effective in terms of the ultimate, when I did my last test and such like, I of course demonstrated to them. And when you can see what you’ve got in the way of results in terms of the color changes versus this thing, which when it hit the thing a needle went off scale. So it was not a tremendous thing in terms of basic chemistry, it was really fundamentally largely a matter of development of instrumentation that was more useful (inaudible), and I was happy to do it. Weisskopf: Okay. And that took a year, then, at the college? MacCready: Yeah. It meant that I went through and graduated at the normal time in spring or early summer in 1935. And at the time that I graduated, I and a boy that was graduating as a senior, we were the only two from the graduating classes that immediately got a job. The dean had an outfit over in Mississippi that would take us on. Of course, now, this was 1935. Jobs weren’t easy to come by. So I went over and worked there for about two months. Then I learned --- well, my job was pretty straightforward, it was just ordinary chemical testing, really, (inaudible) to process. It was a place that made various kinds of wallboard, and I got to know about the processes, and I got to know about the people and so on. And they had about four or five different segments, each one of which had a supervisor who was in charge of (inaudible) set of equipment, and operators, and so on. And then besides that, then he got the top stairs where you had the manager and assistant manager. So I’d been there about two months. I’d gathered enough information to know something that I thought was significant. They had one guy who was the supervisor of the most difficult of processes, and he was the guy that everybody talked about. He was the guy that just had a phenomenol career, and he was only 27 or 28 years old, and he was making $120 a month. And nobody in history has ever moved so fast or got so much money. So I said huh-uh, there’s no future here. So I did the unspeakable for 1935: I quit. And in the meanwhile, of course, early in the time when I’d got over there, I’d gotten the stupendous application form from DuPont, which had been arranged by the dean, and I filled that out and sent it in, and so on. I proceeded to drive back over to my fiancee’s home to inform her and her parents that I’d quit. And my father-in-law to be understood, because he had done similar things himself. Actually, he had a pretty good in with a local chemistry company there in Anniston, Alabama. And I went down there and got an interview and did get assurance that I could have a job there. I think it was a day or two later that I got this thing in the mail from DuPont to come up for an interview on thus and so day, two or three days later. Weisskopf: How far? Were you going back to Wilmington? MacCready: The letter came from I think Wilmington, perhaps, or maybe it came from New Jersey, because what I was told was to come up and have --- they gave me all the physical explanations of how to get there, that I was going to be going into Wilmington, and from Wilmington I would cross the river to the dye works plant where I would have my interview. So I did that. As a consequence of that, before I left, I had the job. And also two very positive elements of appreciation for the company. One was that at the close of the thing, when I was to go on, leave, the guy I was interviewing with said “Just a few minutes. I’m having a check made out for you to cover your expenses coming up here and going back home.” I hadn’t thought of that. It helped. The other thing was that, remembering now my experience over in Mississippi, he informed me that I would start at $135 a month. Weisskopf: And what had you been making, do you think? MacCready: The job that I had over in Mississippi I was making $75 a month. And that guy that was the genius was making $120 a month. Here I was going to start my job at $15 better than him. Weisskopf: That’s great. MacCready: So that was fine. That set the stage for some very considerable activity. I got home, I got to the soon-to-be parents home, a week later, on a Sunday, my fiancée and I stood in front of her parents’ fireplace, and a minister, and we got married. Thirty minutes later we were on the train to Wilmington. Weisskopf: So you had a job and a wife and a new town? MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: Both of you were new to Wilmington? MacCready: Oh, yeah. Of course, Wilmington was simply where you got to on the train. Then we had to get over into New Jersey and find a place to live. Weisskopf: Why New Jersey? MacCready: Because we were going to work at this dye works where I had been interviewed, and they were in New Jersey. Weisskopf: And how soon after did you start work? You got married on a Sunday, left on the train the next day? MacCready: Yeah. The combination of circumstances, got there, and me and (inaudible) went to work in about two weeks. We had two weeks to find a place to live and get some furniture to put in it, a few other odds and ends. So that was part of the deal. They didn’t give us any extra money for that, but they said that you can have a couple of weeks to kind of get yourself settled in somewhere before you report to work. Weisskopf: And that was then in 1935? MacCready: Yes. Weisskopf: About what time of year, do you think? MacCready: That was in, well, October, the fall. Weisskopf: Okay. Well, maybe we should fast forward a bit. How about this: At DuPont, did you spend more time in the lab or an office? MacCready: No. DuPont, the system that they had, I went in and I went to work in the laboratory that served --- they had Jackson Laboratory there where they did research. And for the people in Jackson Lab, the normal just basic information in the way of running tests and all such in their research, the run-of-the-mill analyses were done in this laboratory that I went to work in. There were about --- there was room for, and it was always one way or another filled up, there were about 30 of us that worked in that laboratory. And one, by the time a year had gone by, one knew that fundamentally they were getting something done that they needed. But this was really a test area. You learned things about the people and determined what they might want to direct them towards, anywhere from going over to the laboratory, their research laboratory, or whatever, whatever, or out the door. And pretty much, at the time I was there, at least, usually you would make a move in not more than a year. I had my interview after I had been there about eight months. And the fellow who ran the lab was more this kind of a person, an analytical person with respect to people than he was a full-time runner of the lab, which was pretty automatic anyway. He says “Well, what do you want to do?” And I said “Well, I always kind of have ideas for research work.” And he said “Well, there’s not anything of that nature that you can get into too logically and too significantly. And,” he said, “there’s some other things that we think you would fit into in our pattern of activities better. So would you accept our belief on that, at least to the extent of trying the job that we propose to give you?” “Sure.” So that resulted in my being given the supervision of a field laboratory. Most all of the individual major elements at the dye works, made this, that and the other, most of them had a field labs to get, you know, routine laboratory work done right on the spot. So I had four guys so that we could --- because since the plant ran 24 hours a day, we needed to cover them 24 hours a day. Four people. I accomplished that with one guy on .... (Tape ran out) MacCready: So I became a supervisor there. And after six months or so they had an idea, probably came out of the laboratory, that there was a way that they could maybe cut one stop out of the process by which they were making camphor. They needed to get some information about the possibilities of something that in effect was really using --- well, they didn’t know exactly what they would --- they thought that if they could get intimate association of a solvent and this stuff that was coming out of, let’s say, item B in their list of things, that it would permit them to go from B to D and X out C. So I had had a little experience in the university, and at their suggestion that I did know something about that, they got me the stuff that I put together one of these laboratory columns with little glass rings in it which gave you the opportunity to have the effect in a big plant, maybe a column 20 feet long, and I had a column this big around that was three feet along. At any rate, I ran through enough stuff there to get the indication that yes, there was a combination of times and exposures that ought to do the trick. I remember this particularly well, because as a consequence of that, they cobbled together the necessary equipment to, as best they knew how, translate my results into the plant results. And because I had done that, I had the information, you know, about some of the times and some of the indications that you can check on, and so on. So they were going to start a test run one afternoon at four o’clock, and they were going to run the thing 24 hours, and I was to be there all the 24 hours to check at critical points to see if what I thought should have happened in my lifetime was indeed happening, and so on and so on and so on. So we did it that way, and so we went through our 24 hours, and we came out with the fact that yes, it actually worked, did the trick. So that was kind of a nice thing. There was only one minor hitch about it. The four o’clock we started was four o’clock the day before Thanksgiving, so I got home Thanksgiving between four and five o’clock Thanksgiving evening. Weisskopf: A memorable one, then, right? MacCready: Yeah. But it worked beautifully. That was the only thing, other than the norm of running the system, thing that came along for me. After about a year, year and a half, they were getting on to --- they had started construction on another ethyl chloride plant. They had one. It happened so it was right next door to where my lab was, but I hadn’t spent any time over there. At any rate, I got transferred, along with an old veteran operator who was going to be the general foreman for the plant. And they sent us down there and said “Now, we want you to look after what’s going on in the construction, thinking always in terms of what you all will need best to serve you well in operating the thing.” So we of course learned our chemistry for this thing, and we learned what their plans were, and then we tried to visualize and help in this respect. And I don’t know how good a job we did, but it was the first time I was involved in that, and I certainly learned a lot out of it. A good bit of it, maybe, I learned that you don’t do it the way I had done it, you do it a different way next time. But it happened so that we had a little byproduct outfit we were going to build and run, and so we did the same thing for that. And then we had a --- we thought up and cobbled up a little affair so you can do some more recovery of what was otherwise waste. And then about then we put in a plant to process the sodium sulfate that we got as a byproduct. And if you fixed that up, got it down to sodium sulfate, you could sell that to the paper mill people. So we built that, and we followed that. And by that time, I’d been exposed pretty well to this business of looking at plants with the idea in mind that you’re going to have to operate them. Weisskopf: It sounds familiar to me for what comes later, the idea of taking