10 50 4772 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F2db232daa796eb35f8d3f12d39135879.tif de65aa4d373be00641bcc57266d8c0e7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Workers at Bus Lot Subject The topic of the resource Buses; Mass Transit Description An account of the resource Several hundred Hanford workers at the bus lot preparing to exit the Site. Insets: D 5891 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.183 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F3f91e56ac8d8dbc948e18a9cfbbbcf5e.tif 4845145762b3f19543437aebf68abd62 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Workers at Bus Lot Subject The topic of the resource Buses; Mass Transit Description An account of the resource Several hundred Hanford workers at the bus lot preparing to exit the Site. Insets: D 5890 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.182 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ff13ce670e3d6cd3f302e65e20158c5e3.tif 4929108494cbf38ec642c966bc822ad8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Workers at Bus Lot Subject The topic of the resource Buses; Mass transit Description An account of the resource Several hundred Hanford workers gather at the bus lot preparing to exit the Site. Insets: D 5889 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.181 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ff204ce474cac28462b09a7add221f56c.tif 40038ca54d7254162187744177eb7527 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Workers at the Training Relations Building Subject The topic of the resource Laborers Description An account of the resource Three workers outside the Training/Information Relations Building, filling pails from a pickup truck. One of the pails has "USA" written on it. Insets: D 5343; TRAINING RELATIONS; INFORMATION RELATIONS; USA Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.178 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fc75151f6ddd07bcfd564a9a04413b6b2.tif fdbc0b0ca8f4cc9b450cac40d7786bde Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jan Garber's Band Camp Hanford Subject The topic of the resource Music; Bands Description An account of the resource A young woman performs a solo, accompanied by woodwinds and brass, at the Camp Hanford Recreation Hall. Insets: D 5449; 23130-6 JAN GARBER'S BAND CAMP HANFORD REC HALL 7-29-44 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 29th, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.177 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F21609b76e331b5247a7ecbe68e8413e9.tif 1c1ef9732cb35c175e30272dfb2114be Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Men's Basketball Game Subject The topic of the resource Basketball; Sports Description An account of the resource A men's basketball game as part of the Christmas special at Hanford. About 100 spectators are present. One player wears a "HUSKIES" jersey. Insets: D 4907; Season's Greetings; HUSKIES; 8; 11; 25 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.175 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Faf86559426f21ca5b27e7cba702554f6.tif 03d351eaf3ccbdbf28c25c0e7fbe513d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Showgirls at Christmas Party Subject The topic of the resource Exhibitions; Entertainers Description An account of the resource "The Esquire Girls" in tasseled hats posing in front of a Santa cutout on a stage curtain. Insets: D4777 "THE ESQUIRE GIRLS" ENTERTAINMENT AT CAMP HANFORD 12/44. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource December 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.174 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fafb00f9a9443db4c7d9d4c5176844575.tif 1d177ff6e5eee9e0f5dbd008d5057bf8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Divided Highway Outside Hanford Area Subject The topic of the resource Roads; Median strips Description An account of the resource Four-lane highway with median outside the Hanford Site. Traffic is concentrated on one side of the highway. Insets: D 4566 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.173 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F700504fcde8eb2878dbf2edda56ede56.tif a4aacedae3c1d925761126a98c0b54f1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Divided Highway Outside Hanford Area Subject The topic of the resource Roads; Median strips Description An account of the resource A divided, four-lane highway leading into and out of the Hanford Site. Traffic is heavy on one side and very light on the other. Insets: D 4565 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.172 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fdfed710ea5aa05464775f1af6c28016c.tif a4aacedae3c1d925761126a98c0b54f1 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Divided Highway Outside Hanford Area Subject The topic of the resource Roads; Median strips Description An account of the resource A divided, four-lane highway leading into and out of the Hanford Site. Traffic is heavy on one side and very light on the other. Insets: D 4565 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.172 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F438d649bab4dd0a028e66bd83453d927.tif c0027db43c90a4fade2eed00c5d2df7d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Divided Highway Outside Hanford Area Subject The topic of the resource Roads; Median strips Description An account of the resource A divided four-lane highway leading into and out of the Hanford Area. Insets: D 4564 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.171 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fc79d1752b7e54c3380a2b6e58a9a242c.tif d78656280e2f11a6d6f512d970bd3f0f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Outside 200 West Area Main Gate Subject The topic of the resource Roads Description An account of the resource Buses leave the 200 Area. Photo from the top of a guard tower. Insets: D 4562 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.170 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F9129e54d894d18d384360cc27d49e525.tif d6090370ab6d035f6265642e3f486f21 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cold Creek Rd. Intersection Outside 200 West Area Main Gate Subject The topic of the resource Roads; Police Description An account of the resource Light traffic on Cold Creek Road leading to the 200 Area West Checkpoint. Two policemen stand in the middle of the intersection having a conversation. Insets: D 4561; Cold Creek Rd.; Speed Limit 35mph Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.169 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F8d8b028f63a1925eb19f780953fc3057.tif 0d6c0577149ecfaa66c9ddbe1448ae7a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Outside 200 West Area Main Gate Subject The topic of the resource Roads Description An account of the resource View from a guard tower as buses pass by into the 200 Area. Insets: D 4560 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.168 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F456dbe6d3b3d824e2234020ba96df552.tif 7f6478a3d1232220036413d7b1fcc0d6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource View From Inside 200 West Area Main Gate Subject The topic of the resource Laborers Description An account of the resource Workers examining a power station with a busier area of the Site in the background. Several signs read "KEEP OFF THE GRASS". Insets: D 4559; ME I A G14 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.167 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F48462ef162b2b1480b78cb2beabbcc64.tif bb0e93b44d2edaf98a59e3aa4f968eb2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Outside 200 West Area Main Gate Subject The topic of the resource Roads; Guardhouses Description An account of the resource View from a guard tower as vehicles continue on their way into the 200 Area Insets: D 4557 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.165 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fda505b6864e46de4b67c04baa6ee0730.tif f6503bd65fa8c30ad9b2ff4ebe8f1ecd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Road Intersection Outside 200 West Area Main Gate Subject The topic of the resource Roads Description An account of the resource Vehicles at a busy intersection leading to the West Checkpoint of the 200 Area. Police on foot control the traffic. Insets: D 4556 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.164 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F2e6bbd8557a714a04352ab76513cbd40.tif 66ef34b1ad09669d5c9777747c6af8a7 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Outside 200 West Area Main Gate Subject The topic of the resource Roads Description An account of the resource A caravan of trucks with people packed in the beds pass by the "I Want You to be a Full Time Safe Worker" sign near the Hanford Site. Insets: D 4558 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.166 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F86524133d9e9b711beaf450e108f8e26.tif 69b47ac49aceba37559a6eb5ff4984e3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Road Intersection Outside 200 West Area Main Gate Subject The topic of the resource Roads Description An account of the resource Numerous cars and trucks head towards the Hanford Site. Insets: D 4555 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.163 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F90e421f6ee721525f40cf29b1e6aded9.tif 52e79e1cee92ea1756bb63052aa3426a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Road Intersection Outside 200 West Area Main Gate Subject The topic of the resource Roads Description An account of the resource Three policemen control heavy traffic at an intersection outside the Hanford Site. Most of the traffic is heading to the entry checkpoint. Insets: D 4554 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.162 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F63eb8f17cc4b6f64acdf16e8219c33fa.tif 55c502ee63bf0e2dabd5ec41f53a05d8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hanford Area Looking at One of Three Canyon Buildings Description An account of the resource Insets: D 4553 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.161 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fcb3284183a598e9f53b28664c0c586e9.tif ce3f66dc5fffdda79ab9a71c6a9a8093 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource View From 200 West Guard Station Subject The topic of the resource Guards; Guardhouses Description An account of the resource Buses, cars and trucks leave the 200 Area of the Hanford Site through the West Guard Station. Insets: D 4552 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.160 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F9b7a5182c41b263fac081328cbf15525.tif 56807303f47f6ad5479dd9c19ea4522d Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hanford Area Crossroad Subject The topic of the resource Roads; Safety Description An account of the resource Intersection of two unknown roads near the Hanford Site as a full bus drives past a sign reading, "I Want You to be a Full Time Safe Worker -H.E.W." The sign features a woman in uniform with several tools behind her. Insets: D 4551 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.159 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fa0eca6edd65c7f9cbc550e52577d2d9b.tif 3a4717ec4338de62caaa82b6185d3fae Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource View From 200 West Guard Gate Building Subject The topic of the resource Guards; Guardhouses Description An account of the resource Photo taken from the top of the 200 West Entry Checkpoint. Two fence gates are situated ahead on the road. Insets: D 4550 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.158 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fca4e4592867a03ac1b439198f9c7d60e.tif b1365ed447228e6b06d030b630baa550 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Employees leaving the 200 West Area Subject The topic of the resource Security checkpoints Description An account of the resource Buses, cars and employees leaving work from 200 West Areas, Guard Gate Insets: D 4548 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.157 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F58f7b4629a916aad9e7cbedf155c36c7.tif 55b118ed82c0a4b70cdd21df17e864b0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource 200 Area Entrance Subject The topic of the resource Security checkpoints Description An account of the resource Looking South From 200 West Main Guard House at Road and Security Fence Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.155 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fb5b612918e226c9c0102ad1c4fab8a51.tif 508f31df27c77a64dd13b588b760d4c8 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hanford Area Showing One of Three Canyon Buildings in Background Description An account of the resource Insets: D 4547 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.155 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fd86e5acb1e87562bc1c2c32cd6fb71a4.tif 533d78e16f8bf2efb6f5bbd72c63e59e Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Hanford Area Road Intersection Subject The topic of the resource Roads Description An account of the resource A named (unreadable) road intersection leading to Hanford, controlled by a 2-way stop. Dense sagebrush fields immediately surround the intersection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.154 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F31d412b6a989b99f0a6bb5d4faa6d552.tif 86b002e961d9dbab05673e1f189338d6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Water Storage at Hanford Subject The topic of the resource Water tanks; Water towers Description An account of the resource A water tank and tower with supporting buildings and power lines. Insets: DANGER HIGH VOLTAGE; CLEARANCE 13FT 6IN Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.142 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fba6bc91ecf6cca611dba0585cb788f40.tif 10cc46d3c8517f4bb3da18d30603924b Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Auditorium in Richland Subject The topic of the resource Auditoriums Description An account of the resource The main auditorium at Hanford. Empty when photo was taken. Insets: AUDITORIUM; STOP - THRU STREET; D4080 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 13th, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.141 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fe2ae7a657d6aea0494bdd3fc6d284eaa.tif 4963703418c7073d67dc9d134e839a7a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Drinking Water Storage Tanks Subject The topic of the resource Water tanks; Cisterns Description An account of the resource Four drinking water tanks, about 25ft wide and 25ft tall. The premises is loosely fenced off from the road. Insets: D4079 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 13th, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.140 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fe8b7ce476ed33ff65b45860e7f8a65f3.tif 8e7d4a8f81a30ccc0ebca82f97d6da02 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Welding Training Facility Subject The topic of the resource Welding; Defense industry Description An account of the resource A welding training facility on the banks of the Columbia River. Signs on a fenced section of power line and a water tower emphasize safety at the Hanford Site. Insets: WAR PRODUCTION TRAINING WELDING; DANGER HIGH VOLTAGE; SAFETY; D4075 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 12th, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.139 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fcec8e17133b0c56827d8834617d18f48.tif 5c86e9a47527c2e6d74526c099bd20f3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Home Office and Shop; Steam Heat Supply Plant Subject The topic of the resource Industrial facilities Description An account of the resource A steam heat supply plant, with home offices and shops close in the background. Insets: D4072 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 12th, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.137 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ff1139198898494f1af81532ee4d29382.tif 876f5b68389b148f7e6b24eef1c2e74c Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Drug Store, Barber Shop, Beauty Salon Strip mall Subject The topic of the resource Drugstores; Barbershops; Beauty shops Description An account of the resource A strip mall including a drug store, barber shop and beauty salon. A large sign outside advertises community activities, such as a free vaudeville show. Insets: Drug Store; Barber Shop; Beauty Salon; Community Activities; Free! Vaudeville Show; D4073 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource August 1st, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.138 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F43e1155b4c956e9dc7f77568a9ad7542.tif 097fe59b951986378a6f66eaaacce624 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Automobile/Truck Service Garage Jul 11 1944 Subject The topic of the resource Vehicle maintenance & repair Description An account of the resource An automobile and truck service garage at Hanford with two buildings. A sign reading "SAFETY" is posted on the front door of one of the buildings. Most of the vehicles in the parking lot have "U.S.A." painted on the doors. Insets: Transportation; Safety; D4029; U.S.A. I C (unreadable) SP68H-62; 2 B; 3 B; U.S.A. I B 1023 ME Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 11th, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.136 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fb263141bc16c93e3dbce321bf34c4af3.tif 8336d8af4a74b7ad0e466a82dba2a6e0 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource D2323 Building - Optometrist Shop on "A" Avenue Jul 13 1944 Subject The topic of the resource Opticians' shops; Propaganda Description An account of the resource An Optometrist's shop on "A" Avenue at Hanford. Two war propaganda posters are displayed on the side of the building - one reading "BACK OUR INVADERS" and another with a twin prop fighter place and unreadable text. Insets: Optometrist; D2323; A Ave.; BACK OUR INVADERS Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available The Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource July 13th, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.135 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F9aef42361f27e1dfccdd52e25bf1311a.tif 9d2fe7845c993a94cc4b476ece3d5688 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Library, Camp Hanford Subject The topic of the resource Libraries Description An account of the resource Library building at Camp Hanford. Small shed with number 118 in the background. Insets: LIBRARY; LIBRARY HOURS: 10:00 A.M.-10:00 P.M. TUESDAY (?) SATURDAY, 1:00-6:00 P.M. SUNDAY; D 3328 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at tricities.hhp@wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.134 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F842c74d8141c69e870ce4cca2a882e65.tif a23ab8b1a53198a705ae907f5827b130 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shoeshine Boy, Camp Hanford (Aircorp Plane in Background) Jun 17 1944 Description An account of the resource A young boy shines a man's shoes at Camp Hanford. Aircorp Plane with number 218521 on tail is parked by the brick building. Insets: 218521; D 3269 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 17th, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at tricities.hhp@wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.133 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ffb44afeed2c3cd3cd746062bab0de307.tif 27ab3d0703720d2e9ea8906b0eea7e88 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Post Office, Camp Hanford, c. 1944 Subject The topic of the resource Post offices Description An account of the resource Post office during business hours at Camp Hanford. US Flag stands on the roof of the building. Insets: Post Office; (unreadable) D 3265 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource c. 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at tricities.hhp@wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.132 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F0d9d8f5c8a7bd498770143aed298d4e9.tif a189c11f2e90aeec4e58f6bb56985a77 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Tavern #4, Hanford, 6-14-44 Subject The topic of the resource Taverns (Inns) Description An account of the resource Tavern. D - 3264 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource June 14th, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at tricities.hhp@wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.131 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F238d517ffa52e4ba7ee68fadb91ebb00.tif 7535dcf6b97403f25564e3d310e05bfb Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trailer camp living, Camp Hanford, 2-14-44; playground in trailer camp Subject The topic of the resource Housing; Trailers; Mobile homes Description An account of the resource A group of eleven children in the fenced playground at the corner of Iraq Street and Eisenhower Avenue in the Camp Hanford Trailer camp. Playground includes a double swingset and a sandbox. Insets: IRAQ ST.; Eisenhower Ave. D - 3242 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 14th, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at tricities.hhp@wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.130 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ffb8982c5a35f89fe85b5cf69eaeb0ab0.tif 71c7b4a91e20b030f15eb70b2c00fcef Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Shoe Repair Store, Camp Hanford; Apr 15 1944 Subject The topic of the resource Shoe stores Description An account of the resource A shoe sale and repair store on the banks of the Columbia River. Insets: SHOE STORE AND REPAIR; Hanford Shoe & Repairing Co. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at tricities.hhp@wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.129 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fb8f90db6cd36e94e20999599379c44e6.tif e2c35b5d5a935c17bda0a58dfb3c2d69 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Trailer camp at Camp Hanford, 1944 Subject The topic of the resource Housing; Description An account of the resource A block of trailer homes at Camp Hanford with fenced lots. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at tricities.hhp@wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.128 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ffd9820bfd50e1bce22eb4c2b0aaf4129.tif dcc084797b9bdae6698f0ff1d5fe2253 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cinema, Camp Hanford; Feb 4 1944 Subject The topic of the resource Motion pictures Description An account of the resource A group of about fifteen lined up at the cinema box office at Camp Hanford. Insets: CINEMA D 2299 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 4th, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at tricities.hhp@wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.127 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fa34f5002b84e87e09306b4a310b85284.tif aac46f70692cb0e7a5e48e49e214bb46 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection Description An account of the resource Photographs from the U.S. Department of Energy's Hanford Collection. Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1943-1990 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Camp Hanford Iron Workers at Hanford Power House, Feb 4 1944; demolished 1946 Subject The topic of the resource Construction workers; Iron & steel workers Description An account of the resource Three iron workers in uniform standing in front of the Hanford Power House. D 2279 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource February 4th, 1944 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at tricities.hhp@wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource .tif Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context HASI.1996.001.126 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F73092d11e38acf02e3f9139b59ff29ad.JPG 855dc47ad850f54f3f4a02b434262fd0 https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F433d0cbcf01c6525d92c4404f0e21d8e.mp4 b708f88df97c4cbe45941c20fca189c6 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Post-1943 Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War Description An account of the resource Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Franklin Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Bernal Femreite Location The location of the interview Washington State University Tri-Cities Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound <p>Robert Franklin: My name is Robert Franklin. I am conducting an oral history interview with Bernal Femreite on June 12, 2017. The interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington State University Tri-Cities. I will be talking with Bernal about his experiences working at the Hanford Site. And for the record, can you state and spell your full name for us?</p> <p>Bernal Femreite: Bernal Femreite, known as Bernie Femreite. The spelling is B-E-R-N-A-L. Last name is F-E-M-R-E-I-T-E.</p> <p>Franklin: Great, thanks a lot Bernie. So, tell me how and why you came to the area to work for the Hanford Site.</p> <p>Femreite: Well, during university, I was determining where to go to work and what kind of work I wanted to do. And the last—about in graduate school, I became very interested in nuclear energy. At that time, Hanford was still a very viable part of the weapons program. Most of the reactors were still running in the late ‘60s. They had a big program here and a lot of very interesting work for engineers. I was a metallurgical engineer, so everything about the Hanford fuel production was intriguing. And beyond that, I had read about everything I could about the Manhattan Project. The whole thing was fascinating to me. The fact that they went from a theory and some practical experiments to full-scale production in such a short time, under wartime conditions, obviously, that whole thing was very intriguing to me.</p> <p>So, long story short, I had—at that time, engineers coming out of university had a lot of opportunities. So I had a lot of choices. But I was particularly taken with the choice to come here with Douglas United Nuclear at the time. So I took that position and began as what they called process engineer in the 300 Area, where we were producing fuel for the K Reactors, C Reactor, D, and N, N Reactor. We were using the standard process at the time, which was encapsulating the uranium for exposure in the reactors.</p> <p>And we were—my job was, I was charged with developing a new, better and faster process for doing that. So I spent most of my time in what became known as the Small Pilot Plant in 300 Area. And we were producing a new method of encapsulating the uranium slugs that was faster and more reliable.</p> <p>Franklin: How was the old—I wonder if you could walk me through the steps of the old process and how your new process was different.</p> <p>Femreite: Well, the old process was what you might call a canning process. We had pre-formed aluminum jackets that came in, basically, the shape of a cylinder with a cap on one end. The uranium slugs came in milled to a certain diameter. They had a whole through the center for cooling, additional cooling. And then that was inserted inside this aluminum can, which we call cladding. And the whole thing was dunked under what we call a eutectic alloy of aluminum and silicon. That has a relatively low melting point. That would just flow in and form a bond between the uranium and aluminum. And they put a cap on the upper end, and then machine off the excess material. Then they would put on, ultrasonically, they’d weld on a small aluminum fin, which we called a leg, which gave the fuel slug some clearance between the tube that it would go into and the reactor, would allow the water to run past it.</p> <p>Franklin: Right, so that water could go around the entire—</p> <p>Femreite: Yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah, I’ve seen those.</p> <p>Femreite: And through the center.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah, there are kind of fins on all sides.</p> <p>Femreite: Yeah, you’ve seen them, probably at the N Reactor—or the B Reactor Museum, if you’ve been out there.</p> <p>Franklin: Yes.</p> <p>Femreite: There are some examples of those. That was called the AlSi process, and it referred to the aluminum-silicon alloy that was used to bond—</p> <p>Franklin: Is that spelled how it sounds, A-L, S-I?</p> <p>Femreite: Yup, mm-hmm. It’s capital-A, L and then capital-S, I. So it stands for—it’s aluminum-silicon. It’s the scientific nomenclature for aluminum and silicon. And that process was developed and used for a long time. It had some disadvantages in that it had some byproduct, or leftover product waste that had to be disposed of. So there was the—AlSi would become—well, it would become fairly radioactive from being exposed to the uranium in—small amounts of uranium would be dissolved in it. So that was kind of a hard thing to deal with.</p> <p>Franklin: Can I ask how—what was the process for disposal of that spent product?</p> <p>Femreite: Well, I don’t know that part. Our job was to get the job done, and other people dealt with the disposing of waste. We can tell from what we’re finding in the papers today about the disposal of waste here, was there was a variety of methods, including just plain old burial someplace.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah, the 300 Area, if I remember correctly, had some interesting waste footprints in the ground.</p> <p>Femreite: It does. And the area surrounding it as well. North of there they had burial pits. They had a waste pit over to the, it’d be the west side, towards what now is the Areva plant. And there were different places.</p> <p>Franklin: So this AlSi process, was this the original process used?</p> <p>Femreite: As near as I can tell, that was the original process. Now, they, in the early years, I read a lot of the classified documents as a young engineer when I first got here to understand some of the history. And they had experimented with different alloys and different heat treatments and things like that over the years, and finally settled on what I was familiar with, as the new engineer on the block, so to speak. I was chartered with developing what was called the hot die sizing process, which was to take the uranium slugs and basically extrude a coating of aluminum onto the slug.</p> <p>Franklin: Like using—</p> <p>Femreite: We used—we put them through what was called an extrusion die. And we’d start off with a small can shape of aluminum. That would sit in the die, and then the uranium slug would come down on it, and we’d basically squeeze the slug through the die, almost like toothpaste—although it was solid. And that would bond the aluminum to the uranium slug. Once it was bonded that way, all we had left to do then was to put a cap on the end. And then that the cap had to be bonded as well, so in order to do that, we used specialized heating coil. And we put the end of that fuel into that heating coil under pressure. It was called induction heating. That would bond that cap to the slug and to the other aluminum.</p> <p>So it was a much simpler process; it basically had no waste, except maybe some aluminum that would be machined, just to dress it up. And of course that aluminum was recycled, so. It was faster than the AlSi process. So my job, for most of the time I worked there, was to develop that, and also to solve any technical problems that came up in the existing AlSi process. So the AlSi process was still big, because that’s how the factory was set up. And we developed our hot die sizing process on a pilot scale. Then we moved the pilot line into big production facility and ran it in parallel with the big production facility and kept track of cycle times and quality. We were trying to prove that on an industrial scale, this was going to be an improvement to the AlSi process.</p> <p>I should mention that that whole thing sounds quite simple. But in the end, it was complicated. Each one of these fuel elements went through a very tight quality control process, where every single one went through an ultrasonic defect device—detector for defects in the fuel. That was all done with ultrasonic sound.</p> <p>Franklin: Huh. How did that work, exactly?</p> <p>Femreite: Well, the sound was transmitted through the cladding onto the uranium, and you get a certain pattern if there’s a good bond there. If there’s a bad bond, you get a completely different pattern from the ultrasonic sound. And so you could detect any, what we call, unbonded areas. You had to have a good bond on every part of the surface, because if you didn’t, you’d get a hot spot in the reactor. And that would, basically, cause the fuel to melt at that point—the cladding to melt at that point, and it would leak. We didn’t want leakers in the reactors because then that led to contamination in the water that flowed through those.</p> <p>Franklin: And you might have to shut the reactor down, too.</p> <p>Femreite: Yeah, if you got enough—if there were enough leakers in there to where you were getting high radiation readings on the discharge side of the reactor, they would have to shut it down, discharge that fuel, put new fuel in. That was not very efficient, and it was time consuming and fairly expensive.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah.</p> <p>Femreite: So the quality control part of the process was very stringent.</p> <p>Franklin: So where was the uranium machined? Where was it formed into the—</p> <p>Femreite: That came out of a plant in Ohio.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>Femreite: I think—I forgot the exact name of the plant, but I think it was Fernald. They came in by train in big wooden, pretty strong wooden crates. And then the aluminum was purchased on the market from various suppliers. We had a tight specification on which alloy and dimensions and quality and all that. So the aluminum was pretty generic, but it had to meet all of our specifications. Then the uranium, of course, came from Fernald and that was a single source. Because that was all government-run.</p> <p>Franklin: So was the hot die sizing process a success?</p> <p>Femreite: It was, yeah. We produced, on that parallel line, we produced most of a reload for one of the K Reactors. At that time, K West and K East were twins. So you didn’t know which reactor your load was going to go into. They determined that out there. So that fuel did go into the K, one or both of the K Plants.</p> <p>Franklin: Right.</p> <p>Femreite: So yeah, it was an improvement. And they would have—I believe they would have continued on that path and retired the AlSi process, but about that time, they determined that they weren’t going to run the K Reactors anymore. C had already shut down, or was preparing to shut down. So there wasn’t going to be demand in the business reason to change their method. And if they had—at that time, I think they had just put the Ks on standby, in the event that they might need to get back into producing plutonium. But they were already getting plutonium out of N Reactor and it was still running. So the demand for plutonium dropped, and so they began to phase things out. If they had needed to ramp production back up, it would’ve been fairly simple to start everything back up, because it sat there, basically, on reserve for quite a little while.</p> <p>Franklin: So, and what timeframe was that, when—</p> <p>Femreite: Well, it was late in the history of Hanford. I began work here in 1967 after graduating university. And so that was basically about a three-year deal, before things started to ramp down. So about 1970, they were threatening layoffs and reduction of staff and that kind of thing, simply because they just weren’t going to produce that much fuel.</p> <p>Franklin: Right. Where did you go to university; where did you get your bachelor’s?</p> <p>Femreite: University of Idaho.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>Femreite: Mm-hm.</p> <p>Franklin: So are you from the area?</p> <p>Femreite: I’m from north Idaho.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, okay.</p> <p>Femreite: Yeah, mm-hm.</p> <p>Franklin: So then in 1970, you transferred to Exxon, right? And went into commercial fuel production.</p> <p>Femreite: Yes.</p> <p>Franklin: And how—I wonder if you could talk about that transition and how that industry was different or similar, you know, how the work was related.</p> <p>Femreite: Yeah. The work there was—first of all, it was all what you would call private enterprise. So Exxon was in business to produce fuel for big commercial power plants. At that time, there were—I don’t know the exact number, but some 20 to 30 nuclear power plants operating in the United States producing electrical power. Those were built mainly by General Electric and Westinghouse. And in Europe, craftwork union was doing the same thing, and there were a lot of power plants in Europe.</p> <p>So Exxon decided they were going to get into this in a big way, even though they were an oil company, they knew that they were really an energy company. So they decided that they could build fuel and supply it to these power plants in the US and in Europe. So they began the business here, largely on the basis that there was a lot of technical know-how here. They knew that they could recruit from Hanford, which was basically winding down, and they had the access to Battelle. And Battelle had a huge amount of knowledge, collectively, about all things nuclear.</p> <p>So Exxon came in and bought land inside the City of Richland city limits and got all the permits and built the plant. So when I started work, it was a piece of sand out here on Horn Rapids Road. And we had offices downtown, rented offices downtown. There were only just a handful of us. So I had the good fortune of coming in on what they call the ground floor. Exxon—by the way, Exxon was called the Standard Oil of New Jersey. It’s only in later years that they rebranded themselves. And so the plant—the business out here began as Jersey Nuclear, just an offtake of Standard Oil of New Jersey, and that’s how they began. I have a picture of their business sign here if you want to keep that. So that was, for us that had worked there for a long time, the sign was pretty significant, because it was the very beginning of a long-standing business.</p> <p>At any rate, they were a taxpaying business in the City of Richland, and everything was commercial and they had to meet all of the standard safety regulations and all that that any industry does. So they began from, like I said, a flat piece of sand to building a plant out here that could produce this fuel for these power plants. That fuel, as a process engineer and as a metallurgist, that fuel was far more complicated in its design.</p> <p>Franklin: And why was that?</p> <p>Femreite: Well, the fuel for Hanford was, as I explained earlier, just a slug that was a uranium slug, we called them, that was encapsulated in a cladding and then tested and put in the power plant. But the fuel for commercial plants—and you’ve probably seen displays around the Tri-Cities and different places—are individual pellets about the size of a pencil eraser, more highly enriched than the fuel for the plutonium reactors. And it’s encapsulated in a pretty exotic alloy, zirconium alloy. So each tube, then, produces heat and a lot of it. So they have to be made to extreme precision and very high quality. You have to build them with a very robust process, and then you have to test them under very robust conditions to make sure that they’re going to produce and perform the way they’re supposed to.</p> <p>So the whole thing was quite interesting. And over the years, what we called the nukes, the nuclear engineers, who were experts on how to load these power plants with different kinds of fuel, they came up with a lot of different designs. Basically all the same design in terms of outward appearance. They were tubes with uranium pellets in them. But they varied the sizes and the enrichments and all that kind of things to get better performance in the power plant. So that whole thing was pretty challenging for all of us.</p> <p>Franklin: You had mentioned that Exxon, Jersey Nuclear, Standard Oil, New Jersey Nuclear, Exxon, had drawn—or one of the decisions to put it here was the availability of knowledge of the nuclear industry. Did a lot of former Hanford workers go to work for New Jersey Nuclear?</p> <p>Femreite: They did.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>Femreite: Yeah, there were quite a few. And there were a lot of—well, not a lot, but quite a few scientists from Battelle that were retained, you know, under contract. They helped us build the first reload, as an example. Our first reload went into a power plant by the name of Big Rock Point and Oyster Creek. So they kind of held our hands to get that first delivery made. To start from zero requires a whole lot of stuff, because you have to come up with all your procedures and all of your quality documents and methods and processes and you have to train your staff. So it’s really quite a complicated enterprise to bring something from zero to fully functional business.</p> <p>Franklin: And how long did you stay with that company?</p> <p>Femreite: Well, I retired there 30 years later.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, so in 2000?</p> <p>Femreite: Yes. Mm-hmm.</p> <p>Franklin: And did your job change at all during those 30 years?</p> <p>Femreite: Yes, mm-hmm. Yeah, I started out as a process engineer, individual contributor. And the last five years I was the vice president of manufacturing and the Richland plant manager. So I managed to work my way through the organization.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah.</p> <p>Femreite: But it was all very challenging and all very gratifying work. In that 30 years, we replicated the Richland plant in Germany. Mainly because—well, I should back up. We delivered a lot of fuel in the United States and quite a bit of fuel overseas. Overseas, there was a huge tariff on the fuel because it was imported. Germany kept saying, well, you know, if you guys want to beat this import deal, you should just build a plant over here. And we can facilitate that, and suggest a place that’s suitable for that kind of business. And they did.