laboratory experience and blowing it up into a large factory. MacCready: Right. Weisskopf: Interesting. MacCready: So, after that --- well, get a little quicker about it. The war period came along, and I got transferred up to the semiworks that they had put in place to learn some of the hows and whys of the processes to make the explosive that wound up ultimately, when it was made and put to use, being the one that they used so effectively in Europe to do --- well, literally, it was this stuff you could wrap a string of it around a railroad --- Weisskopf: Oh. Sometimes called plastique, or something like that? MacCready: Yeah, uh-huh. Weisskopf: Was there a technical term for it? MacCready: Oh, it had a technical name. Weisskopf: What did you call it at work, other than “the stuff”? MacCready: I don’t remember. Weisskopf: Was it primarily an explosive, but also the way it could be handled? MacCready: Yeah, that was it. It came out in about the consistency of dough. And one of the beautiful things was that literally you could cut a railroad piece in two now, just to cut the grill out a quarter of an inch wide. Well, that was one of the things that the French Underground folks used wonderfully well, tearing up railroads. Weisskopf: Okay. MacCready: They didn’t tear them up, they just fixed them up so that when the trains went over them, the track tore off. Weisskopf: So it did double duty, then, yeah. MacCready: Yeah. So I stayed there learning about that. And the way we learned, of course, we were running this little semiworks thing, and they were also starting work on the main plant. So the people were being transferred out, and I wound up being the guy who stayed there and finished shutting up the semiworks. Weisskopf: Can you describe, then, the difference between what semiworks was compared to the lab and compared to the ultimate plant that was built? MacCready: Okay. Weisskopf: It was producing a usable product, or was it not --- MacCready: Yes. Yes. Weisskopf: It was just shipping out a product? MacCready: Yeah. It was making the product, and it was, oh, it was putting out what I would say would be --- well, let’s say that if it operated a shift, it would put out about a tenth as much product as one line in the major plant. Weisskopf: One line? MacCready: One line, and in that plant I think we had six lines. Weisskopf: But it was nonetheless --- MacCready: Compared to what, you know, like what I was doing in the laboratory, that would have been maybe 1% of what it would have. Weisskopf: How long do you think that semiworks operated? MacCready: I think it operated just about a year. I was there about six or seven months. Weisskopf: So they must have been building the factory --- MacCready: They started, yeah. Weisskopf: --- during that year. MacCready: That’s right. When I got there, I was there in time to have some association with, say, the last quarter of the construction of the place. And I did some of the same kind of thing with them. And I stayed there for, well, let’s see...in total, I guess I stayed there about eight or ten months. Weisskopf: At the semiworks? MacCready: No. No, after I left the semiworks. I was at semiworks I think six or seven months, something like that. And then I was about eight months or so at the Wabash (inaudible) which was where this plant was, how this plant was named. And then I came what at the time was a major tragedy. It seems that there was a real significant shortage of supervisory help back at the dye works, and the guy who had that and had the ethyl chloride plant as part of his responsibility had sent out word that he wanted me back. So I came back, and I wasn’t happy. Weisskopf: Did that involve a move, living in your house, or were you still living in New Jersey? MacCready: No, no, we had left and were living in a house in --- well, actually in Illinois, right across the border. This plant was in Indiana. So, yeah, we --- we had not moved all of our stuff in, because it was that sort a time. At any rate, I came back, and I wasn’t happy. And that was about the first thing I told the man when I got back, that I was not happy, that I didn’t want to --- because what he wanted me to do was to supervise the old ethyl chloride plant, and that I was no longer in the position of feeling my particular interest in or benefit from another turn of supervising the ethyl chloride plant. He said well, we were really at a critical stage, we needed somebody that we know was familiar with that kind of process. But he said “I promise in a year we’ll get you someplace else.” And so far as I know, he was as good as his word, because a year later was when I was transferred to the Manhattan District. And from then, of course, you know, went through the business of going to Oak Ridge, and --- Weisskopf: Well, let me ask you this: First of all, what year was it that DuPont asked you to do that? That was in ‘43 still? MacCready: To go where? Weisskopf: To join that project. MacCready: Which one? Weisskopf: The Manhattan Project. MacCready: That would have been January the 2nd of 1944. Weisskopf: Yes, okay. Because you didn’t come out until April of ‘44. MacCready: That’s right. Weisskopf: Okay. Do you remember how they presented it to you, since it was still kind of top secret and you might have said no? MacCready: Yeah, I think there were several of us that reported in at that time, and as I recall we got sat down and got about an hour’s worth of lecture to get the big picture, and then were given documents to get more detail. And I spent a month there reading and attending some meetings when we would get together and talk about things in general. Weisskopf: Was this in Wilmington? MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: Okay. So I guess this was when things were rolling right along at Hanford, and you were sort of jumping in in the middle of the process as opposed to the very beginning stages of it. MacCready: Well, it’s hard to say, because everything really, in terms of everything except the preparatory work and the whole digging underground, underneath concrete work, only those things had actually occurred by the time I got out here in April. Weisskopf: The walls weren’t up? MacCready: No. They were just getting above ground level on T when I got out here. So in terms of the business of building of the thing, association with building of the thing, the only thing that had occurred was this basic business of the concrete footings for T. And, of course, similarly for other (inaudible). So what we did in the way of the construction checking, starting then that it really came into detail work about late May. We were getting the place then where we really had to pay attention to what was going on. Weisskopf: In your history, you mentioned that there were really only two people sent out from Wilmington to act as construction checkers? MacCready: Insofar as the 200 area was concerned, yeah. Ken Millan (phonetic) was sent out in January, I think it was, and then I came in April. This was about the time that things were really getting to the serious part. Ken moved in town to do some things there, and I was --- I was the only one ever beyond that. Ken and me, we were the only ones ever that had the actual situation where we were officially denominated as such and presented to the construction supervision and management as the official consultant. Weisskopf: I guess there were similar people in the 100 area? MacCready: I assume so, but I do not know. Weisskopf: You weren’t supposed to know, right? MacCready: Well, there was no reason why I should know, and I had no reason to go there. I didn’t go over there during any of their construction. One of the things that, as I look back, that made what I did easier was because it did officially get presented and accepted by the construction management before they or we were getting to any of this more complicated stuff, so by the time we did, I had been around, and I had been talking with, and we had gotten well acquainted, and I had done enough things that were helpful that I had a platform to work from when I had to get more and more of my nose into things that would otherwise have been the case. And we never had trouble of that sort. I don’t know, another thing maybe that had something to do with it, just as was true of myself and the guys who were ultimately coming out to go through with me and on, become supervisors, we were all young, and so were the supervisors and managers for construction. Let’s see, at the time that I came out, I was 31, and I recall a guy who was in charge for construction of T Plant was 27. Weisskopf: And how did that affect your relationship? MacCready: Well, I think it was easier for us. We had not, either one, got into any different patterns, so that what we were proposing to have as a pattern here was being asked to do something strange compared to what we had done before. This, I’m sure, was the first job of anything approaching this magnitude that this guy had had. The same thing was true for me. Weisskopf: Because you mention in your history that it was an important relationship between the designers and the people who were supervising construction and the crafts people who were actually doing it. MacCready: Right. Weisskopf: And it was a delicate balance --- MacCready: That’s right. Weisskopf: --- that you had to interact with. MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: And would you talk to all of them, or would you have a chain of command that you would try to work with? MacCready: With respect to the supervision of construction --- well, it sounds a little silly now, in a sense, but it was true, and it’s the way it worked. There were interchanges of information in between my field guys, as we were, you know, things like finishing off all the piping, and so on, in T, and so on. But as they were working on the jobs, they would talk of course with the construction people that were working there at the same time, but there was never any exchange of official knowledge, or orders, or requests or anything that went from us to construction or design or anybody else except through me. That was one thing that I knew when I started. Weisskopf: So people who were working for you and with you, they filtered their information or requests through you. MacCready: That’s right, yeah. If they thought they saw something that was wrong, they said it to me, and I said it out there. I was sure in my own mind, as things were developing, that that was something that I must set up, that we could have nothing except chaos if I left all of my guys --- Weisskopf: Saying it in their own way, their own emphasis, style. MacCready: Just God knows who, yeah. So that was a hard and fast rule. Weisskopf: And this allowed you to keep track of everything in one place and present it in the same way you presented it the previous time. MacCready: Yeah. And it worked fine. Weisskopf: And it took the responsibility off the guys working under you --- MacCready: Sure. Weisskopf: --- not to have to be the bad guy. MacCready: That’s right, yeah. They simply could do their looking, and there were some --- as we got into some of the fine stuff, you know, like I think I mentioned all of those multiple lines coming into the cells, actually my counterpart in T early on --- well, not early on, when we got to that, said that we I think better decide to have you send your people in to work with mine on every damn one of these, because they know more about where it has to be, and so on and so on, than our people do, and why they have to be there, because we don’t know that. And I said yes. So we did. In those kind of jobs, the people would work together, and it didn’t matter which they were, they were working together doing it, but there was nothing under --- nothing like any “No, that’s wrong,” or that sort. They were doing it. In that respect, we all depended on our guys and their guys on each one of those jobs doing it right, in other words. Weisskopf: Interesting. The tape is almost finished. Should we take a short break, maybe? (Short break) MacCready: Something that I think is significant in what I did and how I did it. As you know by now, the things, particularly with respect to the Hanford situation in those early days that I was involved with, had great emphasis, or attention to, awareness of, an understanding of, not the processes but the equipment. And very early on, when I got out into the plant at the dye works, more of the things you had to pay attention to, work with to see that they behaved properly, were equipment problems rather than process problems. In other words, let us say this was more chemical engineering than chemistry. I was educated as a chemist. I was not educated as an engineer. But I had a rare opportunity there. The dye works had been in existence for about 20 years, and they had large central shops, and they also had small groups of maintenance, mechanics, in most all of the individual plants. So I had the opportunity, necessarily, to work on those kinds of things in association with these veteran craftsmen who had been through, by then, most of them, 15, 20 years or more of handling the equipment. So I learned my engineering from the craftsmen. And I think it was doubly important. It was important because I learned it at a fundamental level, but it was also important then, and really I think became more important in later years, because as a consequence of that, I think I always had a greater understanding of the interests and attitudes and approaches of the working stiffs. Weisskopf: Who actually had to use the equipment, and monitor it, and maintain it. MacCready: Right, yeah. Weisskopf: Would you say that the chemistry side of things, that you were trained in, was always done in the purely mathematical sense ahead of time, on paper, and then you would try and make it happen in the lab, right? MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: And the closer you got to your mathematical calculations, the more accurate you assumed was your equipment and process. MacCready: Yeah. Yeah. And the other thing, too, that certainly was true and certainly grew in my mind, was that in the long run, and all of it, the most important thing was getting it done, and the full cooperation of the people was the only way that could happen. Weisskopf: You couldn’t be a snooty chemist back in the lab telling them how to get things done, right? MacCready: Yeah. It was easy for me to --- I think that old boy back in Jacksonville lab had taken --- he’d taken his readings, and basically what he was saying and the way he sent me out and told the people out there about me was that he can get things done with people. And as I look back on it, that’s been about it. Weisskopf: Just cooperating with the rest of the people involved in the project, and making it happen? MacCready: Well, and more particularly the fact that the people in the work force could understand me better than they could an awful lot of their supervisors and managers, and I could watch some of the guys working as supervisors and managers and understand that. They didn’t know how to get along with people. They didn’t know how to make an opportunity for those people to be happy and satisfied. Weisskopf: Isn’t it the nature of a chemist, though, to do the elegant work in the lab, have papers that show how it’s all going to work --- MacCready: Sure. Weisskopf: --- and then get frustrated when they can’t build a factory that actually makes it happen? MacCready: I don’t know about that, how they feel about that. They do, though, you know, they have a hard time, getting away from the --- if they are working with other people, highly trained chemists, they probably can get along much better. But the bulk of the people who are doing the job in any field of activity are not --- it’s not at that level. Once you get out of being in a research atmosphere, it’s one of the classic things. Security, of course, was always tight. And after the bomb was --- even before that. And one of the great stories was one evening --- you know, you couldn’t take anything out that wasn’t examined by the guy when you’re leaving the area. And if you had your lunch bucket, or something, you had to show him. And if you had any kind of package, you had to show him. And one of the guys who was in essence in research, working process-wise, was out there, and he had, in addition to his lunch bucket, he had a sack. One of the guys stopped him. He opened up his lunch bucket and showed him, and that was fine, and then started to go, and “No, what’s in the sack?” And I guess that was just enough to irritate him. “Well, look for yourself.” The only trouble was, the window wasn’t open. Weisskopf: He threw it through the window? MacCready: No. I don’t know, I think he had a jar or something in there, and he broke it and probably spilled some juice or something. Weisskopf: And how did security affect your construction checking, when theoretically you were checking all sorts of different processes that maybe some people only knew parts of? MacCready: Security didn’t have any --- theirs was strictly a matter of physical situation. Security people didn’t run around anywhere in the --- Weisskopf: No. But you still had to follow certain rules and ways of doing things as far as what you could talk about with other workers? MacCready: Well, that was something that came from the top early on, when you reported in. Long since, you just didn’t do that. Weisskopf: You had to look at plans, right, during this checking process? Blueprints? MacCready: Oh, sure. Weisskopf: And yet a lot of the people you worked with might not have seen those blueprints, might not know the entire process of the building? MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: But you could just work with them on their one area of concern? MacCready: You mean the checkers? Weisskopf: Yeah. MacCready: The people working for me on the --- Weisskopf: Sure. MacCready: --- checks? Yeah. Well, see, once we got sizeable activities and really were getting into all of the multitudinous details, that was when I had always the Monday morning get-together, and people were assigned their particular area to look after for that week or until it was finished, and they could report that in. And things were moving so fast that I had those meetings weekly, and people would finish up on one thing and they’d be doing another, and so on. So on that basis, see, they took with them, or they looked at the prints that had to do with that particular area that they were involved with to be --- that was just the way it worked. Of course, all along we had, in the earlier stages, we had lots of time for the people reporting in then to keep burying their nose in the prints. Well, by the same token, the people who were coming in from Oak Ridge had probably spent the last month that they were there with their nose in the prints. So they had a pretty general understanding of things, and you could assign segments to them and they knew how to find the right stuff to look at. Weisskopf: Okay. Did the people who worked under you, how much understanding did they have of what, say, one of the canyon buildings was supposed to do? MacCready: You mean my --- Weisskopf: The actual checkers. MacCready: My construction? Weisskopf: Yeah. MacCready: My construction checkers were people who were going to be supervisors, and they knew the project. They knew the whole process. They did not work in the dark, no. Weisskopf: Okay. And one of the critical checking jobs, as I understood it, was checking the piping that would go to all the cells before it got filled up with concrete. MacCready: (inaudible). Weisskopf: Number one, they couldn’t have blueprints out on the job, could they? How did they check the actual piping against the plan that was needed? MacCready: There would be one out there that the construction people were using. Weisskopf: Well, the stories I keep hearing is all the plans were locked up and a foreman would have to go in, look at it, take notes, and come back out again. Maybe that was in general. MacCready: That was in general, yeah. But for something specific, highly detailed thing like that in a small area, yeah, they would only need one blueprint to do it. Weisskopf: Right. Okay. What sort of things would they check? When they’re getting ready to pour concrete, what would be the things they would want to check? Specifically concerning the in-wall piping that went to the cells. MacCready: They would want to check each one of those multitudinous lines from where it started to where it went, because they had had to start in the right place and go to the right place. Weisskopf: How would they do that, by the way? How do you check and see if the end of the pipe that’s 60 feet over there matches this pipe here? Do you blow through it, or run something through it? MacCready: There’s ways of that nature, yeah. I think you would say it would vary. Some of the things would be where you could literally follow them. It may be 60 feet, but it’s 60 feet where you can keep your eyeball on it without too much trouble. And then there would be others, particularly some of the (inaudible) rascals where you would have a hell of a time, but you would pretty much have to follow it physically to be sure. There’s nothing on the print that would assure you about that, it will simply assure you that it’s going from there to there, but they are not going to show, of course, the thing, as you say, if it’s many feet long. So you literally did have to follow them. I suspect, I don’t know all that the kids used, I suspect some of them, they may have run things through, but mostly I think they just physically followed them. Weisskopf: And were there fittings and joints that would be imbedded in concrete? Did you pressure check the lines before you poured concrete? Was that part of it? MacCready: Yeah. Yeah. They would --- I think they would probably have used a final stage, when they had followed all of them, of having a water run and see to it. Then they could tell when they started there, they were supposed to come out there, and they could see. If it did, then that was --- Weisskopf: That would be visual proof. MacCready: That was the final check. And, as you say, I think they probably used some pressure testing, shutting them up and loading in 20, 30 pounds of air to get a check. Weisskopf: Let me ask you this: You also ran tests just before startup. Do you remember anybody having to tear in the concrete to fix a pipe? MacCready: No. Weisskopf: Really? MacCready: No. Weisskopf: Out of all those hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of --- MacCready: No. See, they had been checked so many times before then, that no. No, there was never any of that. Weisskopf: That surprises me, because, what, each cell had, what, 40-some-odd pipes coming into it? MacCready: Yeah, 42 I think it was. Weisskopf: And there were 40 cells. MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: And there was pipe also doing the same thing in the pipe trench, there were all the connectors coming into there? MacCready: Oh, yeah. Yeah. Weisskopf: Boy. Did you find out when the building was done that there were two pipes that had been switched