</p> <p>They struck a deal with what, by then, was called Exxon. We duplicated—replicated this plant in a small village in northwest Germany, and began supplying Europe from that plant. We took all the best technology from the Richland plant that we had developed up to that point, and we had developed a lot of it, and then transferred it to Europe in that little—what I call a little—Lingen plant. It was actually a sizeable plant in what was a very friendly village there.</p> <p>So that was quite remarkable, too, because we had to recruit people that didn’t know what nuclear even meant to come to work there. But they were all crafts of different kinds: welders, machinists, and other crafts that’d come through the trade schools or industry in Germany. So we put together a very successful operation over there. And so that, then, basically, put an end-run on the tariffs. And it was good for their economy and good for our business. So it turned out quite well.</p> <p>Franklin: How did the fortunes of what is now Areva respond to kind of the ups and downs of the nuclear power industry, at least domestically? I know that—I feel like there’s been some downturn in that industry or has come under a lot of criticism in the past few decades.</p> <p>Femreite: Yeah, well, yeah, there is a lot of bad publicity, which is unfortunate because it’s a clean—it’s basically a clean energy. It doesn’t produce any greenhouse gases and all that kind of thing. But the bad publicity with Three Mile Island and Chernobyl and all that puts it at a real disadvantage, and there’s a lot of public opinion against it. But as a business, we just carried on. Despite the publicity, there was still demand for electricity. And that didn’t go away. [LAUGHTER] So the utilities that ran the power plant just said, well, we’ll do everything we need to do to keep our plants safe. But we have to carry on, because people want their light to turn on when they go home. So it wasn’t quite as remarkable a result as some people might think, from a business standpoint.</p> <p>But there are becoming fewer and fewer power plants because the ones that were built a long time ago are getting old or are so old they had to be closed down. So there are fewer. Although the Nuclear Regulatory Commission keeps saying that they’re prepared to license some new plants, improved plants—what they would call improved plants. But basically just from a business standpoint, it was fairly stable.</p> <p>The hardest part of meeting the market was to meet the power plants’ schedules, because they have, as you might know, just like the plant up north here, Energy Northwest, they closed down about every two or three years to refuel. When they do that, they want their fuel then and then only. So you have to run your business to kind of match up with the refueling schedules of these various plants.</p> <p>Franklin: Right. That makes sense. And so you went back to Hanford in 2001, right?</p> <p>Femreite: Yes, after I retired, I was asked to participate in a, oh, I don’t know what the—you might call it a short study, about a month’s study, of industry experts that they assembled to figure out why they were having so much trouble in the K Plants, getting the fuel out of the basins and dried and stored. They developed a process to do that, and basically it took the old residual fuel in the basins out there, put them through a drying process and encapsulated them in a very strong container. And that’s stored out there in the 200 Areas.</p> <p>Franklin: What is the drying process? What is that doing?</p> <p>Femreite: It’s basically a vacuum. They put it in a big chamber and run a vacuum on it for a long time—a relatively long time.</p> <p>Franklin: And why is that done?</p> <p>Femreite: Well, they want the fuel to not corrode any further.</p> <p>Franklin: So how is the fuel being stored?</p> <p>Femreite: It was being stored in the water pools at K East and K West. So they were stored underwater in 30 feet of water, as a shield. It was spent fuel, so it was hot, radioactively hot. Well, thermally hot, too. And that was stored in those pools and had been for years by 2001. I was familiar with those plants because I worked out there when I began in 1967. Because I’d go out there a lot to consult with the engineers that were running my pilot—my new fuel through their plant.</p> <p>Franklin: Right, well, you might’ve even have helped to make some of that fuel that was in the basin.</p> <p>Femreite: Oh, absolutely, yeah, sure. I should digress a little bit. When I first came here in ’67, I was out at those plants and for my own pleasure I interviewed a lot of the old-timers that had worked there through the war. And I was always fascinated by the fact that they didn’t know what they were actually doing there, because it was secret. It was all compartmentalized. So you could talk to a person who worked on, like the front face of K Reactor, and he’d tell you that that’s all he knew at that time; he didn’t know what went on anywhere else. [LAUGHTER] And furthermore, they couldn’t talk about it. So that whole thing was very intriguing to me.</p> <p>But, anyway, back to our topic, I was one of, I think, about 12 people, so-called industry experts, that were called in to understand why things weren’t going well out there, and they weren’t meeting anything close to their schedules that they were supposed to dry this fuel and store it. So they brought in experts in almost every field. A lot of them were safety experts, regulation experts, and things like that. I went there as a manufacturing expert. So we spent, I think, two weeks there. I determined very quickly that they were not running that as a what I call a manufacturing process, which it really was. They were running more as an engineering process. So I wrote a report about that at the end of my little short tour of duty there and left it with the management. Then I went on a trip, a vacation with the family after that. Well, I got back and my phone was ringing of the wall. They said, Bernie, you need to come out here and help us figure this out, because we think that we have all this advice from all these people, but this seems to be the real key to getting this straightened out.</p> <p>So I then went to work under a contract, and basically taught them what’s called a constraint management manufacturing. Which we used in our own plant. And what that means is that any process—you can name almost any process: human process or manufacturing process, or almost any process—and you can find what’s called a bottleneck. You can put together any scheme of sequential operations. One point in there will be what’s called a bottleneck, or what I call a constraint. The real secret to making that all work is to zero in on the constraint and figure out if it can be made better or not. If not, manage the constraint and everything else pretty much takes care of itself. And so I called it constraint management. It’s called different things.</p> <p>In order to—so you’d identify the constraint, and then you put in modifiers that support the constraint. You put in what’s called queues, upstream and downstream, which a queue is just simply a place to store things that you either going to process or that you have processed. And then everything else pretty much runs itself. And they had a serious constraint out there, but they weren’t managing it; they were trying to—a group of engineers that were making charts everyday, trying to schedule everybody for every hour of the next day, to get them to do what they were supposed to do. [LAUGHTER] And it wasn’t working out.</p> <p>So I taught them how to do constraint management and what we call process control. Just in a short time, it just started working great. And in fact, the constraint turned out it wasn’t the constraint that they thought it was, because once we focused in on it, they got smart about how to run it, and it moved the constraint further downstream. So that became the new constraint down there, and then we started managing that as the constraint. So anyway, long story short, it put everything put together very well. Their production levels went, like, improved by three or four times. And I think they ended up actually beating their endpoint schedule before by implementing that method.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, wow.</p> <p>Femreite: So it was pretty gratifying. And I got a lot of calls about how well that worked, and they were quite happy with it. So that was very successful for them and very gratifying for me.</p> <p>Franklin: How long were you on that project?</p> <p>Femreite: I was there for—that only took us about three months.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, okay.</p> <p>Femreite: Yeah. They wanted me to stay on and work as a consultant there, but I told them, look, I’m retired. My job now is to stay retired. So I declined to do that.</p> <p>Franklin: Was that the last time you worked out at Hanford?</p> <p>Femreite: That was the last time I worked there, yeah, mm-hmm.</p> <p>Franklin: Great. Well, we’ve got to most of my questions. I do have a couple more just quick ones. I’m wondering, was Richland—I know you came to Richland after the town had been turned into private ownership. But I’m wondering if Richland was still, at that point when you arrived, if there was anything remarkable or unique about it, or what your impressions were compared to where you had grown up?</p> <p>Femreite: Oh, definitely. You could tell that it was still very much a government town. There wasn’t a lot of infrastructure here, compared to what we’re used to now. Columbia Center was just desert, for instance. There wasn’t anything out there. The government housing had just, as you said, turned back to civilian ownership, just a few years prior. The housing around town was still largely what had been built for the war effort or after the war.</p> <p>Franklin: Did you live in an Alphabet House when you arrived here?</p> <p>Femreite: I lived in what was called a Richland Village house, which was government construction. Richland Village was just north of Safeway, that whole area in there. Those were all mass-produced government houses. They weren’t really called an Alphabet House. I could’ve been in an Alphabet House very easily, but it just turned out that the Richland Village was a good choice for renting. I wanted to buy a home, but I didn’t want to do that immediately upon arrival here. I kind of wanted to get the lay of the land. So we rented what’s called a Richland Village home at the time. At that time, that whole place was run by one business. One business owned all those houses and rented them out, and were wanting to sell them to individual owners. So a lot of them are rented, and I’d say maybe half of them had maybe been sold to individuals at that time.</p> <p>But as you drove around town, it was largely still the government-built houses that you saw. Very few new construction. And the furthest, the northern extent of Richland at that time was where the 7-Eleven is on G-W Way down here, on Saint. In fact, that area where the 7-Eleven is and Washington Square Apartments was a drive-in theater. [LAUGHTER] It was still operating. [LAUGHTER] And the houses on Harris—there were no houses between G-W Way and Harris Street. But at the time we came here, Harris was being developed as a new upscale development. So all those homes along Harris there that are along the river were upscale houses. To get there, there was one street over to Harris, I think it was the street that goes past the 7-Eleven now, and you went across the desert to this strip of land along the river where these homes were being built. I was explaining to your colleague a while ago, this campus was one building, and it was called the Graduate Center.</p> <p>Franklin: Yes. Yeah, it’s what’s now the East Building of our campus.</p> <p>Femreite: Yeah. So, yeah, it was still kind of a frontier town in my opinion at the time. It was quickly changing. We saw a whole lot of changes in the time we’ve lived here, that’s for sure.</p> <p>Franklin: And where did you end up—I’m assuming you ended up buying a house. Did you end up living in Richland?</p> <p>Femreite: I did. Our first home was what I’d call a starter home, just off of the boundary of the Richland Village. There was a string of little, three-bedroom two-bath places that had been built and we bought one of those. Later on, there was a new development further north. I don’t recall if it even had a name, it just—a lot of nicer homes, bigger homes. Split-level and that kind of thing. So we ended up going there, moving there later on. And then I was asked to go to Germany, so we sold that and went to Germany. And came back and lived in a similar house in that area. Then Exxon asked me to go to Idaho Falls. We went down there and ran a secret weapons project that I never talked to you about earlier. But Exxon was asked to go down there and run what was then a secret project, military project. Then when we came back, we moved to a home on Harris Avenue and lived there until I retired.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, okay. I’m wondering if you could describe the ways in which security of secrecy at Hanford impacted your work while you were there?</p> <p>Femreite: Well it made—you had to be very, very conscious of it. I had proper clearance to where I could get almost any kind of classified document that I wanted, and I needed to, because there was a lot of science developed there that was Top Secret. So as a practical matter, every engineer there had a fairly sizeable safe. And we kept all of our documents in that safe. Including documents that we had checked out to use or to read or whatever. And then our own writings, our own documents, were sent to a classification officer before they were published and he gave them their appropriate classification level. So at the end of the day, you made sure that everything that was classified was in the safe. And then patrol would come around in the evenings and odd hours, just to see if there was anything left that shouldn’t be. Or unattended. You could not leave a classified document unattended; you had to have it with you. If you left it on your desk and walked out, that was a no-no. If you were going to go somewhere, you locked it back up.</p> <p>Franklin: Did you ever run afoul of—</p> <p>Femreite: No, I never did get a security infraction. I knew people that did.</p> <p>Franklin: That’s good. Did you ever have something that you had authored become classified to where you couldn’t use it again?</p> <p>Femreite: Well, I could use it, but others couldn’t. Uh-huh. Yeah, I had several things that were classified. Mm-hmm.</p> <p>Franklin: My last question is, I’d like to ask you what you would like future generations to know about working at Hanford and living in Richland during the Cold War?</p> <p>Femreite: Well, the Cold War for people of my age was very concerning. I was raised in the period where they were teaching students to duck under their desks. [LAUGHTER] As a civil defense exercise. There was a lot of information and publicity, or maybe even propaganda, about the threat of nuclear war. A lot of films got shown in the schools about what nuclear war was about, and what atomic bombs were like, and what you might be able to do to protect yourself, or might not be able to do to protect yourself. And then there was, of course, the headlines about tensions between Russia and the United States. Cuban missile crisis and all that. So it was very disconcerting.</p> <p>As a child, or an adolescent, I was worried about it, as were my colleagues about the same age. And then as a young engineer, working here, it became clear that there was a lot of very high technology being developed and that was important to our health and safety as a nation. It was guarded very well. People were quite dedicated to their work here. That was always very gratifying to me, that people weren’t taking it lightly; they knew what their responsibilities were and how important it was.</p> <p>So for anybody looking back on it, I think they can just be grateful that there were a lot of folks that had a very high principles and very high expectations and were very capable. And, you know, now, in retrospect, there are quite a few workers who were essentially overexposed. At the time they didn’t know it, and neither did management, but in retrospect you see reports of people, a lot, that have lasting diseases and that kind of thing, from the exposures they took here. So, those folks are heroes. They laid their life on the line for the rest of us. They’re every bit as much a hero as the people that were fighting the war, I think.</p> <p>Franklin: Great, well, thank you, Bernie, for coming in and talking to us about your career.</p> <p>Femreite: Yes, it was my pleasure. Thank you.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay. Awesome.</p> Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 00:50:37 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 317kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Bernal Femreite Subject The topic of the resource Hanford Site (Wash.) B Reactor National Historic Landmark (Wash.) Hanford Atomic Products Operation Description An account of the resource Bernal Femreite came to the Hanford Site to work for Douglas United Nuclear. He worked in the 300 Area, and at many of the Hanford reactors. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 6/12/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Language A language of the resource English Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford Oral History Project operated under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who were the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to the US Department of Energy collection. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fdc0f2cdd12f6011b8d91de6fd335cf02.mp4 2c1ac9f583c71829747c1d137160ba4f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Post-1943 Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War Description An account of the resource Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Franklin Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Robert Drake Location The location of the interview Washington State University Tri-Cities Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound <p>Robert Franklin: Same deal. I got the introductory boilerplate, and then we’ll just, we’ll get right to it.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Okay, thank you.</p> <p>Franklin: Ready?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay. My name is Robert Franklin. I am conducting an oral history interview with Robert Drake on July 17, 2017. The interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington State University Tri-Cities. I’ll be talking with Bob about his experiences working at the Hanford Site. And for the record, can you state and spell your full name for us?</p> <p>Robert Drake: Robert J. Drake. R-O-B-E-R-T. J. D-R-A-K-E.</p> <p>Franklin: Great. And you prefer to go by Bob, correct?</p> <p>Bob Drake: That’s what most everybody calls me, yes.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay. Is it all right if I call you Bob?</p> <p>Bob Drake: Business world, doctors and so on, they all call me Robert. But that’s—</p> <p>Franklin: Okay. Well, I’ll just call you Bob if that’s all right with you. [LAUGHTER]</p> <p>Bob Drake: That’s fine.</p> <p>Franklin: I’m not a doctor. So.</p> <p>Bob Drake: [LAUGHTER]</p> <p>Franklin: I just play one on TV. So, Bob, tell me how and why you came to the area to work on the Hanford Site. Or just first came to the Site in general.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Well, I graduated from Sunnyside High School in 1959. I didn’t even know the Tri-Cities existed until one night, my dad decided to bring me down here and show me Pasco, anyway. Then—</p> <p>Franklin: I guess that would’ve been kind of the big city of the area, right, besides Yakima?</p> <p>Bob Drake: Yeah, I think Pasco, at the time, was the larger of the three cities.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Because it was the oldest.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Then my dad and my mom and myself moved down here, and we lived in a mobile home park in Pasco. He was working on one of the dams up the Snake River. Then I went to Montana myself and worked in a sawmill up there for about, I don’t know, six months or so. Then my dad told me, come on down, he says, I’ll get you called up on the dam as a laborer Monday morning. Well, I sat for six months without any work. I finally went to work in Columbia Park, and I worked in Columbia Park for five years.</p> <p>Franklin: And what did you do there?</p> <p>Bob Drake: A little bit of everything. Drove dump truck, bucket loader, mowed with the mowers that they had at the time. I just—whatever I was asked to do.</p> <p>Franklin: Sure.</p> <p>Bob Drake: So then, how we got to Michigan was, this gentleman and his wife came out, and I was taking care of the campgrounds in Columbia Park at that time. I did that for two years. But anyway, Fred Driller was his name, and Jackie was his wife. He was a pipefitter, and he worked out in the Area out here. Well, he’d get laid off every so often. After he went back to Michigan, he wrote me a—well, he called us. He said, Bob, if you come out, he says, you can get any craft that you want to be in, as an apprentice.</p> <p>Well, I went back and the first job that offered me an apprenticeship was in truck driving. I told them, no, I didn’t want to do that. And then finally decided that—my dad had always been a carpenter, so carpentry would be good enough for me. We spent five years back there. Our first son was born in the old Beyer Hospital in Ypsilanti, Michigan which was just east of Ann Arbor, about maybe five miles. Then they built the new Beyer Hospital. Well, I was a carpenter and I worked on the new Beyer Hospital. So our second son was born in the new Beyer Hospital. It’s kind of a joke between the wife and I, when we moved back to Richland, they had built the new Kadlec Hospital. My wife looks at me and she says, don’t even think about it. So, yeah, we already had our daughter.</p> <p>But anyway, I went to work for George Grant, I believe was the first contractor I worked for. I take that back; it was Lydig. Lydig was the first one. Then George Grant and Halverson pretty much kept me busy for most of the years I was here, except for when I worked at FFTF and at Number 1.</p> <p>Franklin: What was the name of that first contractor? Lydig?</p> <p>Bob Drake: Lydig.</p> <p>Franklin: How do you spell that? L-I-D-I-G?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: That’s right.</p> <p>Bob Drake: I only worked for them the one time.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, okay.</p> <p>Bob Drake: My brother—yeah, Lydig, he worked for them for years. But I only worked for them the one time.</p> <p>Franklin: And what did you—what was your job at FFTF?</p> <p>Bob Drake: FFTF?</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Oh, I was just a carpenter.</p> <p>Franklin: And like what did you make? What did you—</p> <p>Bob Drake: Forms. Forms for—and every time we’d get the forms built for a pour, we had to wait for a whole month before they made that pour, because if they made the pour, it was already obsolete. What the deal was, every month they’d get in new—mm!</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Specifications.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Mm. My mind’s blank.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Specifications.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Well, specifications, but that wasn’t they called it. But anyway, because if they wanted to make any changes in the pour, they would do that.</p> <p>Franklin: So this was like a wood form—</p> <p>Bob Drake: Yes.</p> <p>Franklin: To mold the concrete?</p> <p>Bob Drake: For pouring walls.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, for pouring walls, okay.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Yes, that’s what we poured mostly. When I went to work there—I worked swing shift for about nine months.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Then I quit that job and went to work elsewhere.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay. And then you mentioned that you worked at WPPSS, the Washington Public Power—</p> <p>Bob Drake: Yup, I started up pretty much on the ground floor of that. Made the base for the containment, was the first big pour that was made. And then the form worked for the containment was poured in ten-foot heights and we went up to over 300 feet.</p> <p>Franklin: Wow.</p> <p>Bob Drake: But as you got used to—you got used to going up to those heights, because it was just ten feet at a time.</p> <p>Franklin: Sure.</p> <p>Bob Drake: I never got afraid of heights at that time. And like my wife said, we worked out there until they got ready—in fact, the carpenter work was virtually done when the big layoff came. They had come out about maybe three weeks before that. Superintendent on the job told all of his carpenters, we wouldn’t have to worry about work because he had 24 other plants on the drawing board at the time. Not knowing that the nuclear system was just about done as far as that went.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah.</p> <p>Bob Drake: But, yeah, it was quite a deal. I remember the one guy that, on our crew, Ray was his first name; I don’t remember if I ever knew his last name—but because of the information that we’d received, he and his wife went out and bought a new home, new cars, new everything. And then they walked up to us about three weeks later and handed us our final check. Ray said, you can’t lay me off. I got to have this job. And the boss says, we’re sorry, but we’re—they’re shutting it down. And as far as I can remember, it seems like to me, that one of the guys told me that Ray had had a massive heart attack and died shortly after that. Because of just the worry of how he’s going to make his payments on his home and stuff.</p> <p>But up here at the golf course in Kennewick, Meadow Springs, a lot of the guys that worked out there, men that worked out there, had gone up there and bought homes. They just let them go back, because they couldn’t afford to make the payments if they didn’t have any work. So they just all left the area. Most of the iron workers went to Denver, Colorado. Most of the carpenters went to South Bay, California, down around San Jose.</p> <p>Franklin: Which is where you ended up.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Yes, that’s where I ended up. Yeah, and it was really a surprise when we went down there. The parking lot at the carpenter’s hall was pretty good size. And there must’ve been probably 60 or 70 of us carpenters that had our—well, we stayed in the parking lot of the carpenter hall. And they welcomed us there because they said the carpenter hall had been broken into several times. But I take it you’re more interested in the things that went on--  I worked at the Tank Farms.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, really?</p> <p>Bob Drake: Yeah, worked for George Grant when we were pouring bases for the tanks. I don’t remember which farm it was that I worked on. I helped build several of the office buildings in the 300 Area. It was Grant and Halverson. Halverson was out of Spokane; Grant’s local here in Richland. But, like I say, for the 13 years we lived here, George Grant and Halverson, out of Spokane, kept me pretty busy.</p> <p>Franklin: What were some of the unique challenges doing carpentry at Hanford versus elsewhere?</p> <p>Bob Drake: It wasn’t any different. I remember one time, we’d made the lift that had the forms all formed up and ready for a pour. And they had the company people come out and check the forms and everything, and they said everything was fine. Then they sent the government inspectors out and they said—well, before they ever wanted the forms they told us they weren’t going to okay that pour. Well, 59 straight days we were there, waiting for them to give the okay to make the pour. Now, that meant Saturdays and Sundays, so we were taking home some pretty good paychecks. We mostly sat around and did nothing, just waiting for them to give us the okay to make that pour. And then they made the pour, and then of course, we made the next ten-foot lift. But yeah, 59 straight days that we were on the job.</p> <p>Franklin: Wow. [LAUGHTER] That is classic.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: I’d like to ask a similar question to the one I asked your wife: what are your memories of the major events in Tri-Cities history such as the plants shutting down, WPPSS shutting down, and also but the plants starting up, like FFTF.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Well, by the time FFTF took off and was actually functional, we were living in California at that time.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, yeah, that’s right.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Number 1 was, I believe, 65% done when they laid most of the people off. The only carpentry work left to do out that at that time was building scaffolding and such for pipefitters and the electricians. And then it was several years after that before they ever got Number 1 online. What was the question again?</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, just, I wondered, some of your events of the shutdown.  </p> <p>Bob Drake: Oh, the one thing that sticks in my mind—when Columbia Center first went in, Richland was offered to take that in, and be in the City of Richland. But for some reason, the heads of the city decided they didn’t want to take the Columbia Center. Which I thought at the time was kind of foolish because of the tax revenue that they could get off of it. But, yeah, they allowed Kennewick to take Columbia Center.</p> <p>Franklin: Ah.</p> <p>Bob Drake: But that’s the one big thing that I thought was a little bit ridiculous, as far as the city—</p> <p>Franklin: Tri-Cities history?</p> <p>Bob Drake: Yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: You mentioned, earlier, that you—or your wife mentioned earlier that you have stage IV lung cancer that you link to working at Hanford. Is that something you want to talk about? And if not, that’s totally fine.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Yeah, it don’t bother me at all. In fact, I’ve come totally at peace with it; did shortly thereafter because I am a Christian, and if the good Lord decides to take me home with him, it’s a win-win situation.</p> <p>Franklin: Sure.</p> <p>Bob Drake: It was a big surprise, because prior to getting the information that I had the stage IV lung cancer—I play golf three days a week, and I walk the course. Never ran out of breath or anything like that. Then the winter hit, and I was—neighbors on each side are—well, the one lady’s 90 years old, so she couldn’t scoop snow. The neighbor on the other side, he has lung problems and he’s on oxygen 24/7. So I was scooping their driveways and sidewalks with snow, and never got short of breath.</p> <p>The good Lord had his hand in that, too, because I was sitting at home one day and the phone rang. And it was our primary care doctor’s nurse or receptionist called and said, Bob, according to our records, you haven’t been in in over a year for your physical. So we set up a date, went up there, and she checked my breathing and everything, and said more or less that I was fine.</p> <p>And then Marilyn, my wife, said, why don’t you tell her about when you lay—because six or eight months prior to that, when I’d lay on my right side when I was in bed, I had a hard time breathing. And so I mentioned it to her, and she checked my lungs again. She said, I’m going to send you downstairs and have an x-ray taken immediately. And then she said, within the next two days, I’ll give you the results. Went down and had the x-ray taken and left.</p> <p>By the time we got home, the phone was ringing, and we answered, and it was a doctor. She said, I want you to see a pulmonary doctor. She said at Kadlec they have three of them. She said, I want you to take the first appointment you can get. So my wife called and it was 4:00 in the afternoon and they were all gone home, but she left a message on the phone.</p> <p>The next morning, we got up and we just kind of lazing around the house. The phone rang, and again, the receptionist or nurse from the pulmonary doctor said we want you at Kadlec Emergency ASAP. So went over there, and they took—they had the x-rays and the doctor looked at me and he says, I can almost guarantee you, you have stage IV lung cancer. So, anyway, the next day, the three pulmonary doctors got their heads together and decide the next step they needed to take. So they decided to go in and take—</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: A biopsy. Biopsy.</p> <p>Bob Drake: I can’t—</p> <p>Franklin: A biopsy?</p> <p>Bob Drake: Yes, biopsy. So the next morning at 6:00, I was in and the doctor took the biopsy. It took seven days to get the results back. But anyway in the meantime, the pulmonary doctor that I had, he said that I had anywhere from three to five liters of liquid in the area where the lung was supposed to be. Well, the lung had totally collapsed.</p> <p>Franklin: Wow.</p> <p>Bob Drake: That evening about 5:30, he put the tube in, in my side, and drained about a liter-and-a-half of liquid. And—[LAUGHTER]—my wife has some pictures she can show you of—I was sitting in my bed, trying to watch TV and I was propping my eyes open, trying to—because all of the sudden, I couldn’t see the TV. She looked at me and I was swollen up like a toad. Well, what had happened when he took the biopsy, he must’ve nicked the lung, and the air was going into my body—</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, my gosh.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Yeah, and they related it to—</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Rice Krispies.</p> <p>Franklin: Rice Krispies?</p> <p>Bob Drake: Yeah, Rice Krispies. Yeah, it was really strange.</p> <p>Franklin: Wow.</p> <p>Bob Drake: So anyway, they had virtually every nurse off of every floor down there wondering what they could do for me. And the head nurse on the fourth floor where I was at, she finally decided that they better call the doctor in. Well, it was about 8:30 when the doctor got in there, and he put this other tube in my side that was about at least a half-inch in diameter. They started pumping all of this air out of my system and so on. I was in the hospital for nine days.</p> <p>Franklin: Wow.</p> <p>Bob Drake: That was during the worst part of the winter when the weather was really bad. Then they sent me home and told me to go see the cancer doctor. I walked in and sat down in the room, and he told me, he says, Bob, if you don’t have anything done—any procedures done, you’ve got three to four months to live.</p> <p>So, anyway, as time went by—well, I took five days of massive radiation, five consecutive days. And that was over with. Then it was about six weeks before they got the okay for the medication. Pfeifer, I believe, is the name of the company, but it was going to cost $15,300 a month for the medication they were—it was a pill they were going to put me on. Well, I couldn’t afford that. So, anyway, the nurse and other people said, well, have you had your income tax made out yet this year? And we said, no. So they said, well, go down and get your income tax made out as soon as you can. And we took all that information back to the cancer doctor’s office. The lady there sent the information back to Pfeifer, and they said that they would give me my medication free.</p> <p>Franklin: Wow.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Which was a good—well, it was wonderful. Anyway, my oldest son and my wife were sitting there, and I said, if the pill makes me deathly sick, I’m not going to take it anymore. I’ll just—meet my maker. My oldest son says, Dad, you got to consider you’ve got loved ones here that love you. Well, anyway, as it turned out, the first morning I took the tablet, it made me a little nauseated and a little bit weak. The second morning, virtually the same thing only a little less, and since then, it hasn’t bothered me at all.</p> <p>Franklin: Hmm!</p> <p>Bob Drake: And I take that cancer pill twice a day.</p> <p>Franklin: Wow. And what led you or the doctors to suspect that you had got that—that cancer was linked to Hanford?</p> <p>Bob Drake: Well, I really can’t say. But anyway we filed through the government for the program they have going.</p> <p>Franklin: Right, the EEIOCPA, I think?</p> <p>Bob Drake: I believe that’s right, yeah. Anyway, they accepted my—you know. The forms that we filled out and sent in and so on.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, that’s great.</p> <p>Bob Drake: So, yeah, I was accepted into the program.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, that’s great.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Because of the time period that I worked in the Area was the main reason that I got accepted in without any having to prove or so on.</p> <p>Franklin: Right, because you would’ve been out there doing carpentry work during production.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Yeah. Yeah, well, like I said, I worked in the Tank Farms, and I remember looking over at a tank maybe 60, 80 feet away and it had rust around the bottom. You could tell that it had probably leaked.</p> <p>Franklin: And you were there constructing new, additional tanks.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Yeah, we spent some time out there building new bases for more tanks.</p> <p>Franklin: These would’ve been the double shelled—</p> <p>Bob Drake: I believe, so, yes. Yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: So concrete surrounding the steel.</p> <p>Bob Drake: I believe so, yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: Well, great. I mean—great that you were able to get into that program at the end easily without too much of a fuss. And thank you for sharing your story. Thank you for sharing your story with us.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Well, it’s—no problem.</p> <p>Franklin: I’m wondering if you could describe any ways in which secrecy or security ever impacted your work?</p> <p>Bob Drake: No. Out at—when I worked out at 2 West, I had to check through the gates every day. Of course any time you worked in the Area, you had to go through the gates. But out there once a week, we had to get new permits and new tags that we wore around our necks. And those checked the radiation that we received while we were out there.</p> <p>Franklin: Mm-hmm.</p> <p>Bob Drake: But, no. It wasn’t that bad, the security, at all.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay. That’s good to hear. And my last question is what would you like future generations to know about working at Hanford during the Cold War?</p> <p>Bob Drake: It was just—to me, it was just another job. As far as the future generations, I still think that atomic energy is probably among the best electrical plants that you can build. And me and my wife have discussed this before, we’ve told each other many times, that we’d much rather live around an atomic energy plant, as to a—come on, dear, help me out.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Chemical. Chemical.</p> <p>Franklin: Chemical, or—</p> <p>Bob Drake: Chemical plant, yeah. Anytime.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah, you hear that a lot from people that live next to nuclear power plants and chemical plants, yeah. That’s a very—</p> <p>Bob Drake: Well, you think of all the ships, most of the ships we have now in the Navy are atomic powered. And they’ve never had any problems with one of those, that I know of.</p> <p>Franklin: Right.</p> <p>Bob Drake: So, yeah. I’m not afraid of atomic energy. But chemical plants, yes.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah. Yeah, me too. Well, great, well, Bob, thank you so much for sitting down and interviewing with us today. I really appreciate it.</p> <p>Bob Drake: I just wish my memory was still quick enough that I could answer your questions without hesitation and so on.</p> <p>Franklin: You did a great job. That’s just how it happens with memory. You know? It’s just the way it goes.</p> Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 00:27:18 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 317kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Robert Drake Subject The topic of the resource Fast Flux Test Facility (Wash.) Washington Public Power Supply System Hanford Site (Wash.) Description An account of the resource Robert Drake was a carpenter on the Fast Flux Test Facility, the WPPSS Project, and the Tank Farms. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7/17/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Language A language of the resource English Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford Oral History Project operated under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who were the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to the US Department of Energy collection. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ff3da4d16bba583704caea6d400bb98ce.mp4 cbd5b1985472081504ab0215ba4f5c1a https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F57cb3e60dc53182221069668bb36efb4.JPG fdcdc00119f25a1ff49da8ae8822fac3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Post-1943 Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War Description An account of the resource Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Franklin Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Marilyn Drake Location The location of the interview Washington State University Tri-Cities Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound <p>Robert Franklin: We’re ready. Okay. My name is Robert Franklin. I am conducing and oral history interview with Marilyn Drake on July 17, 2017. The interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington State University Tri-Cities. I will be talking with Marilyn about her experiences in the Hanford area. And for the record, can you state and spell your full name for us?