by accident? Did that occur? MacCready: Not that late, no. There were some occasions of that sort --- Weisskopf: Which construction check --- MacCready: --- during the earlier stages of the thing, when construction check found them. Probably the most embarrassing one to the draftsman was one that occurred in T Plant towards the head end. I remember the geography all that closely. But at any rate, there was a pipe up there that was supposed to carry acid from one of the tanks out there operating for --- into something in the head end, and it was an acid of some kind, probably sulfuric acid, at a guess. At any rate, acid of some sort. And the check that was done with respect to that came upon the fact that this line had somehow got itself hooked in so that it was in the line that fed the tank on the stool in the bathroom that was on the front end of the plant. That kind of tore the thing. Weisskopf: What would the result have been had it been left? Would the toilet have come out of the pipe or would the acid have headed towards the toilet? MacCready: The acid would have headed towards the toilet. Weisskopf: That would have been embarrassing. MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: Okay. But the construction checkers discovered that and it was then fixed. MacCready: Oh, yes. Weisskopf: Which was the whole point of doing the construction checks. MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: So it sounds like the construction checking did its job, found a few problems, ensured that everything was where it was supposed to be. When the plant was ready to start up, you went through a series of testing not just the joints, but flushing and --- MacCready: The first thing you did was you had what’s called a water run. In other words, you went through all of the steps that you would go through in processing, but just using water so that you could check for whether it was going where it was supposed to go and when it was supposed to. Weisskopf: And was that done under pressure and heat and all the normal things? MacCready: No, it was just done --- the only thing was to see that it --- that there were no leaks, and that it was starting from the right place and going to the right place according to what your instrumentation said should be happening. Weisskopf: Any idea, off the top of your head, how many individual pipes there might have been in that entire building that would have done individual jobs during the process? MacCready: Gee. Weisskopf: It would be an astronomical number, I presume. MacCready: Yes. Weisskopf: Whether it was feeding acid, or moving material, or bringing in steam, electricity. MacCready: Or being hitched up to instruments. Weisskopf: It might be an impossible question, without really sitting down and counting. MacCready: Well, about the only thing I --- I don’t know --- nominally, there of course was as many connections to something or other as there were outputs in the cell. And I don’t know, I’m sure we had some spares in there. Weisskopf: Right. MacCready: But probably at least half, and I expect maybe closer to three-quarters of them were in service each time that there was a batch going through that particular place. Weisskopf: Let me jump ahead to the idea of --- the T Plant worked on the batch process. MacCready: Yep. Weisskopf: Where you’d start a batch at one end and move it through the process and it came out at the other end, and it would take a day or so to complete. MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: Would you also, I understood, have multiple batches moving down the line at the same time? MacCready: Yeah. Yeah. Weisskopf: About how many batches might be pushed through in any one day, or might be in the plant at any given moment? MacCready: Oh, let’s see. Weisskopf: Rough idea? MacCready: Yeah. I guess there probably could be half a dozen maybe moving through. Weisskopf: Okay. Now, my next question is, what’s the big deal, then, about moving from batch processing to a steady flow process like they use, what, in REDOX? MacCready: In REDOX? Weisskopf: Yeah. If you’re moving six batches along at a time in T Plant, that sounds pretty efficient to me. MacCready: In that respect, yeah. The truth of the matter is that if you get away from the business of the degree of snazzy complexity of chemistry, that you have available the later ones. There wasn’t any real advantage. And, looking back on it and thinking of some of the things that you can do and can’t do in each one of them, it probably would have been smarter all the way around to never have gone away from just running T and B and U if you needed to, actually. But everybody --- those towers and all, and the exchange opportunities to get stuff for going from the one zone into the other, and suchlike, was very heady chemistry indeed, and very snazzy equipment. Like I think I said before, that was pretty much old-fashioned nuts and bolts kind of work that was going on in T, but it worked. And there is a great advantage always in processing when you expect, you know, you want to keep putting out product all the time, there’s an awful lot of solace if you’ve got steps so that you can do some switching around. For instance, you could run, say, in T Plant, and you got to the process in some cell halfway down the line, and there’s a leak or there’s something or other, and you’re stuck there. But, see, T was built, all of them were, so that you had --- each kind of processing you had three or four duplicate cells. You know, they didn’t --- it only went through about a quarter of those cells. So if you had something of that sort, you could certainly, and we did a few times, you could stop at that stage and haul the stuff out of there and transfer it over to a similar cell someplace else where whatever was troubling you there wouldn’t trouble you again. If you have that kind of equipment problem comes up with the columns, when that happens, she’s all down. Weisskopf: That’s it? MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: Everything at the front of the process has to wait until the part at the end of the process gets out. MacCready: That’s right, yeah. Because it’s all going through the same..... [tape ran out] MacCready: That’s not to say that you couldn’t build a plant of that nature and do that and have that duplication. Weisskopf: Right. MacCready: But the doing of it would mean that the duplication would be something that would cost you many times as much as it would have in the relatively simple T Plant approach. Weisskopf: Yeah. What’s the opposite of batch processing? What was it called, that REDOX and PUREX, their word for it? I can’t remember what it is. But it’s continuous. MacCready: Continuous processing, yes. And there’s things you can do on continuous processing that of course are not possible with the kind of plants that they have. When I was running the ethyl chloride plant, that, the one that I started with, the new one, it was a continuous process plant. And there are lots of things that you can do in a continuous process plant to coggle (phonetic) up problems without shutting down. Weisskopf: Right. You learn real fast probably. MacCready: Yeah. See, your hands on, you can do things to the equipment. You can’t do that with the radioactive stuff. Weisskopf: Okay. MacCready: Now, I can remember, we had two-story-long glass separation systems in the ethyl chloride plant, and once in a while there would be a problem with something. One of the things that most happened would be one of the damn rubber washers would start leaking. We ran the thing in a fashion where the ethyl chloride went through, after it was made, it went through as a gas. We had a pump system, a big pump system that pulled it out and compressed enough then to make it a liquid, and we would keep that liquid in the storage tanks. But because of that, because we had that system, we could kick the compressor up a little bit and we could actually jack one of those segments up an inch or so and snatch out that messed up gasket, put a new one in, and set the thing back down, or put it up. Now, that didn’t work perfectly, because some of the ethyl chloride would come out in the process while we were there, but it was not a problem. You tended to be a little bit drunk when it was over, but that was all. Well, things of that sort we could do. One time we had multiple generators of gas, two of them, and we had pumps there that were moving the stuff. And since what we were moving was hydrochloric acid gas, which is very corrosive, it was always held with pumps that picked it up and pumped it over to go through the rest of the process. So we were forever having this kind of leak here, there and yonder. And to make it doubly troublesome, because of the kind of thing that it was, we used a type of pump that used sulfuric acid as the thing that moved the stuff. So we had to feed it with sulfuric acid. And that was one of the things that was always bitched about, is that you maybe get a leak in that damn sulfuric acid line. Everything else would be running nice, and there this thing would mess you up. Well, we had an acid resistant putty, and you could usually wrap up the piece of pipe, it almost always happened in a joint, you know, pipe was going into a fixture, and you could usually put some of that stuff around there and some tape over it, and then go on, and you wouldn’t have to shut down. I remember one time we got to a place where we had some basic problem and we had to shut down, and we had had a leak on one of those sulfuric acid lines, had puttied it up to see to it that it didn’t leak. While we were down, we were going to take that stuff off and put in their pipe. And when we took it over, we had a wound up place where we had a putty thing, it was about this big all the way around. When we opened it up, there was two inches in there, but there wasn’t anything but putty that was running through. All the metal was gone. Weisskopf: Wow. And this was the kind of thing you couldn’t do in one of the cells. MacCready: No. You can’t do anything in that. Weisskopf: Instead of a 10-minute job, it would be a day and a half to take equipment out, and get new equipment and put it in. MacCready: That’s right. So the business, really, of getting through and getting plutonium out, at any time, certainly the business of getting the simplest and the most simplest approach and one that you could put in lots of duplication to go from a piece of equipment that’s not working and so on, that is by all --- and using as simple chemistry that you possibly could, all of those things were in mine, all of those things were superbly met by what they did. So I think that it was not only good in that respect, I think that after the experience that we had had with the later plants, in all honesty, if I were having to make the damn stuff to make a living, I’d use the T Plant. Weisskopf: Simple, basic batch process. MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: Duplicatible. Flexible. MacCready: So that you could be very damn sure, really, that you were going to get at the end of the month what you needed to get, because if one didn’t work, you could use a duplicate, and so on and so on. And you can’t beat that kind of backup. Weisskopf: Right. Right. It worked well. So in other words, if one batch took a day to get through, but you could have six batches going at the same time at different phases of the process --- MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: --- so in any given day you might have processed six tons, or whatever a batch was, of uranium. MacCready: Now, let’s see... Weisskopf: Was it that simple? MacCready: No, it can’t quite be. Because you have to start off with a batch, see, by dissolving the slugs. And dissolving a batch of those things, it took at least nine hours, maybe more than that. Weisskopf: So that was one limiting factor to how many batches you could run. MacCready: Yes. Weisskopf: The other processes might go quickly, but --- MacCready: Yeah, many of those others would go rather quickly. Weisskopf: So in any 24-hour period, you might be able to dissolve three batches at the most. MacCready: At the most, I would say, yeah. Weisskopf: Okay. MacCready: And I don’t think that we routinely ever tried to do that. I think we probably did do it on occasion, but generally speaking our capacity in T was such that at the time, just the first three reactors, that whatever we wanted to do, we could do it faster than they could. We would have time when there wasn’t any uranium there to --- Weisskopf: That was using two of the plants, though, U and B Plant, T and B. MacCready: That certainly is true. No question about it, yeah. I’m not sure whether we could have get ahead of them with one. Weisskopf: But with two, it was no problem. MacCready: Two, it was no problem. We were, as you say, frequently without materials to dissolve. Weisskopf: In the early phases, or even later on, as you got more efficient? MacCready: Let’s see, I’m trying to... Weisskopf: But you guys weren’t the bottleneck. MacCready: No. No, because, see, we never used more than T and B for this, and that went through handling everything except maybe the last reactor that they had. Weisskopf: Oh, that included DR Reactor, and then H? That was in the late forties, wasn’t it? MacCready: Yeah. Everything --- Weisskopf: And then C Reactor came in the early fifties. MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: And that’s about when REDOX started, was early ‘51 or ‘2? MacCready: Yeah. Yeah. Weisskopf: So two plants were handling not just three reactors, but four, and then five, and then possibly six reactors. MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: Because you were getting more efficient and better at it, too. MacCready: Well, or maybe we just had that much basic capacity. It wasn’t, you know, when you stop and think about it, not too much as long as you could --- as long as you could handle the stuff dissolving, there was very little likelihood you would get hung up for any significant time, because if you got a hang-up, you’d just switch to a sister cell of the same type. Maybe lose an hour or two, but that’s about all. It was an awfully flexible system, really. Weisskopf: And you said for one given process you only used maybe 25% of the cells? MacCready: I would say so, yes. Weisskopf: Less than half. MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: Let me ask you this, just to kind of change gears. If this had not been radioactive --- that had been my earlier question. It was basic chemistry. If the material hadn’t been radioactive, it would have been just another ethyl chloride factory, in a sense --- MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: --- as far as the equipment and --- MacCready: As a matter of fact, it would have been a simpler plant. Weisskopf: Okay. You were only using a quarter of the cells, which means if the equipment had not been in cells, it would have taken up maybe a hundred feet of factory floor, something like that? MacCready: Oh, be generous, give them two hundred feet. Weisskopf: Okay. A quarter of the length of the building. MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: And that’s with plenty of room for getting in and working on it and everything else. MacCready: Yeah, if you could get in --- in the first place, if you could get in and work on it, it wasn’t that kind of thing, you wouldn’t have all these walls in between. Weisskopf: Right. Right. It would just be on one long factory floor. MacCready: That’s right. Weisskopf: And with workmen going around with oil cans, and turning valves, and everything else. MacCready: Yeah. It would have been an awful lot like that old ethyl chloride plant, which was basically a batch process. It had a whole bunch of tanks that it used. Weisskopf: And if you had been designing this factory, or working with DuPont to design it not radioactive, that would have been one line. MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: You would have had --- one line was equivalent to the entire T Plant, how many lines might you have built? You could have built as many as you wanted, right? MacCready: Yeah, you could have. But if you had an ordinary plant of the kind that I’m familiar with, like the ethyl chloride plants, or the camphor plants, or the TL Plants, or we had a plant that made sulfuric acid. Generally speaking, if you built a plant that had the capacity to take care of the indicated market that they foresaw, you would just build the one plant. Weisskopf: And maybe make the building a little bit bigger so in the future you could throw in another line. MacCready: That’s right. Weisskopf: Okay. And, as you were saying, two lines would have been kind of enough. U and B Plant with like two lines would have been enough to handle the reactors --- MacCready: Would have handled it. Weisskopf: --- for the first five, six, eight years. MacCready: Yeah, it would have. Weisskopf: And you could have done away with all the duplication and flexibility. MacCready: That’s right. Weisskopf: It would have been a lot simpler. MacCready: It would have been, yeah. Because you can be --- there were more things to hold you up timewise in that first ethyl chloride plant that I ran than you would have in this kind of a process if it weren’t for the radioactivity. And after the first year, when we got all of the bugs out, and such like, that one plant ran 94.6% of the time for the year. Weisskopf: Which plant was this you’re referring to? MacCready: This ethyl chloride plant. Weisskopf: The first one? The batch one? MacCready: No. Weisskopf: The newer one. MacCready: The newer one. Which had many more ways to have trouble, the major thing being that it was handling very corrosive materials all the time, which always gives you problems. Weisskopf: How did that compare with T Plant and B Plant as far as their operation time the first year? MacCready: Well, fundamentally they ran 100% of the time, because they had the wherewithal. And when you got these spreaders around, you don’t have to stop. Weisskopf: The process could keep going while you would go about fixing the problem earlier on. MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: Okay. Maybe you could help me with one --- I’d like to ask you about the equipment that was used. But maybe before we finish, because you’re probably getting tired, too --- MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: The precipitator, the big tank, had a column on top, that was part of the process. Not the dissolver, but when you would put in the bismuth phosphate, and you’d agitate it in a big tank, and it a column, 2-foot by 12-foot column on top. MacCready: I don’t remember, really. Weisskopf: I can bring you a picture next time, maybe it will ring a bell. MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: I’m not enough of a chemist by any means to understand when you precipitate out something, physically what kind of equipment --- I’ve seen it done in a lab, just by stirring up a beaker, right? MacCready: Yeah. Well, I don’t remember what it might be. The basic means of separating the solid from the liquid --- Weisskopf: I think I was wrong, too. What I was talking about was the dissolver. It had a column? MacCready: Oh, yeah. Weisskopf: It did. MacCready: Yes. Weisskopf: For some reason or other, it’s still not in my mind why --- who cares if the dissolver has a column in it, if all you’re doing is dissolving stuff in acid. So it had a 12-foot tall column. MacCready: Yeah. Weisskopf: Okay. Please explain that to me. MacCready: Well, that, of course, is the dissolution business leads to a certain amount of gas, acid, acidic gas being emitted, and that had to be caught and controlled, and that was what the column was for. Weisskopf: Was it like a still, where it would liquefy and drip back down again? MacCready: Well, it would --- I’ve forgotten the details. But I would guess, yeah, we probably had the means of, as the stuff’s coming up there, showering it a little bit and hitting it back down. Weisskopf: Why didn’t you just pressure cook it? Why didn’t you just crank the valves shut and let the acid dissolve it under pressure? Where would the gas have gone then? MacCready: Well, it would have gone down, along with the material. Weisskopf: Oh. Yeah. Okay. MacCready: And that you would prefer not to have happen. See, it takes pretty strong acid to dissolve that stuff up. I’m sure that this was simply a matter of seeing to it that they did not let that get away. Weisskopf: Okay. I didn’t understand that. Are you about out of words at this point? MacCready: I think about. - END - Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 01:58:06 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William Kenneth "Mac" MacReady Oral History Subject The topic of the resource Hanford Atomic Products Operation Description An account of the resource An audio oral history interview with Gardner Clark "G.C." Blackburn conducted by Gene Weisskopf for the B Reactor Museum Association as part of an interview series focused on the T Plant and writing a Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) document for the T Plant. MacReady was a DuPont Chemist during WWII and was a T Plant "Checker" Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource B Reactor Museum Association Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/19/1999 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG2D-4B https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ff71d72eebe869cb3706547f4d5906135.MP3 5928f11d6ad8f2b96a457985a865011c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource B Reactor Museum Association Oral Histories Description An account of the resource Oral History Interviews conducted by the B Reactor Museum Association. The collection is split between a series of audio oral histories taken in the late 1990s and early 2000s by Gene Weisskopf that focuses on the T-Plant, and a series of video oral histories done in the early 1990s by Bill Putman that focus on the B Reactor and Hanford construction. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3, DOCX Language A language of the resource English Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Gene Weisskopf Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed William M. Ryan Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound N/A Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 00:47:53 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 128kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource William Ryan Oral History Interview Subject The topic of the resource B Reactor National Historic Landmark (Wash.) Description An account of the resource An oral history interview with William Ryan conducted by the B Reactor Museum Association. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource B Reactor Museum Association Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 11/27/2000 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource MP3 Language A language of the resource English https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F2ac54c310dad42d2fb8fa6e8a5bed069.jpg 35e7a969061a6f5d7b11060670f8db63 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Community Photograph Collections Subject The topic of the resource History of Hanford and the Tri-Cities area Description An account of the resource Photographs donated by the community to the Hanford History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Language A language of the resource English Abstract A summary of the resource. The Community Collections of the Hanford History Project have been graciously donated by community members for preservation and research use. Many of these are collections that were donated to the former Columbia River Exhibition of History, Science, and Technology (CREHST) and transferred to WSU Tri-Cities in 2014. Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. [Item ID], Community Collections, Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photo Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 12.7 x 17.8 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Wiring Buried in Dirt Subject The topic of the resource Dirt, Wires Description An account of the resource "1 photograph: col.; 12.7 x 17.8 cm. Wiring going from a box into the dirt ." Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project, Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1987-01-01 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/ tif Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG1D_4B_0060 Date Accepted Date of acceptance of the resource. 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For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Dennis Brunson, Oral History Metadata Subject The topic of the resource Metadata received during oral history interview with Dennis Brunson Description An account of the resource Items donated by Dennis Brunson to the Hanford History Project Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Relation A related resource <a href="http://hanfordhistory.com/items/show/2081">Dennis Brunson oral history interview</a> Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman Subject The topic of the resource Women Description An account of the resource A caricature of a woman with curly hair in office attire. Type The nature or genre of the resource Pictures; Cartoons (Commentary) Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Department of Energy Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Relation A related resource Supplementary to Dennis Brunson oral history Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource TIFF Language A language of the resource English Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Calicoat, Beverly https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F82c6bfd85943aece4430c054db340cfe.jpg 0204d7eea2807aa622f41aa48793f2fe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman accepting gift at White Bluffs-Hanford reunion picnic Description An account of the resource Woman accepting a gift from others at a White Bluffs-Hanford reunion picnic. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_1790 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ff0855a6d4b59269be87a19d3c1ede181.jpg 23051f5cede4f1ffcdabe19a1d3a23e3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman and baby on steps off of a home Description An account of the resource Ellen Anderson Beldin and baby Scottie. On steps up to the backside of a house. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1940 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_729 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F6c6bedc1c3793c35560b7e8f43017a2d.jpg cdc0a79a091690034d83c29ff10a7454 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman and baby walking on sidewalk to home Description An account of the resource Ellen Anderson Beldin and baby Scottie. Standing in between a house and a shop, with another woman walking out of the doorway of a smaller out building. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1940 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_73 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fbf3f60c2b3c8f87a7876e67e99ad2ab1.jpg c4720e423be44b97f63d83bf991ac718 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Community Photograph Collections Subject The topic of the resource History of Hanford and the Tri-Cities area Description An account of the resource Photographs donated by the community to the Hanford History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Language A language of the resource English Abstract A summary of the resource. The Community Collections of the Hanford History Project have been graciously donated by community members for preservation and research use. Many of these are collections that were donated to the former Columbia River Exhibition of History, Science, and Technology (CREHST) and transferred to WSU Tri-Cities in 2014. Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. [Item ID], Community Collections, Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Film Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 4.8 x 6.9 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman and Child with Computer Subject The topic of the resource Women; Children; Computers Description An account of the resource "1 Film; 4.8 x 6.9 cm. A woman and child sitting in front of a computer at Hanford Science Center, child is reaching over towards computer. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project, Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/ tif Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG1D_4B_1020 Date Accepted Date of acceptance of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Accepted may be relevant are a thesis (accepted by a university department) or an article (accepted by a journal). 2017-06-20 Date Submitted Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal). 2019-01-14 Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Children Computers Women https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F325ecd1b1791ca6215f3cc4b4d788c42.jpg 718a31ef73bc8ad602c6a81f16eee6ba Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman and toddler Description An account of the resource Woman and toddler playing at a picnic. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 07/21/1939 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_939 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F3b7dcffa4d2645246675403f0d9c51a7.jpg d2430caa3fed55f3c764d62dd1769415 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Yamauchi Family, Oral History Metadata Subject The topic of the resource Metadata received during oral history interview with the Yamauchi Family Description An account of the resource Items donated by the Yamauchi Family to the Hanford History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Relation A related resource Yamauchi Family, Oral History Interview Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG2D_5C Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman at counter Description An account of the resource Woman sitting at counter of café Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG2D_5C026 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F3a819126d9e4f269859111c7b0c85f56.jpg 04d0ebd4215f4a94c7ab5a00c1cd6245 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman at drink station during White Bluffs-Hanford reunion Description An account of the resource A woman, and others getting drinks during a White Bluffs-Hanford reunion trip. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_1813 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fa44c068250fdf3612954992b4b0c65ef.jpg 1d236ae570a3a9758ecfc53d13733ba4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Community Photograph Collections Subject The topic of the resource History of Hanford and the Tri-Cities area Description An account of the resource Photographs donated by the community to the Hanford History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Language A language of the resource English Abstract A summary of the resource. The Community Collections of the Hanford History Project have been graciously donated by community members for preservation and research use. Many of these are collections that were donated to the former Columbia River Exhibition of History, Science, and Technology (CREHST) and transferred to WSU Tri-Cities in 2014. Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. [Item ID], Community Collections, Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photo Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 12.6 x 17.8 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman at Machine Subject The topic of the resource Women; Machinery Description An account of the resource "1 photograph; 12.6 x 17.8 cm. Woman wearing a lab coat turning a nob of a machine. Text on back of image reads: ""Photo No. 7800969-17; Battelle-Northwest Photography Richland, Washington 99352""." Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project, Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/ tif Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG1D_4B_1008 Date Accepted Date of acceptance of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Accepted may be relevant are a thesis (accepted by a university department) or an article (accepted by a journal). 2017-06-20 Date Submitted Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal). 2019-01-14 Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Machinery Women https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ffeec51aa1dcdd1ceee59ddee98bd0337.jpg f0198cd0a37d0aec0d122496dc010e7f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman at White Bluffs-Hanford reunion picnic Description An account of the resource Woman standing, among group of attendees at White Bluffs-Hanford reunion picnic (possibly Juanita Anderson). Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 1983 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_1871 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fb5c616e5b08c2504883c8635b65a6d68.jpg 1554bd71cd0b04cdbc46c516045f058b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman displaying collection of letter openers. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.21 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F97a7de91c2ace2ca1b20a2a809f48867.jpg 961c838e70429490be079e720a064cd5 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman displaying her artwork. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 04/06/1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.44 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ffca19cfbfcad2b5ca1d9e4831ea674d7.jpg b1d24a5443b5178fce2e2c1ba12ec652 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman doing dishes Description An account of the resource Woman doing the dishes in a kitchen. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_423 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F813688590f14c06bdeb12fa033d400dc.jpg de9051ee6db3f85ebfbc9d85e9321ec7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Community Photograph Collections Subject The topic of the resource History of Hanford and the Tri-Cities area Description An account of the resource Photographs donated by the community to the Hanford History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Language A language of the resource English Abstract A summary of the resource. The Community Collections of the Hanford History Project have been graciously donated by community members for preservation and research use. Many of these are collections that were donated to the former Columbia River Exhibition of History, Science, and Technology (CREHST) and transferred to WSU Tri-Cities in 2014. Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. [Item ID], Community Collections, Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photo Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 20.6 x 25.4 and 19 x 19.3 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman Feeding Bunny Subject The topic of the resource Women; Animal; Hares Description An account of the resource "2 photographs; 20.6 x 25.4 cm and 19 x 19.3 cm. Woman is smiling and giving a carrot to a bunny." Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project, Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/ tif Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG1D_4B_0440 Date Accepted Date of acceptance of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Accepted may be relevant are a thesis (accepted by a university department) or an article (accepted by a journal). 2017-05-26 Date Submitted Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal). 2018-11-26 Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Animal Hares Women https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fa2b1666e321655177e6235ab44970335.jpg c418743c1a2a62b271cc7e78bfe5d699 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman gifting present to another woman at White Bluffs-Hanford reunion picnic Description An account of the resource An elderly woman gifting a present to another woman during a White Bluffs-Hanford reunion picnic. Men and women gathered around in the background. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1968 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_1798 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F63589d29e0d327ab3de8fe147dce8941.jpg c68753a5dcfb92684443f95b522e461e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman holding hamburger to man's face, at a White Bluffs-Hanford Reunion Description An account of the resource Woman holding up raw hamburger to man's face, at White Bluffs reunion. Held at Howard Amon Park. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1984 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_1681 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F5ca1d91a6fc87ab4b241611e7232e85a.jpg a9c8db846aed71428430cff0cd2a50cb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman holding large sign of a homestead at White Bluffs-Hanford reunion banquet Description An account of the resource A woman (possibly Annette Heriford) holding up a large sign of a homestead, during a White Bluffs-Hanford reunion banquet. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 1981 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_1862 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F72798936e14e6663e506277074e57e86.jpg 3f0fc051be54e28df451e2546f4fb816 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman holding large sign of a homestead at White Bluffs-Hanford reunion banquet Description An account of the resource A woman (possibly Annette Heriford) holding up a large sign of a homestead, during a White Bluffs-Hanford reunion banquet. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 1981 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_1863 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F620dec758b0a25354bd4e5d71a9878e7.jpg e568551cce2d6678a889567aff8e369a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Miniature Racing Cars Subject The topic of the resource History of Hanford and the Tri-Cities area Description An account of the resource Photographs donated by the community to the Hanford History Project Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Language A language of the resource English Abstract A summary of the resource. The Community Collections of the Hanford History Project have been graciously donated by community members for preservation and research use. Many of these are collections that were donated to the former Columbia River Exhibition of History, Science, and Technology (CREHST) and transferred to WSU Tri-Cities in 2014. Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. [Item ID], Community Collections, Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. For permission to publish please contact the Hanford History Project at (509) 372-7447 or Ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photo Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 6.3 x 9 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman Holding Model Car and Plane Subject The topic of the resource Women; Model cars; Airplanes; Houses Description An account of the resource "1 photograph; 6.3 x 9 cm. Woman is posing with model plane and model car, one in each hand." Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project, Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/ tif Language A language of the resource none Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG1D_4B_0740 Date Accepted Date of acceptance of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Accepted may be relevant are a thesis (accepted by a university department) or an article (accepted by a journal). 2017-06-06 Date Submitted Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal). 2018-12-14 Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Airplanes Houses Model cars Women https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F22d27c6658001aa97e66f0c6cc7048a0.jpg a297079e3584a50f92e2b6b04e1ed2ed Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman in a bathing suit, during a White Bluffs-Hanford Reunion Description An account of the resource Woman posing in a swimsuit, in a hotel room at a reunion. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 1970 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_1690 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F22b6eec37a78ea9e885920dd26379bdf.jpg 09f3d6d172737518bf25b00ad969853f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman in a car Description An account of the resource Woman in back seat of car. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_993 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F4e623f39a5d6ba2b21712337aff43560.jpg 19a80e1649b8cc4c2aa07f9c1e9a604a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Community Photograph Collections Subject The topic of the resource History of Hanford and the Tri-Cities area Description An account of the resource Photographs donated by the community to the Hanford History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Language A language of the resource English Abstract A summary of the resource. The Community Collections of the Hanford History Project have been graciously donated by community members for preservation and research use. Many of these are collections that were donated to the former Columbia River Exhibition of History, Science, and Technology (CREHST) and transferred to WSU Tri-Cities in 2014. Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. [Item ID], Community Collections, Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photo Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 14.8 x 23.5 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman in Black Subject The topic of the resource Women Description An account of the resource "1 photograph; 14.8 x 23.5 cm. Woman in black clothing smiling and posing for a picture." Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project, Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/ tif Language A language of the resource none Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG1D_4B_0632 Date Accepted Date of acceptance of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Accepted may be relevant are a thesis (accepted by a university department) or an article (accepted by a journal). 2017-06-02 Date Submitted Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal). 2018-12-06 Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Women https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F7d8e9f90ec8e3ff5e2e47701934f244f.jpg f5522133f8fc5e3e2ee6f7e017836ef3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman in car Description An account of the resource Woman in a car, looking behind her. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_987 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F75e6ae9fd8fb1cb1f0912c23455e38fb.jpg 0c931ce95ae2d1e51e96e4f94f52c7e4 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman in front of home Description An account of the resource Woman tinkering with watch/jewelry in front of a home. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_999 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fbdf9fb1ccb341c1732af6c0aa8ca015b.jpg f97a92171eddb96e67492d5f28f2b2a7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman in passenger seat of car Description An account of the resource Woman sitting in the passenger seat of a car. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_978 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F5c9649ccf487987b2172412a5bfc198d.jpg 4a217650b03fbbf8919942eaa5f19d5b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Community Photograph Collections Subject The topic of the resource History of Hanford and the Tri-Cities area Description An account of the resource Photographs donated by the community to the Hanford History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Language A language of the resource English Abstract A summary of the resource. The Community Collections of the Hanford History Project have been graciously donated by community members for preservation and research use. Many of these are collections that were donated to the former Columbia River Exhibition of History, Science, and Technology (CREHST) and transferred to WSU Tri-Cities in 2014. Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. [Item ID], Community Collections, Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photo Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 7.9 x 9.4 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman in Swimming Suit Subject The topic of the resource Women; Trees Description An account of the resource "1 photograph; 7.9 x 9.4 cm. Woman leaning up against a fallen tree posing for a picture by the water. Text on back reads: ""Sept 48'""." Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project, Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/ tif Language A language of the resource none Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG1D_4B_0628 Date Accepted Date of acceptance of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Accepted may be relevant are a thesis (accepted by a university department) or an article (accepted by a journal). 2017-06-02 Date Submitted Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal). 2018-12-06 Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Trees Women https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fac8dcc23d7d09c077c137b15b04a44c3.jpg 87bdc58039c1a205e9c332f96d216794 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman looking at photos during reunion picnic Description An account of the resource Woman looking at photos during White Bluffs-Hanford reunion picnic. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_1969 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F6cb415213f19b61d61d0d55d33b4380e.jpg 77fa38d9157c2309149ffa58679dfc26 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Community Photograph Collections Subject The topic of the resource History of Hanford and the Tri-Cities area Description An account of the resource Photographs donated by the community to the Hanford History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Language A language of the resource English Abstract A summary of the resource. The Community Collections of the Hanford History Project have been graciously donated by community members for preservation and research use. Many of these are collections that were donated to the former Columbia River Exhibition of History, Science, and Technology (CREHST) and transferred to WSU Tri-Cities in 2014. Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. [Item ID], Community Collections, Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photo Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 21.8 x 27.8 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman Moving Metal Rods Subject The topic of the resource Women; Rods; General Electric Description An account of the resource "1 photograph: col.; 21.8 x 27.8 cm. Woman sitting on rod holder moving rods to cart. Text on back reads: ""Unclassified - Cleared for Publication; General Electric Photography Operation 700 Area Photo Lab; Hanford Atomic Productions Operation Request No. 34357-1-CN""." Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project, Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/ tif Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG1D_4B_0864 Date Accepted Date of acceptance of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Accepted may be relevant are a thesis (accepted by a university department) or an article (accepted by a journal). 2017-06-09 Date Submitted Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal). 2018-12-18 Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. General Electric Rods Women https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F1e0be15dd9016523d5ad9cbd61a06b3d.jpg ad003ecc4148a33b05a5c4bc1380ad69 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman on chair Description An account of the resource Blurry photo of woman on a chair, at a dining table. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1940 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_769 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ff99b4e5bed103dcfcce4ff3312134a55.jpg c95ccbc313b101fc1abc4c3c2c87fac3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Community Photograph Collections Subject The topic of the resource History of Hanford and the Tri-Cities area Description An account of the resource Photographs donated by the community to the Hanford History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Language A language of the resource English Abstract A summary of the resource. The Community Collections of the Hanford History Project have been graciously donated by community members for preservation and research use. Many of these are collections that were donated to the former Columbia River Exhibition of History, Science, and Technology (CREHST) and transferred to WSU Tri-Cities in 2014. Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. [Item ID], Community Collections, Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data photograph Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 1 photo: b&w negative; 6cm X 11cm. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman on White Horse Holding Flag Subject The topic of the resource Celebrations; Quonset huts; Helicopters; Flags Description An account of the resource Photo of woman on a white horse holding American flag. There are also four other people including (starting from left to right) a man standing next to another man on horseback, a person on horseback , and a man holding an American flag. They are standing in a dirt field with cars in the background. Also included is a 7cm X 12 cm black & white print of the same image. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sheryl Gray Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project, Washington State University - Tricities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1950s Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/ tif Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG1D_4A_0321 Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 2016 Rights Holder A person or organization owning or managing rights over the resource. For permission to publish please contact the Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447 Celebrations Flags Helicopters Quonset huts https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F348c1ef56fd9234ef18cb0bb7e959d5a.jpg 9fa179dc7809cb643670442cd7533238 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman organizing spoons Description An account of the resource A young girl crafting with spoons. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_717 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fe1836fdd0397a5fa89cf48d3c8ee604d.jpg 1030b89721cabb01dd7e3238962807d1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman playing a piano Description An account of the resource Woman playing piano, posing for the camera. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_897 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fcefc95514f3b7b1f29a5d1e9ab139423.jpg 75ff47a8ea9b3805583ee007b151ac2c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman posing on horseback. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 04/09/1943 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.56 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F9cbf0049d4e9194a4fda54ae4e56aa03.jpg 933f8f67677c850d7e4fdc2de8771715 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Community Photograph Collections Subject The topic of the resource History of Hanford and the Tri-Cities area Description An account of the resource Photographs donated by the community to the Hanford History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Language A language of the resource English Abstract A summary of the resource. The Community Collections of the Hanford History Project have been graciously donated by community members for preservation and research use. Many of these are collections that were donated to the former Columbia River Exhibition of History, Science, and Technology (CREHST) and transferred to WSU Tri-Cities in 2014. Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. [Item ID], Community Collections, Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photo Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 20.5 x 25.4 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman Pouring Liquid Subject The topic of the resource Women; Chemist Description An account of the resource "1 photograph; 20.5 x 25.4 cm. Woman pouring liquid into funnel." Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project, Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/ tif Language A language of the resource none Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG1D_4B_0439 Date Accepted Date of acceptance of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Accepted may be relevant are a thesis (accepted by a university department) or an article (accepted by a journal). 2017-05-26 Date Submitted Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal). 2018-11-26 Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Chemist Women https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F6a2cdc6fbc94cc795bb2a0f95602af2f.jpg af55444994cf33005037080cc79be6b9 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman pulling wheel from the ground at White Bluffs Description An account of the resource Two men and a woman working on clearing debris off of a homestead at White Bluffs. The woman is pulling an old wheel/tire off the ground. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource September 1975 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_2025 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F02ab970873013c8af6c35e1c2fee2256.jpg ab1b5595f5dc2be8bbe61093b1e69c60 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Community Photograph Collections Subject The topic of the resource History of Hanford and the Tri-Cities area Description An account of the resource Photographs donated by the community to the Hanford History Project Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Language A language of the resource English Abstract A summary of the resource. The Community Collections of the Hanford History Project have been graciously donated by community members for preservation and research use. Many of these are collections that were donated to the former Columbia River Exhibition of History, Science, and Technology (CREHST) and transferred to WSU Tri-Cities in 2014. Bibliographic Citation A bibliographic reference for the resource. Recommended practice is to include sufficient bibliographic detail to identify the resource as unambiguously as possible. [Item ID], Community Collections, Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Still Image A static visual representation. Examples include paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type Text to images of textual materials. Original Format The type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Photo Physical Dimensions The actual physical size of the original image 20.3 x 25.4 cm Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman Putting Sticker on Board Subject The topic of the resource Women; Load Status Description An account of the resource "1 photograph; 20.3 x 25.4 cm. Woman putting sticker on First Load Status board." Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project, Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1963-07-14 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource image/ tif Language A language of the resource English Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG1D_4B_0403 Date Accepted Date of acceptance of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Accepted may be relevant are a thesis (accepted by a university department) or an article (accepted by a journal). 2017-05-25 Date Submitted Date of submission of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department) or an article (submitted to a journal). 2018-11-20 Access Rights Information about who can access the resource or an indication of its security status. Access Rights may include information regarding access or restrictions based on privacy, security, or other policies. For permission to publish please contact Washington State University Tri-Cities' Hanford History Project (509) 372-7447. Load Status Women https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fee93c39932f1adb38859e295a66851d9.jpg fdee2638dbea3a98bb6374562570972d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection Subject The topic of the resource History of the Hanford, WA and White Bluffs, WA town sites and the Hanford Site. Description An account of the resource Photographs donated to the Hanford History Project by the family of Harry and Juanita Anderson. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Abstract A summary of the resource. The Harry and Juanita Anderson Collection has been graciously donated by their family members. This collection contains documents and photographs pertaining to the residents of White Bluffs, Hanford, and the surrounding areas that were forced by the government to sell their land and leave the area, in order to make way for the Manhattan Project. Also, housed in the collection is information regarding the reunions and picnics that were held for the families affected by the relocation. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Woman reading to two children on a sofa Description An account of the resource Woman reading a story to two children on a sofa. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1939 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context RG4I_627