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: My name is Marilyn Drake. It’s M-A-R-I-L-Y-N. Drake is D-R-A-K-E.</p> <p>Franklin: Great. Thank you, Marilyn. And so tell me how and why you first came to the Hanford area.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Well, I was born in the state of Kansas, and when I was about five weeks old, my parents headed west. And somewhere when I was a baby, I would guess less than a year old, we ended up at White Bluffs out in the Hanford Area. Not long after being here, because of the dust storms and things, I got dust pneumonia, so my parents had to leave. So they ended up in Belfair, Washington. My father was planning on working in the shipyards there, and instead went to the Aleutian Islands. So anyway, we were out of the area then until about 1950, ’51. He was well enough to come back here and work as a carpenter out in Hanford. We lived in North Richland, the first time, in the 200-block, I believe it was, of north Richland, in the trailer park that was out there.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, wow.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: And it was approximately a mile long and two miles wide. [LAUGHTER] So it was a big trailer park. Then, of course, being on construction, he was in and out of jobs, because they’d finished up or whatever. So we had a home in Ellensburg and we’d go there until he got a job again, and we’d come back.</p> <p>So the second time, we were in the 1100-block on F Street in north Richland. I have fond memories of that time. I loved the John Ball School that was there. I went fourth grade with Mrs. Campbell. Fifth grade was—I take that back. Fourth grade was Mrs. Atkinson. Fifth grade was Miss Campbell, and sixth grade was Mr. Hoffman. Mrs. Atkinson gave me a love of knowing about travel, I guess. She shared experiences with being in Switzerland, which really got me interested. Taught us some things abut the Danube River. Then Miss Campbell was the next teacher, and I enjoyed her. And then Mr. Hoffman, he shared where he was during the bombing of Pearl Harbor. He was decorating for a high school prom.</p> <p>So we went to school at John Ball in sixth grade until about halfway through the year, they moved us into Richland to, I believe it was, Marcus Whitman School, if I remember correctly. Evidently overcrowding. But the school was a neat place. We were in Quonset huts. The big cafeteria was huge; at least it seemed that way to me when I was a child. That was the times when teachers stayed with the class from the morning until they went home in the afternoon. So we wouldn’t go in the cafeteria, and we’d all join hands around the table, and we’d say the Lord’s Prayer before we had lunch. Which nowadays would not be done. [LAUGHTER]</p> <p>We had a Christmas play there. I played the accordion and I played We Three Kings of Orient Are for the play that was going on. When we went outside to play, there wasn’t any grass; it was all dust and rocks. So we took—the girls anyway—took the rocks and laid out floor plans for houses, and we’d play house while recess was going on.</p> <p>We also had air raid drills which, we all went out and there was a big ditch out there that we all jumped into, covered our heads with our hands, and got ready, in case it happened.</p> <p>The rooms were smaller Quonset huts; they had wings off of the main hallway. Whoever sat in the last of the row had to be a short person, because otherwise they’d hit their head on the roof of the Quonset hut.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah, the semi-circular roof.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: So it was an interesting school, but just really had fond memories there and really enjoyed it. I still think about it. And had some good friends.</p> <p>Each block in the trailer park, at the end of the block, there was a playground. We had swings and a couple teeter-totters. I think that was about it. The rest was an open sandbox and so on. So we kids spent a lot of time in the playground. There was also a large laundry room that had restrooms—because most of the trailers in those days didn’t have bathrooms in them. So you had restrooms there and there was a laundry room across the end of it. So usually after dinner, mostly the girls would go to the laundry room, and we would have a small ball. And we played bouncing against the wall and clapping your hands to catch it and so on. That was our form of entertainment. We didn’t have the TV and the Xboxes and so on that people have today; we had to make our entertainment.</p> <p>Franklin: Did you have a radio?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Yes, we did have a radio. I remember my father listening to the news, which I didn’t enjoy. But. [LAUGHTER] As I was young, then.</p> <p>Franklin: I never enjoyed it when my father would watch the news on TV when I was young, either.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Well, there were times he would lay on the couch and go to sleep and the radio was up above that in the front window on a ledge. So I’d sneak up the side of the couch and crawl across the back when he was asleep and either turn it off or change channels. And the minute I did, he’d wake up. So it was futile.</p> <p>Franklin: So did your trailer have a restroom? Either one that you lived in?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: The first one didn’t. It was just a bed in the back, and we had a couch in the front. The second one had a bathroom and it was one-bedroom so I had the couch to sleep on.</p> <p>Franklin: Did you have any brothers or sisters?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: I had seven half-brothers and a half-sister, but all of them didn’t live with us. Once in a while, one would come and stay a while. So I was more or less an only child.</p> <p>Franklin: I guess that makes it easy in a one-bedroom trailer.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: My parents were quite a bit older; they were in their mid-‘40s when I was born, so—</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: I grew up with older people. So the kids were mostly—the other kids in the other family were mostly grown and on their own by that time. So that was interesting. I remember the pharmacy or drugstore as we called it then in north Richland. Always loved to go in there because they had a big rack of magazines, all kinds, outdoors, comic books, whatever. Liked to do that. My neighbor next-door, they had two children: a daughter that was older than me and a son that was about three years younger, who I just reconnected with this last week.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, really?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: We hadn’t seen each other since 1954. So it was interesting. We had a good time visiting and we’re going to do more things together. His parents wouldn’t let him go to the movie unless I went with him, so it was kind of my first date. [LAUGHTER] Baby-sitting, I guess. But nice family; they were from Nebraska.</p> <p>Most all the people out in Hanford were from somewhere else, because they came in here to work. My maiden name was House, and this gentleman I just talked about that I reconnected with, his name is Tool. And across the street were the Surpluses. And so people would come by and say, did you guys put these signs up to be funny, or what? They didn’t realize we were actually with the names that we had. So just fond memories of the whole situation. [LAUGHTER]</p> <p>I remember the old steam plant that used to be, I think, on the hill not far from here. As you started up into north Richland, it was there. And that’s what they heated, I guess, the old barracks and stuff. So you had the big tubes that ran along the streets. Close to there, there was part of the lot that it as on, they had these piles of, I think, it was coal. And if you went there, you could find mercury. Being stupid kids that didn’t know better, we’d go and play with the mercury in our hand or whatever. Not a good idea to do, but we did. It was part of growing up, I guess.</p> <p>Had some pretty good dust storms during that time, which the Tri-Cities used to be well-known for. Also, a few rumbling thunderstorms that moved through. The streets at north Richland were paved by the time I lived there, but there are some pictures in the book that I brought that shows it without paved streets. There were several thousand people lived in this area.</p> <p>Franklin: Do you remember—you said there were blocks of these trailers, do you know roughly how many blocks there are and the amount of houses per block?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Okay, these were trailers, so you had 12 blocks long, or wide, whichever way you want to call it, by 24 blocks the other way, so—</p> <p>Franklin: Okay, and that was that mile by two miles?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Yeah, more or less. It was a big place. And we rode our bicycle everywhere; we didn’t have to worry about being kidnapped. It was a lot to explore around the area. We could ride down to the river and see what was going on down there.</p> <p>Franklin: Now, were these personal trailers that people brought or were they government owned?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: No, they were personal. Each trailer had a roof, a second roof over top of it, just like the roof of a house, because of the heat. So that helped somewhat, because there wasn’t much air conditioning around in those days. We did get an old, old swamp cooler that my parents put in the backdoor of the trailer that we had, which helped. But it could get pretty hot. So anyway you had all these roofs that there were that many roofs over that many trailers.</p> <p>Franklin: Wow. And did the government provide those roofs for each trailer?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Yes. Yes, they provided.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay. And did they provide any other amenities?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Just the washroom and utility room area. I think, if I remember correctly, we paid $20 or $25 a month to the government for rent on the lot. You could raise—it was big enough that you could have a small garden or flowers, whatever you wanted. And people kept them up pretty well.</p> <p>Franklin: I bet. That was another thing I was going to ask about. Was there much landscape—you mentioned the roads were paved by that time and at the John Ball School there was no grass. But was there landscaping in the trailer court?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: If each person wanted to put it there. There was nothing—the playground was dirt—actually sand, around here. So we weren’t the cleanest kids around when we came in from playing. But it was, I guess, what you’d call pristine compared to today’s standards. Most everybody had grass, which we had water to water it with and stuff. If they liked flowers they could have flowers. My folks planted up the one side, they strung, just off the—there was a wood deck, just like a porch. Just off of that, my mother got some, they were called something-cucumbers, and they strung them up, and they grew up the strings, so that you had shade. That helped a whole lot with the heat, too. So that type of thing, yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: Let’s see here. At school, you mentioned doing the air raid drills. Did you ever have to do evacuations? Where they would get people on buses and they would go outside?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: No. Just, we went to the ditch and dropped down and covered our head.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, wow. So I guess it must’ve been interesting having—you probably didn’t remember being in White Bluffs, but having been at White Bluffs and then now, the area’s totally transformed. Did you ever meet anybody from the old towns of Hanford and White Bluffs after you came back to Richland?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Not that I’m aware of. I’ve read stories, and I have the book that is put together about Richland, which shows things and tells about the schools. I’ve heard about the families that had to move out, government came in and said, tch, so many days and you’re out of here, and took it over. Which seemed kind of sad, because some of them had been like pioneer families. But it was for the nation’s cause, so.</p> <p>Franklin: You said that your father moved to Richland to do, was it carpentry?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Mm-hmm.</p> <p>Franklin: Why did he move to White Bluffs originally? Was it to farm, or to do carpentry?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: To do carpentry. He went to work for—or, I think he went to work for Hanford. I don’t know how long that lasted because of my illness. But, yeah, he had been a builder of wooden barracks in Kansas when I was born. So for whatever reason, it was move west, young man. I guess. So he came out here and he was more or less a rough carpenter. Didn’t do finish work and stuff for the most part.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay. And do you know what kinds of buildings or projects he worked at on the Site? Did he ever talk about that at all?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: I don’t know that he ever named them like 300 Area or 1000 Area or whatever that way. They built a lot of forms for buildings out there. He ended up with three broken ribs at one point because someone had put a two-by-four, stood it against the wall, and he bent over to get something out of his toolbox and the two-by-four came down and hit him across his back.</p> <p>Franklin: Ooh.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: So he was kind of in pain for a while until that healed. But I don’t remember him specifically saying exactly where he worked.</p> <p>Franklin: And you said that after a while, when you were in sixth grade, your family moved into Richland proper, right?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Mm-hmm. The school did. We still lived in north Richland. But they did.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, the school did.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Yeah. Just our class.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: I think it was the sixth grade class that they took the whole class in. And I’m assuming it was because they had too many students and needed the room at John Ball. And I was only there part of—I think we left in March of that year. The job ended here, and we ended up going up to Bridgeport, Washington to work on the Chief Jo Dam up there. So I was only a part of the sixth grade year.</p> <p>Franklin: Did you mostly hang out with north Richland kids, or did you know anybody in Richland? And was there a real—it sounds like there was kind of a separation between north Richland and Richland.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Yeah, more or less. The kids were usually the kids that went to school out there; there were quite a few of us. I remember one classmate, his name was Ronny Sloan. He liked beans. And my mother would make ham and beans, and whenever that happened, Ronny got invited to dinner. Because he enjoyed the beans.</p> <p>There was the Saltz family, which had, I believe, 12 kids. They had a very small trailer, but they had a truck that had like cattle racks on it, and they had canvas over the top of it. Most of the boys, I think, slept in the truck. They eventually owned a trailer park in Kennewick until a few years ago, and apparently sold it.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, wow.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: So I’ve been able to track a few of the kids, not knowing—not talking to them, but at least knowing where they were.</p> <p>Franklin: Were there stores in north Richland, or did you do your shopping in Richland proper?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: For the most part in Richland. Like I said, there was a pharmacy, I believe there was like a soda fountain in the pharmacy if I remember correctly. I don’t remember any—there was a movie theater. That’s where we went to the movie. Saw <em>Titanic</em> with this neighbor I was telling you about. The original <em>Titanic</em>. I don’t remember any of the stores being there. Uptown Richland was really pretty new at that point; it had just opened not too long before that. So we went in there for groceries and anything else that we needed.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay, great. So then eventually your family moved away, right? You said up to work at the—which dam?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Chief Jo, up at Bridgeport, Washington.</p> <p>Franklin: But eventually, you came back to Richland, right?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: When I graduated from high school in 1960, I was looking for a job and came down to Pasco and applied for Pacific Northwest Bell as a telephone operator, and I got the job. Had met my husband and he was in Sunnyside and I lived in Yakima when we met. But he was also down here with his parents. We ended up being married here in Richland by Judge Erickson.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Our daughter was born in the old Kadlec Hospital which was the old barracks from the Hanford time. And then we moved away then to Michigan for five years, came back and spent 13 years here. We bought an F house and lived in it. Over on Mahan Street. Ended up in California for 23 years, which we didn’t initially plan on, but it worked out that way, and we came back in 2007 to retire here.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay. And what did—and so you said you lived here for 13 years, so from ’70 to ’83.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Mm-hmm.</p> <p>Franklin: And your husband worked out on Site?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Mm-hmm.</p> <p>Franklin: And where did he work?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: He worked on FFTF, Number 1, a lot of the other places out there, 300 Area.</p> <p>Bob Drake: 2 West.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: 2 West. He was construction, also, so you worked whatever job was going at the time.</p> <p>Bob Drake: The office buildings in the 300 Area, yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: I just want to say, for the record, Marilyn’s husband, and you prefer to be called Bob, right?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: Right, Bob Drake is here. Just so—for whoever’s watching in the future. And what did you do while your husband worked out on Site?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: I had a daycare in my home.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Over that period of time, I had somewhere in the neighborhood of 80 children that went through my daycare. Plus raised my own three children. We had two boys that were born in Michigan while we were there. Yeah, so we had three children. Then my mother—my father passed away, and we moved my mother in with us. I had no trouble staying busy. [LAUGHTER]</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah, I bet.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: It was a busy time. But enjoyable time. We had good neighbors and enjoyed them. Couldn’t say enough about our neighborhood at that time. Hated to leave, but work is work and you like to eat, so—</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah. And how come you left Richland at that time, in ’83?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Because WPPSS had shut down the plants out there, the construction of them. For about a year-and-a-half, my husband was without work, and we finally decided, better start looking before the savings account dwindled. He and some other men from here went down to South Bay of San Francisco and found work there. That’s where we ended up living, was in California, for the 23 years.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: And there I went to work for the school district as a head custodian and spent 14 years.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, wow. And how come you ended up moving back to Richland?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Well, in the process of living in California, my husband was an over-the-road truck driver for a while. We kind of watched everywhere we went, didn’t find anywhere that we liked any better than we like it right here. So then we came back. Our daughter lives in Yakima. Our two sons came back about the same time we did; the one son was here a little bit ahead of us. So that was the first time in 23 years that we’d all been in the same state together. So it was a—we just kind of like the area. This is, we consider home.</p> <p>Bob Drake: Consider it home.</p> <p>Franklin: Sure. No, that makes sense. Well, great. Was there anything else that you wanted to say about—</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Let me think a minute to—just that we really like the Tri-Cities, the history is here. Our kids went to Richland School District until we moved to California. The two boys graduated from down there. They had good friends here and stuff, and still keep in contact. So just really enjoyed it, and like the history that is here. Got a lot of water to play with if you want to. [LAUGHTER]</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah. I wanted to ask you a couple more questions that are on my sheet here. I wanted to ask, what are some of your memories of any major events in Tri-Cities history, such as you talked a little bit earlier about the WPPSS plants shutting down. So I’m wondering if you could tell me a little bit more about any of your feelings about that and how it impacted your family and your life?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Okay. About the time that WPPSS shut down, we were living in a rental house in Richland Village. The newspaper sent out some reporters to the schools to interview some of the kids to see how this was affecting the families. Just happened, our daughter, who was a third grader at the time, was one of them that was interviewed. She had heard in the morning, my husband had asked me something about money. I don’t remember exactly what it was, but he made the comment that he only had $0.38 in his wallet. Well, she picked up on this, and she told a story that Daddy only had $0.38 in his wallet and we just didn’t know how we were going to buy food or any of the things we needed. So it made the paper. [LAUGHTER]</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, wow.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: The one night I was fixing dinner, and I can remember, I was stirring gravy, and the phone rang. There’s this man’s voice on there. He’s, I understand you’re having a hard time making ends meet, something to that effect. So my gravy is getting thicker and thicker as he’s trying to talk to me. I didn’t recognize his voice. Finally, I told my husband, I said, you talk to him. But it turned out it was the father to this young man that I just reconnected with. He had read the article in the paper and had called to give me a bad time about it. [LAUGHTER]</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, jeez!</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: So that was kind of a fond memory. We did go out and watch them set the dome on the—</p> <p>Bob Drake: Number 1.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: The Number 1 plant out there, which was interesting. I’ve always regretted—because you couldn’t—used to couldn’t take cameras out there, so I didn’t take a camera that day. Well, it just happened that that was the day everybody could have a camera. So I didn’t get pictures. But it was very interesting watching that huge dome go on there.</p> <p>Bob Drake: The crane that they set that dome with was, at the time, the largest track crane in the world. And it still is, as I recall.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: It’s the Lampson crane.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, wow.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: That had the big cement deals on the back of it to counter balance it. It was quite a sight.</p> <p>Franklin: Was that the first time you had ever been out on Site?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Yes, for me.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, okay, for you.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Yeah, we’d gone through the highway that goes out to Vantage many times, but you could just see from a distance. There was always signs, no camera, don’t take pictures, you know.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah, don’t stop.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Yeah. So, that was an interesting time.</p> <p>Franklin: How did that affect the community more generally?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Well it—</p> <p>Bob Drake: A lot of people lost their jobs.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Yeah, there were like 6,000 people lost their jobs in a very short period of time.</p> <p>Bob Drake: In about a week’s time.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: So it was rough on everybody. The Tri-Cities always seems to come back, though, when they’ve gone through something like that. Hanford was one of those things that when the funding was there, jobs were good, and then it kind of petered out. So things would be quiet a while, and then they’d give some more money, and so here we go again. [LAUGHTER] So, being construction, if you’re smart, you save some money while you’re making it, to get you through those times. And usually the bad times were always around Christmas time, because weather’s bad and that was usually layoff time. So you better have some laid back a little bit. And of course I had my daycare, which helped out, too.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: And I only did that because our youngest son, we were in a neighborhood that was mostly retired people, and he didn’t have anybody to play with, so I thought, well I’ll take care of a child or two and he can have playmates. Well, that mushroomed on me. [LAUGHTER] So I became an owner. [LAUGHTER] But.</p> <p>Franklin: What were your memories of like the social scene and maybe like local politics of that time that you lived in Richland?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Things, as I recall, were fairly quiet in those days. We didn’t have the problems that we’ve got today, because we didn’t have as many people, for one thing, I think. Richland was the smallest, I believe, of the Tri-Cities at that point. It was an All-American city. I believe it was in 1959, if I remember right, which was a little before we moved here, but we enjoyed our government house that we bought. It was well-built. About 1200-and-some square feet we raised three children in. They have fond memories of living there, which surprised me. [LAUGHTER] As far as the politics, I don’t remember—I remember President Kennedy, when he came and talked at Hanford.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: That was a big deal here.</p> <p>Franklin: Did you—but you didn’t get to go see--?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: I didn’t get to go to that, no. We watched it on TV in those days. So, I did get to see it. The hydroplane races are a big thing, still, here. They used to be a little bigger than they are now. But that was a big thing for everybody to go to the hydroplane races.</p> <p>Tri-Cities has always been a giving community. Not just Richland, but the whole area. When there’s a need for a family or whatever, people chip in and give. That’s very nice.</p> <p>Franklin: Great. I guess my last question is, what would you like future generations to know about living in Richland during the Cold War?</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: That it—I know there’s been a lot of controversy over the years with the Richland Bombers. I never thought of it that way. It was just a mascot that the high school had. I think that it’s a good place to raise children. There are things here now to do. Like I said, when I was a child, you made your own fun. And we stayed out of trouble doing it. [LAUGHTER] Like anywhere, there are problems. More so now than there were years ago. It’s a nice clean place to be. We’re kind of located where it’s not that far to Spokane or Portland or Yakima or Seattle. So you’re not confined just to the Tri-Cities.</p> <p>It’s becoming more and more farming all the time. The desert is not what you think of as a desert anymore. It’s green! [LAUGHTER] We don’t get the dust storms that we used to when I worked at the telephone office in 1963 through ’65, the Horse Heaven Hills were all wheat fields. So in the spring, they had the fields tilled up and then the winds would come. There were many times that the highway would shut down because of the dust; you couldn’t see. So that, with the vineyards and stuff that we have now, that’s not as much of an issue. So I just like the Tri-Cities. It’s good weather. We did have a little bit of snow this last winter, but that’s not all bad.</p> <p>Bob Drake: It is rare.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: It’s rare for here, yeah. So just enjoy being here.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, great. Well, thank you so much for coming and taking the time to interview—or let us interview you.</p> <p>Marilyn Drake: Enjoyed it. Thank you.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay, great. Watch the microphone when you stand up.</p> Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 00:30:14 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 317kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Marilyn Drake Subject The topic of the resource Hanford Site (Wash.) Richland (Wash.) Description An account of the resource Marilyn Drake grew up in the North Richland Construction Camp, attended the John Ball School, and then lived in the town of Richland. Her father worked at the Hanford Site. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 7/17/17 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Language A language of the resource English Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford Oral History Project operated under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who were the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to the US Department of Energy collection. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F9b9686e50c88c457899c6d7831221e3f.JPG d2cbc16ee310bc1c491a5128b063e47a https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F89eaaa9583a9445b5b1ec0f7bb88fbe0.mp4 f972553908e020e5deaacbd5c300a90a Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Post-1943 Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War Description An account of the resource Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Franklin Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Marilyn Devine Location The location of the interview Washington State University Tri-Cities Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound <p>Robert Franklin: My name is Robert Franklin. I am conducting an oral history interview with Em DeVine on May 21, 2018. The interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington State University Tri-Cities. I will be talking with Em about her experiences growing up in Richland and working at the Hanford Site. For the record, can you state and spell your full name for us?</p> <p>Em DeVine: M-A-R-I-L-Y-N. D-E-capital-V-I-N-E.</p> <p>Franklin: Great, thank you. And you prefer to go by Em?</p> <p>DeVine: I prefer Em.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>DeVine: Although most people down here know me as Marilyn, because I didn’t change it until many years later, after I had left.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, okay, gotcha. So tell me how your family came to the area to work at the Hanford Site.</p> <p>DeVine: Well, we didn’t come from far. We’re from Ellensburg, Washington.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, okay.</p> <p>DeVine: My dad was a fireman there. And I know nothing about how he heard about the Project or anything like that. But he came to work at Hanford in 1943 and then the family didn’t move—he came early. Perhaps July or June. But the family didn’t move until December 6^th of [19]43. And the reason I know that is because it was my brother’s 10^th birthday. That’s the only reason I know the date that we moved.</p> <p>We lived in a farmhouse that of course had to be abandoned by the owners. It was ten miles from Hanford; it was three miles beyond White Bluffs. So we were in the country. And I’m so sorry I didn’t ever ask my dad why—how we happened to have the privilege of being there.</p> <p>Franklin: Maybe because they wanted him to be close, close to the fire station in case there was—</p> <p>DeVine: Possibly.</p> <p>Franklin: --an emergency.</p> <p>DeVine: Right, that’s certainly plausible.</p> <p>Franklin: Because I know that some patrolmen were allowed to live in some of the old houses, because they wanted them close. And how old were you when the family moved down?</p> <p>DeVine: I was nine.</p> <p>Franklin: You were nine, okay.</p> <p>DeVine: Yes, I had just turned nine the month before.</p> <p>Franklin: So your father leaves some time in the middle of 1943. And did he tell you why he was coming down to Hanford?</p> <p>DeVine: No, I don’t remember knowing why he was gone. They must’ve told us he was working someplace else.</p> <p>Franklin: What were your first impressions of the Hanford Site when you moved here?</p> <p>DeVine: Oh, of our house?</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah, of the whole thing.</p> <p>DeVine: And that area? Well, it was definitely old and dead and dry. The house was old and not a very—well, it wasn’t very good. We didn’t have running water. We had one electric light. We had a wood stove, of course. The bosses, the rulers of the Project, they had people build us a water barrel. It was up on stilts, and they would bring water every week. That was our water supply, except that it was a farm house and there was a barn a little bit down a hill. I can remember my brother and I loading up pots of water from that well and taking them in our Little Red Rider wagon to the house, and that was what we bathed in.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, wow.</p> <p>DeVine: We drank and cooked with the other water, yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: Right. Did the house in Ellensburg have more modern—</p> <p>DeVine: Oh, my, yes. Yeah, it had a telephone, running water, lights in every room. It was very different situation. Actually, there were four kids. I had an older sister. She was eleven at that time, and my younger brother was probably about four, three or four, years old. The house had a kitchen, of course, and the dining room, and what was probably called a parlor, and then a living room, and one bedroom. But it had a covered, or a screened-in sunporch, I suppose it would’ve been.</p> <p>Franklin: This is the house here out at Hanford?</p> <p>DeVine: That’s the house at White Bluffs, right. So we three older kids had beds in that room. And then my baby brother had a crib in my parents’ room. It was—well, my mother had chickens. I think she had five chickens. And we had a dog that we had taken with us. While we were there, we bought two young goats, which were an awful lot of fun.</p> <p>Now my sister, Charlene, didn’t have a good teacher. The school system was not great. It wasn’t well-developed at that time. So she and my younger brother, because our mother was sickly quite a bit at the time, they moved back to Ellensburg with relatives. So it was just Terry and me for most of the time that we were there. It was a wonderful place to live, I thought. I mean, for kids that age, exploring and—it was just a really, really great opportunity, experience.</p> <p>Franklin: Were you near any other houses?</p> <p>DeVine: No! No, there was a number of fields between us and the houses that were along the Columbia River. They looked big and nice. They were painted white and all that stuff. It was really nice.</p> <p>Franklin: Were there any crops left on the farm?</p> <p>DeVine: No, just—well, actually, there probably was wheat or hay. But I didn’t really recognize it as such. But looking back, thinking back, there probably was some. But it was more just like weeds. Yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: What can you tell me about the school system out at Hanford during the war?</p> <p>DeVine: Well, the grade school kids went to what had been Hanford High School. It was a two-story brick, or block, construction. It’s still there. The high school kids were bussed into Richland, here into Richland. We went on double shifts. We had the morning shift, so that meant, I think, school was like from 6:00 to 11:00. Something like that, maybe 7:00 to 12:00. Very crowded rooms, although we all had desks. Because our mother was sickly, my older sister, my sister and the baby went back to Elle—I said that already. Sorry.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, sorry, go ahead.</p> <p>DeVine: You go ahead.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>DeVine: [LAUGHTER]</p> <p>Franklin: What did you do for leisure time when you were out there in this farmhouse?</p> <p>DeVine: Oh, gosh! We explored. Not too far from our house, there was a gravel pit. And one of the things that I especially remember is that my brother would stand up at the top, and I would go down below into the gravel pit. He would throw rocks down, and we would see if we could break them open to see if there was something interesting inside. We knew about thunder—hmm, now I have to think, the rocks that have something really—thunder eggs. I don’t think we found anything precious. If we thought it was, we would take it to our mom and have her look at it.</p> <p>That summer, spring after we were—before we had to leave, there was a meadowlark nest not too far out in one of the fields. That was fun to go watch the babies grow, and then they flew off. And as I recall—I could be wrong—as I recall, I was there when they took off, and each of the four birds went in a separate direction. Like, as if it had been planned or scripted, you know. I don’t know about that. Sometimes we would go down to the river and wade and catch minnows and take them home in jars. That was pretty much what we did.</p> <p>Franklin: Did you go like shopping with your father or down to the construction camp or into the town of Richland at all?</p> <p>DeVine: Not to Richland, no. We went into Hanford; there was a doctor’s office there. I was having health problems, too, so we would go there for odds and ends of things. Yeah. And my mother was hospitalized there for a short—a few weeks. And, no, I never did see the inside of any of the—well, let me take that back, because different famous groups came through to entertain as part of the war effort. I remember <em>Truth or Consequences</em> came, and then there were some others. We went in to those events.</p> <p>Franklin: So you’re kind of a local—like, I guess almost as local as you could get, coming down here, except for the people that had been displaced.</p> <p>DeVine: Right.</p> <p>Franklin: But you must’ve went to school with kids from all over the US, right?</p> <p>DeVine: Yes, yes.</p> <p>Franklin: I’m wondering if you could talk about that, about being in this community where everyone was brand new.</p> <p>DeVine: Yes. There was a huge campground—trailer park, and I met one of the girls there was Louanna Ivers. She and I were friends up until she passed away just a year or so ago.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, wow.</p> <p>DeVine: Yeah. Which was fun. It was fun to have someone that went all the way from fourth grade through.</p> <p>Franklin: Where was she from?</p> <p>DeVine: Mm, Oklahoma somewhere? I don’t know exactly. But yeah. Everybody else that we knew was from someplace else: Utah, the South, the deep South. Yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: Did you know anything about the communities that had been there before the Manhattan Project? Did you ever run into anybody who had been displaced from the area?</p> <p>DeVine: No, not that I know of.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>DeVine: I surely must’ve. I know that I heard somewhere along the line. Some of the people went to school to learn what they needed to do so that they could move back and work. But they weren’t allowed into their old homes, into their old homes out there anyway.</p> <p>Franklin: Did you live near any of the Hanford facilities? Or did you watch any of them go up?</p> <p>DeVine: Actually, the reason we had to leave in June of 1944 was because they were building B Reactor. We couldn’t see anything except that this concrete thing was going up. But we had to leave anyway, and our house wasn’t finished in Richland. So we had to go to for a few months, and then I think we came from Sunnyside in August to a prefab. Yeah. That was kind of interesting, too. We lived about a block from the stockyard, which was rather odorous. [LAUGHTER] Given the wrong wind direction. [LAUGHTER] But, gosh, we had a real house. It was a real kitchen, toilets, running water, electricity—</p> <p>Franklin: This the house in Richland?</p> <p>DeVine: No, the house in Sunnyside.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, this is Sunnyside.</p> <p>DeVine: Right. So then when we moved to Richland in August, I think, of ’44, we were in a little prefab. And I asked—I wish I had remembered to ask my dad—I think I said this before—why we had gotten to live north of White Bluffs, because we didn’t have a telephone. There wouldn’t have been a way for them to contact him. That I can think of. Of course, my memory’s fuzzy at this point. Yeah. In Richland we had a prefab on the corner of Swift and Wright.</p> <p>Franklin: How many buildings—bedrooms, sorry.</p> <p>DeVine: Three.</p> <p>Franklin: Three-bedroom prefab?</p> <p>DeVine: Yeah. And I asked my dad not that many years ago why we had a prefab when there were bigger houses. I said, was it because of the money, the rent? And he said, probably. [LAUGHTER] He probably didn’t really remember either; he was pretty old by that time. But that was the last street west at that point, and that’s why my mother chose it. She did not like being hemmed in.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, right. Yeah, because at that time it was just open—everything was just fields and--</p> <p>DeVine: It was open. We played all the way to the Yakima River. And there was an old car body chassis out there. And of course there were rattlesnakes and bull snakes and scorpions. But nobody that I know ever got hurt with any of those things, yeah. It was a good place to live.</p> <p>Franklin: How did the prefab compare to other houses you had lived in? Was there anything unique about it?</p> <p>DeVine: [LAGUHTER] Well they were called cracker boxes. You may have heard that. Because of their shape; they were just a big square put on a platform that was about three feet on over side smaller, so that you had a place to play in—[LAUGHTER] I guess a place to play in the shade.</p> <p>Franklin: And they had the flat roofs then.</p> <p>DeVine: And they had a flat roof, yes. They had a swamp air conditioner in one window.</p> <p>Franklin: Swamp cooler?</p> <p>DeVine: When the sand blew, it came in the house. It was very dusty anytime we had any kind of a wind storm. We were lucky. We had nine peach trees. We were planted right in the middle of a peach orchard. My dad, being a farmer at heart, knew exactly how to take care of those trees. He had the best peaches in the city, and he would have contracted each year with a store to sell the peaches to them. Every year we had a big wind storm that blew most of the peaches off. So, yeah, that was very—a sad situation for him, especially. Because it sort of made him feel like nothing he did went right. You know what I mean?</p> <p>Franklin: Oh. Yeah, yeah.</p> <p>DeVine: Yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: I know exactly what you mean.</p> <p>DeVine: And we didn’t have grass; we didn’t have paved streets, no sidewalks. We had irrigation water, one irrigation hose in the yard, which was different than our house water.</p> <p>Franklin: And from when you moved in until ’58, they—did your parents stay in that—did you stay in that home the whole time?</p> <p>DeVine: No.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>DeVine: We moved in ’48. We moved out to a ranch house, and it, again, was on the last street west, on Cottonwood. That was before Cottonwood Loop was built. So, once again, we were out as close to the open as we could be. And that made us all very happy. It was nice. It was four bedrooms. We fit in a little bit better. I think I was going into high school at that point. My sister, she lived with us for two years before she graduated and went to college. And then my older brother and I graduated in ’52. My younger brother graduated in ’57. So we’re all Richland Bombers. Although the high school was called Columbia High School at that point.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah, Col High.</p> <p>DeVine: We consider ourselves—yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: It’s always interesting that it was Richland High and then became Columbia and is now Richland High again.</p> <p>DeVine: Right, right.</p> <p>Franklin: So you were in Richland—you moved into the house on Wright in ’44.</p> <p>DeVine: Correct.</p> <p>Franklin: So you were in Richland when the war ended.</p> <p>DeVine: Yes.</p> <p>Franklin: What do you remember about—I’d like to ask you about two events. The first would be the dropping of the bomb. What do you remember about that, that day, that time?</p> <p>DeVine: I remember that there was jubilation and people were saying, the war is over, the war is over. I don’t know why we had the car home that day; maybe our dad was—he worked shiftwork, so maybe he was sleeping. Anyway, the four of us kids got on the hood of the car with American flags and my mother drove us all around through town, yelling and celebrating that the war was over. It was later, I think, that I realized that the Hanford Project had had such a pivotal response to that.</p> <p>Franklin: Hmm. And that’s also a time when a lot of people—</p> <p>DeVine: Contribution to that.</p> <p>Franklin: Contribution, right. That’s also a time when a lot of people found out what was being done, even a lot of the workers.</p> <p>DeVine: Exactly.</p> <p>Franklin: Do you remember your parents talking about that moment when they realized what they had—</p> <p>DeVine: No. I don’t remember, except that I know my uncle, my mother’s brother, was in the war. And he went around—supposedly went around yelling, my brother-in-law did that! My brother-in-law did that! [LAUGHTER] And I don’t know if that’s true, but that’s the story that was passed on to us. So it was a wonderful time.</p> <p>It had been such a fearful time for us. When we lived in Ellensburg, we had—the college had been taken over by the Army. We had war bonds to buy; we had parties and weekends and people coming to town to try to get people to spend more on war bonds. And you could buy victory stamps, and when you got your book full of stamps, then you could buy a bond. And my brother and I sang over the radio—it was a really big thing, and there were airplanes flying over. There was a tank in a parade. So there was a lot of fear. We knew that we could be bombed, or we were led to believe that we could be bombed. We practiced air raids by ducking under our desk, which is pretty ridiculous. All of the houses had cans of sand in case of fire. All of the houses had blackout curtains for nighttime. So there was a lot of fear. But also a lot of joy in our lives. You know, I think our parents and our relatives did a really good job of trying to neutralize that fear.</p> <p>Franklin: Did you have a victory garden as well?</p> <p>DeVine: We did, yes! My dad, being a frustrated farmer, he had a big garden in our yard there. But he also had what we had a victory garden at my great-grandparents’ home. So he had two big gardens going on.</p> <p>Franklin: Richland, for all this time that you were living—or until 1958, was a government town.</p> <p>DeVine: Yes.</p> <p>Franklin: I’m wondering if you could—what you remember about that era in respect to that peculiar nature of there being really no private property in Richland.</p> <p>DeVine: I don’t think we knew the difference.</p> <p>Franklin: What kinds of things was the government responsible for in terms of people’s housing?</p> <p>DeVine: Well, they chose the designs. [LAUGHTER] They chose the colors. They chose what would be where. They did not dictate anything about landscaping or anything like that, that I know of. It just seemed like a normal town, really. Except that we didn’t have the streets and those kinds of things. But that didn’t really affect us. And then when we did get pavement downtown, when we’d go to a show on Saturday for a dime, we would go barefoot and we would stand in the shade of a building and then we would run as fast as we could across the pavement to the next shade. Because the pavement was so hot—blacktop pavement—was so hot on our feet. But it just—well, I remember one thing, too, that we had very long lines at the post office and they probably had long lines at the bank, although I don’t really remember going to the bank. I remember going to the post office.</p> <p>Franklin: The town had a pretty active bus system.</p> <p>DeVine: Yes, they did! And it was free.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah.</p> <p>DeVine: Later. All the workers could ride the bus to work. And in fact, many years later, I did that when I was working at 300 Area. I rode the bus a lot of the time. Not all the time, but a lot of the time, yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: What schools did you go to?</p> <p>DeVine: Well, we started out at Sacagawea because Marcus Whitman hadn’t been completed by that time. But that was only until maybe Christmas break. Then we went to Marcus Whitman. And then, of course—there was no junior high at that time, so then we went straight to Columbia High School from eighth grade. So it was a four-year high school.</p> <p>Franklin: And what year did you graduate?</p> <p>DeVine: ’52.</p> <p>Franklin: ’52, okay!</p> <p>DeVine: Yes.</p> <p>Franklin: And then you went to—you being working out on Site, shortly afterward?</p> <p>DeVine: Yes! I was 18. So I had to have a birth certificate to prove that I really was. I worked at 300 Area as a lab assistant. What we did was process sheep pee to—it was just for a local control of the nuclear activity in the animals. I don’t even, to tell you the truth, know what they were looking for. We just were told what to do and we did it. I loved it.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah, why?</p> <p>DeVine: I like anything science or anything medical. A number of years later, I came back. I had married, moved, had children, came back. And then I got a job as a chemical analyst. And, oh my goodness, that was such a good job. I really loved it. It was important. It was also in 300 Area. Then our little unit ran out of money, and I was the last hire, so I had to go to work at B, in B Reactor for six months until the new budget was passed.</p> <p>Franklin: What did you do out at B Reactor?</p> <p>DeVine: I swear to goodness, I do not know. I know we were processing samples. I don’t know what they were looking for, I don’t know where the samples came from, anything about it. Except that when I went on the tour of the B Reactor, I thought, oh yeah! This is—I do remember it. So I don’t know very much about that. It only took about six months to be out there. And then I remarried and got pregnant and moved to Alaska.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>DeVine: So that kind of—</p> <p>Franklin: So you worked out on the Site—for how long total did you work out there for?</p> <p>DeVine: Oh, total, oh gosh. Not very long, actually. Maybe five years was all. I really hated leaving Richland, because for one thing, I really enjoyed the work. And I loved the people that I worked with. And it was important work. So—but I left, because I had to. [LAUGHTER]</p> <p>Franklin: What were the most challenging or rewarding aspects of your work out at Hanford?</p> <p>DeVine: Well, the rewarding part, especially when I was a chemical analyst, was knowing that it was so important for our safety, locally. But I think it was an international safety, as well. All we were permitted to say was radiochemical analysis of fission products. That’s how secret it was. But we did know, because they thought it was important for us to know, what we were doing so we would be especially careful, and especially precise.</p> <p>I guess the hard part would’ve been being in a closed system for the entire work day. The challenge was just doing a good job, you know? It was just a wonderful job. Harvey Tenney was our chemist, and then they went on up from there.</p> <p>Franklin: Did you have to wear any type of special protective clothing or equipment to handle—</p> <p>DeVine: Yes. Well, we wore lab coats. And of course gloves and safety glasses. We did not wear the masks. We didn’t have our hands in places where the radioactivity was so great that we had to wear the big gloves. These were just medical nursing gloves.</p> <p>Franklin: What about radiation monitoring? Were you monitored at all?</p> <p>DeVine: Oh, yes, absolutely. We wore a badge and on the badge was some sort of thing that could detect radiation. We checked our hands before we left work, and then we turned in our badges once a month to be read.</p> <p>At one point, I did get what’s called crapped up when I was working out at B Reactor. It was interesting. At one point I had to take off my dress and wash it. And of course I had a lab coat to put on. They washed it. And then I wore it home, of course. And another time, they were going to check my house, but I hadn’t taken anything home. If I had, I would’ve been fired right then. But I hadn’t taken anything home. So it was fine.</p> <p>Franklin: Where did you—did you live after you graduated and you started working on Site? Did you still live with your family?</p> <p>DeVine: I lived with my parents for a while, and then when I came back, I had three children, so I bought a prefab, a little three-bedroom, added another bedroom and remodeled the bathroom. It was on the corner of Hoffman and Smith. So I was on another corner, yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay. I know that area pretty well. It’s kind of over by where I live. Could you describe a typical work day as a chemical analysis—</p> <p>DeVine: As a chemical analyst?</p> <p>Franklin: In the lab?</p> <p>DeVine: Well, yes, we would go and show our badges to get through the gate, go into the building, 325, I think it was. And put on our white shoes and our lab coat. Go into an airlock, close the door behind us, and then we could go into the actual lab. I can’t really give much about that, except that we prepared samples and then they were taken out to be radiated. And then we would get them back a few days later and process them again to see what the radioactive content had been. And I have no idea of any of the finished information, of the ending information. Yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: Right, yeah, that would’ve been passed up the chain.</p> <p>DeVine: No! [LAUGHTER]</p> <p>Franklin: What are some of your memories of any major events in Tri-Cities history, such as plants starting up--?</p> <p>DeVine: No, I don’t really remember anything like that. Atomic Frontier Days was the big celebration of the year in the summer. A big parade and all that. And the sports activities were an important thing.</p> <p>Franklin: I’m wondering if you could talk about the Atomic Frontier Days. What kinds of themes were there and what kind of activities were common in those celebrations?</p> <p>DeVine: Well, we had a parade, like I mentioned. And we had a Miss Tri-Cities. Hmm. I’m sure we had baseball games that were connected with it. Speakers, politicians would come and speak. I don’t remember any famous entertainers coming like they did at Hanford during the wartime.</p> <p>But—oh, one thing that I thought was fun. We had a swimming pool, Richland, the town of Richland had a swimming pool down by the Columbia River. And I thought it was really a huge pool and it may not have been. But there were so many people here that you could only swim for an hour, and then you had to get out and stand in line again for another hour to try to get in again. That made an impression on me [LAUGHTER] because I just had never heard of such a thing before. There wasn’t enough space for everybody to swim at the same time.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah, wow.</p> <p>DeVine: They since filled that in and built another one up at Richland High School.</p> <p>Franklin: Yup. Yeah, the George Prout pool.</p> <p>DeVine: Yes.</p> <p>Franklin: Were you here when President Kennedy visited?</p> <p>DeVine: Yes, I was!</p> <p>Franklin: Did you go out to see him?</p> <p>DeVine: I did not.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, okay.</p> <p>DeVine: My mother went. She was sick with cancer at the time, and she felt like she had touched him when he walked by. Whether or not she actually did, I don’t know. But it suited her to think that she had actually touched him. It was a very big thing, that visit was a very big thing around here. Yeah. I’ve seen pictures of it. But I didn’t—and I knew it was going on. But I don’t know why I didn’t go. I might’ve been at work. I don’t know what day of the week it was or anything.</p> <p>Franklin: Could you describe the ways in which security and/or secrecy at Hanford impacted your work?</p> <p>DeVine: Well, we always felt real safe. [LAUGHTER] It’s not like life today. It wasn’t a big deal; we just had our badge, and we turned them in each month and got a different one. So probably we rotated. That’s the only thing I can figure. They wouldn’t have been able to do all the badges, like, for instance, over the weekend or something. Because that job in 300 Area was just straight Monday through Friday, 6:15 to 2:00-something. Yeah. So it wasn’t a big deal.</p> <p>Franklin: What about the secrecy aspect? Did that ever impact your daily life or your friendships or relationships with anyone?</p> <p>DeVine: In a way, it probably did. You know, we had the signs: we will bury you; Khrushchev saying, we will bury you. And loose lips sink ships. And how important security was. Now, when I first got that job—maybe I shouldn’t say this, but when I first got that job as a lab assistant, I was telling a friend, a neighbor, about it. And she thought I went too far.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh. Like you had said too much about what you were doing?</p> <p>DeVine: What I was doing, right.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh.</p> <p>DeVine: She asked me, thermal heat or—? [LAUGHTER] And I said, oh, yeah—no. So, her sister, I guess, was the one that told me that she thought I’d said too much.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, wow. So there was like kind of community policing in that regard.</p> <p>DeVine: There was, yes.</p> <p>Franklin: Do you remember—I’d heard stories that there were FBI agents that would kind of walk down the street or go to people’s houses to interview people about—</p> <p>DeVine: I think we were aware of that, yes. Yeah. Interesting.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah, isn’t it? It’s kind of—it’s strange. When you were in school, did you have to do the duck-and-cover drills, civil defense drills? Was that a concern?</p> <p>DeVine: No, I don’t—I may be wrong. But I was so impressed with the ones that we had in Ellensburg, that anything else probably wouldn’t have been important enough to even think about.</p> <p>Franklin: Knowing what was being made at Hanford, and knowing the geopolitical situation—you mentioned the ‘we will bury you’ signs—and knowing that Hanford played a large role in the development of atomic weapons, did you ever feel like you were on the frontlines, or like the Hanford community might be a target in case of an eruption of hostilities?</p> <p>DeVine: You know, I think probably a lot of people did. I don’t remember feeling that. Now, I may have. That’s been a long time ago and a lot of things have happened in my life since then. Maybe that’s why is not a big memory. But I don’t think that I—there’s always fear of war and terrorism and stuff like that. But I don’t think it affected my life significantly at all.</p> <p>Franklin: How long did your father work out on Site until?</p> <p>DeVine: Well, he started in ’43, and then he would’ve retired probably when he was 60 or 65. He retired as a fireman there.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, okay.</p> <p>DeVine: And I don’t—I was gone. I don’t know what year it was.</p> <p>Franklin: Did he stay in Richland his whole life?</p> <p>DeVine: He did, he did. They moved away for a little—five years or something. Then they lived up in Chelan for a while, on Lake Chelan, in Manson. But then he came back and lived here until he died.</p> <p>Franklin: What would you like future generations to know about working at Hanford and living in Richland during the Cold War?</p> <p>DeVine: Well, it was a unique situation, certainly. Many of us have stayed in touch with people. Part of that is the result of a thing we call—it’s like a daily newsletter, we call it <em>The Sandstorm</em>. So that we know what’s going on among our friends. They talk a lot about no other town ever being like this. I don’t buy that, myself. I think there were a lot of safe towns, unique towns. But it was interesting. We didn’t really know the difference, I don’t think, at that time. I mean, things were safe. You could walk home any time of the day or night. Neighbors played in the streets, you know? Things like that. But I think that happened in a lot of towns. But we, because we were here, and maybe because we came from so many different places in the United States, we saw it as being very unique. And I don’t know.</p> <p>Franklin: Certainly, until ’58, you had to have a job at Hanford or be working—</p> <p>DeVine: Correct.</p> <p>Franklin: --to live in Richland.</p> <p>DeVine: Right.</p> <p>Franklin: So everyone had a job.</p> <p>DeVine: And many of them were, like, the stores. You could be an employee in the stores and things like that. You didn’t have to have a job on the reservation.</p> <p>Franklin: Right. But even those stores all had to have contracts with the Atomic Energy Commission—</p> <p>DeVine: Right, right.</p> <p>Franklin: --to operate the store. I think, maybe, that’s where a lot of people feel the community is unique, certainly because most towns didn’t have 100% employment and were owned by the government.</p> <p>DeVine: That’s true. That’s true.</p> <p>Franklin: I mean, there was no private—there was private property, but there was no—all the land and everything was—</p> <p>DeVine: Right, right.</p> <p>Franklin: It certainly is very interesting.</p> <p>DeVine: Yes, it is.</p> <p>Franklin: In how we think about small town America.</p> <p>DeVine: Right. And I don’t even know what small-town America is like, anymore. I think it’s changed so much since I was a youngster.</p> <p>Franklin: I wanted to ask you, when you moved back to Richland in 2000—how had the Tri-Cities changed from when you had left to when you came back?</p> <p>DeVine: The most staggering thing was the growth. The busy streets, the highways going in. Just the stores, traffic, all the time. It was—that was the thing that struck me the most.</p> <p>Franklin: Well, Em, thank you so much for—I guess I’ll, last point, is there anything else you wanted to say in regards to—</p> <p>DeVine: I can’t—</p> <p>Franklin: Your life in Richland?</p> <p>DeVine: Nothing significant comes to mind. I’m sorry. [LAUGHTER]</p> <p>Franklin: No, it’s fine. I just didn’t want to end without giving you the chance to—if there was something that you had thought of.</p> <p>DeVine: Right. Well, there’s lots of things, but not important enough to—</p> <p>Franklin: Well, I don’t know about that. What comes to mind?</p> <p>DeVine: I guess all high schools have this rah-rah-rah mentality. And we did, perhaps in the extreme. Because we had come from all over, there was just a different kind of closeness, maybe. And inclusion, they would call it now. [LAUGHTER] I don’t think we even had that word back then, as far as people are concerned. Yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: Because everyone—that’s another thing, actually, I wanted to ask. So you had family that was close by.</p> <p>DeVine: Yes.</p> <p>Franklin: Extended family. But many others didn’t.</p> <p>DeVine: Oh!</p> <p>Franklin: Do you think that led—how do you think that impacted people? Is that maybe what led to some of that inclusion?</p> <p>DeVine: Oh, I think it was so hard on so many of those families to be far away form any relatives at all. And yes, I think you’re right, that that did have something to being neighborly and being inclusive in our schools, and really gelling as a community. It must’ve been absolutely horrible. Now, my mother was raised, born and raised in the Ellensburg, Kittitas Valley, as was my dad. And she called these hills, those bald-headed hills. I mean, she really, really did not like the topography. [LAUGHTER] The fauna.</p> <p>Franklin: Right, she must’ve missed the trees and—</p> <p>DeVine: Oh, my gosh, it was terrible. But our neighbor from Kansas called them mountains. [LAUGHTER] You know? So there was just a different perspective for everybody that came here, and what was great and what was terrible. But I do think that having people come, and some of them maybe never seeing their relatives again. I don’t know about that. But it must’ve been just—</p> <p>When I drive through the countryside now and I see these farm houses, I think back to the days when women were out on their own—families, with their husband and whatever children—all by themselves. And I think about that every time I go by these buildings that are somewhat isolated, still. But they have cars, they have phones, they have TV, you know, so they can get around and they can see what’s going on in the world. We had no idea what was going on in the rest of the world, except the war. Yeah.</p> <p>Oh! President Harry Truman came and visited and talked.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh.</p> <p>DeVine: And the Richland High School band marched in a parade for him. That’s the closest I ever got to a president.</p> <p>Franklin: Do you remember what year that was?</p> <p>DeVine: Gosh. Well, I was in high school, so it had to have been ’49 or ’50 would be my guess.</p> <p>Franklin: So during the second term.</p> <p>DeVine: Yeah, ’49 or ’50.</p> <p>Franklin: That brings me to another question. So after the war ended, it looked like Hanford might shut down for a while.</p> <p>DeVine: Yes!</p> <p>Franklin: And I’m sure some people were probably making plans to move or leave or figure out—do you remember—did your family have any such plans or—</p> <p>DeVine: I think there was quite a bit of turmoil for a lot of people in that regard. But then they just kept finding things to do and finding things to do. There was a lot of—I think there were a lot of families that left, fearing that it would shut down, and went and found jobs other places. But a lot of us stuck around, just hung in there.</p> <p>Franklin: And there was a new boom in the late ‘40s, early ‘50s when they built K East and K West and some of the other reactors. How did that impact Richland, and do you remember much about that?</p> <p>DeVine: I have no idea, except that people came in. I’m still astonished by how many houses are being built here. Where are the people coming from? Who are these people? Why are they coming here? [LAUGHTER] You know?</p> <p>Franklin: Back then or right now?</p> <p>DeVine: Now. And I probably thought the same thing then. Why are all these people here?</p> <p>Franklin: Well, I’ll tell you, as someone who’s trying to buy a house right now, it’s a tight market and everything’s getting snapped up. Yeah, I wonder that, too. But our economy must be good. Housing’s tight.</p> <p>DeVine: Yeah, it’s very interesting to watch it. I don’t know what’s going to happen. I’m trying to buy a house, too. I need a bigger house. I bought a small house just for me. Turn that off.</p> Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 00:49:52 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 317kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Marilyn DeVine Subject The topic of the resource White Bluffs (Wash.) Hanford Site (Wash.) Richland (Wash.) Description An account of the resource Marilyn (Em) DeVine spent part of her childhood in White Bluffs, living in an old farmhouse during the Manhattan Project. Her father was a patrolman and had to be stationed on the site. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 05/21/2018 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Language A language of the resource English Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford Oral History Project operated under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who were the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to the US Department of Energy collection. https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F4b3b39e87ce2507d604a1502d8a7ab60.jpg 770df6b0e7699c07a4956c77fd36fe8a https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F52781766779487f891c66cb12dd10aac.mp4 80f3a4e1bf5e27d53fb0329c79865a7f Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Post-1943 Oral Histories Subject The topic of the resource Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War Description An account of the resource Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items. Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview Robert Franklin Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed Elaine Davis Location The location of the interview Washington State University Tri-Cities Transcription Any written text transcribed from a sound <p>Robert Franklin: Are you ready?</p> <p>Elaine Davis: There.</p> <p>Franklin: Better get that closed. Ready? Okay. My name is Robert Franklin. I am conducting an oral history interview with Elaine Davis on September 2, 2016. The interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington State University Tri-Cities. I will be talking with Elaine Davis about her experiences growing up in Richland. So, the best place to start is at the beginning. So why don’t you tell me where and when you were born?</p> <p>Elaine Davis: I was born September 27, 1948 at Kadlec Hospital. I grew up on 1918 Howell in Richland and I went to school at Jefferson Elementary, Chief Jo Middle—Chief Jo Junior High at that time, and Columbia High School.</p> <p>Franklin: And Columbia later became Richland?</p> <p>Davis: Richland High School.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah, the gentleman I just interviewed also went to Columbia High School. And so, Elaine, we’ve already talked a bit, and I’ve read your bio here that my intern put together, and so you were born here, but your dad, your family didn’t work at Hanford-proper, right, but they worked for the government here?</p> <p>Davis: My dad, I think, worked for the Manhattan Project. He came in March 1944. And my mother came out in June of 1944, after she finished nursing school. And then my brother was born on the 2^nd of August, 1944, and he was the first baby born in Kadlec. They didn’t have bassinets at that time; they put him in a dresser drawer.</p> <p>[LAUGHTER]</p> <p>Franklin: How new was Kadlec Hospital at that time?</p> <p>Davis: They had just completed the emergency room and the maternity section.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>Davis: So my mom was admitted on the 1^st, but she didn’t have him until the 2^nd of August, 1944.</p> <p>Franklin: So your brother is somewhat of a local celebrity at the time, correct?</p> <p>Davis: Yes, he is, right. He was grand marshal for one of the parades that Richland had, with my mother sitting beside him, and they were the grand marshal.</p> <p>Franklin: I guess he kind of, in some ways he might symbolize—the first birth of the community, right, is something for the community to kind of gather around. Because up until that point, right, there was no one who worked for the Manhattan Project who had any kind of—no one could say, like, oh, I was born in Richland. You know?</p> <p>Davis: Mm-hmm, right.</p> <p>Franklin: Or at least the new Richland that was—is distinct from the—</p> <p>Davis: Because Richland did exist before the Manhattan Project.</p> <p>Franklin: Right, yeah, but most of those people had had to leave and were of a very different—they would’ve had very different lives and memories of Richland than all of the people that would’ve came.</p> <p>Davis: Yes.</p> <p>Franklin: So what did your father do at the Manhattan Project?</p> <p>Davis: He worked—he was one of the—not the first male nurse out on the Project, but one of the first male nurses out on the Project in 1944.</p> <p>Franklin: And—</p> <p>Davis: And—</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, please.</p> <p>Davis: But he didn’t, you know—he didn’t know what was going on. All he knew is he was here as a nurse to help out in any way he could.</p> <p>Franklin: Do you know where he worked in those early days?</p> <p>Davis: He didn’t tell me where he worked. I’m sure it was probably because it was so secretive.</p> <p>Franklin: Right, right. So then he transferred over to Kadlec when it was completed then?</p> <p>Davis: Yes.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay. And what did he do for Kadlec?</p> <p>Davis: He was the administrator for Kadlec.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay. So was he then in charge of like the day-to-day operations?</p> <p>Davis: Yes, he was.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay. And you also mentioned that your mother worked there?</p> <p>Davis: My mother worked from the time I was 13 months old, and she worked until I was in the third grade, when I was about nine. She went to work for Dr. Buren Lee for 17 years and then they started the Richland Clinic. She worked for Dr. Ballmann for 17 years after that. But she continued working until she was 78 years old.</p> <p>Franklin: Wow.</p> <p>Davis: Because of having Alzheimer’s, they had to let her go.</p> <p>Franklin: Right, right. And what did she do when she worked for the doctors?</p> <p>Davis: For Dr. Lee, she was a surgical nurse. For Dr. Ballmann, she was his medical nurse.</p> <p>Franklin: And how long did your father work at Kadlec for?</p> <p>Davis: I’m going to say for maybe a year, year-and-a-half, after Kadlec came into existence.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>Davis; And then he worked for HEHF when they got the contract.</p> <p>Franklin: When was that?</p> <p>Davis: I’m not really sure when that was. He worked until he was 65 for HEHF as the administrator. Did all the hiring and firing for HEHF.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay. It says here that your father lived in the barracks at one time?</p> <p>Davis: He lived in the barracks for the first three months. And then they lived on Armistead—and I don’t know the exact address—for four-and-a-half years. And then they moved into 1918 Howell, three months before I was born. My mother was out watering the new lawn when she started her labor with me.</p> <p>Franklin: How—sorry. Did your father have any stories or anything about—or your mother—about—well, actually, I guess that’s a good question. So your father came in ’44, and your mother in June ’44. Do you know if your mother worked on the Manhattan Project? For the year—</p> <p>Davis: No, she didn’t. She did not—</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>Davis: --work for the Manhattan Project. But she did tell stories of standing in line for rations, meat rations, sugar rations, coffee rations, when it was 110 degrees and no trees.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, man, wow.</p> <p>Davis: They would both talk about the terminating winds that people would just leave because it was dusty, so dusty you couldn’t see. And every day, you had to clean out your window sills because of the dust that piled up in the windows. [LAUGHTER]</p> <p>Franklin: Wow. Do your parents have any other stories about that time? Anything that sticks out to you that you can remember?</p> <p>Davis: Now, they went and watched Eddie Feigner, the baseball player, was here. They went to a lot of baseball games to watch him, and they did a lot of their own entertaining. They played bridge every week, and rode their bikes an awful lot, played a lot of tennis.</p> <p>Franklin: I see. Oh, that’s good. I mean, you got to stay entertained. Tell me about growing up in Richland, you know, being a government town. I understand you would’ve been young for a lot of that, but during the Cold War, being this government town.</p> <p>Davis: I remember in grade school, we had to do duck-and-cover under our desks. We did that once a week.</p> <p>Franklin: Can you walk me through that process?</p> <p>Davis: You got under your desk and got on your knees and put your hands over your face, and you waited until they said everything was clear.</p> <p>Franklin: And you said you did that about once a week?</p> <p>Davis: Once a week.</p> <p>Franklin: So that means you got—I bet everybody got pretty—was it the same time all the time, or did you just hear the bell and know it was duck-and-cover time?</p> <p>Davis: You’d hear the siren and they’d have you—give you directions to do the duck-and-cover.</p> <p>Franklin: When did you understand, first understand, what was at Hanford or what was being produced at Hanford?</p> <p>Davis: I think that I learned about it when I was about 14, 15 years old.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, really?</p> <p>Davis: Yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay, and what do you remember about that?</p> <p>Davis: That everything was secretive. Nobody could discuss their jobs, what they were doing, or anything. So there was a lot of secrecy in it. But we didn’t question it.</p> <p>Franklin: Really? So, what did you think about it, when you found out what was being made at Hanford? How did that make you feel, or—</p> <p>Davis: I think it made me, you know—that saved our country. If we hadn’t done it, we might be slaves to the Japanese or to the Germans.</p> <p>Franklin: What about the work that had happened after the World War II, what about the continued—because, you know, when you would’ve found out about that, right, there was still a lot of production for the Cold War weapons arsenal. What about—so, I understand that feeling of in the World War II there’s that feeling you mentioned about being physically at war with other countries, declared war. But what about the Cold War? Is that trickier to draw a feeling about, or how do you—what about the Hanford’s relationship to the USSR and to the Cold War and to the nuclear weapons stockpile?</p> <p>Davis: It was, I thought, was scary, growing—learning about it. There was nothing that we could do as citizens ourselves. It was up to what the government—it was their decision, not ours. I really don’t have anything to comment on.</p> <p>Franklin: Sure. I just—the main reason I ask that question, these kinds of questions is for people—I grew up at the very end of the Cold War, but for myself and for people to come, it’s illustrative, I think, to hear from experiences of people that lived in that time and lived with the fear or the risk or just in that situation. Because it’s so unique.</p> <p>Davis: It is.</p> <p>Franklin: And such an interesting period of time, because World War II is so easily well-defined, and it ended with a lot of joy here and this kind of momentous occasions. Whereas the Cold War had its ups and downs.</p> <p>Davis: Right.</p> <p>Franklin: So that’s why I ask those—not to sort of draw any kind of gotcha moments or anything like that. But to just explore how you felt, or, like, the feeling of the sense of being in that conflict.</p> <p>Davis: I didn’t do a lot of reading, but I did listen to a lot of the news commentators and stuff like that. So just learning about it was an experience to go through.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, yeah, I bet. So you would’ve found out about Hanford as a teenager, and then do you remember the sale of when Richland became privatized?</p> <p>Davis: Yes, I do.</p> <p>Franklin: I guess you would’ve been about ten.</p> <p>Davis: My dad showed my brother and I the biggest check we’d probably ever see written by my parents when they bought their house for $8,000. He took it with him when they signed the papers so that—we had ownership of our house, rather than the government coming in and changing lights; we changed our own lights, we could do reconstruction or construction—remodeling on the house and stuff like that, where we couldn’t before. So it was a great experience for my brother and I to go with them and to see what the process was in buying the house. My parents’ first house.</p> <p>Franklin: Did life change for you substantially after Richland was—or did you notice changes?</p> <p>Davis: I didn’t notice anything changing. We never locked our house or our cars. The kids in the neighborhood played out in the summer until 11:00 at night and you didn’t have to worry about children missing or being molested. We were a safe place to live and grow up. Our main activity was going to the river and swimming and water skiing everyday during the summer. During the winter, we snow skied. My dad learned to snow ski at 48.</p> <p>Franklin: [LAUGHTER]</p> <p>Davis: We taught him. He took a few lessons, but he learned, basically, from my brother and I.</p> <p>Franklin: Wow, that’s really cool. And so you graduated in—</p> <p>Davis: 1967.</p> <p>Franklin: And then what?</p> <p>Davis: Then I went to two-and-a-half years at CBC. And I’m dyslexic, so I could take about 12 credit hours. And then I decided after two-and-a-half years, I could get a job in the Area and my dad said—I said, can you help me get a job? And he says, I don’t want to be owing to anybody for getting a job for you. He says, if you get a job, you’re going to have to get it on your own. So I laid out of school for a year-and-a-half and I worked at Roger’s of Walla Walla in a potato shed. We had no air conditioning.</p> <p>Franklin: Whew.</p> <p>Davis: You inspected the potatoes and they were done then made into French fries. They’d come down the conveyor belt, and you’d pull the potato off that was rotten, or it wasn’t good enough to be used. So you pulled them off. And then you also packed five six-pound bags into a box and put it on the conveyor belt to go into the freezer. Another job was to make the box—the boxes were made, but you had to put it on a conveyor belt down to where it was put into—the potato sacks were put into the boxes and shipped to the cooler. What made me decide to go back to school was, I was working graveyard the whole year-and-a-half I worked there. But I’d worked there three summers and got a job full-time. Two women got into a brawl, biting, kicking, scratching, and I quit that night and said, I’m going back to school. I went back to school and majored in recreation, park administration at Eastern Washington University. It was a state college then.</p> <p>Franklin: Right.</p> <p>Davis: And I worked between my junior and senior year of college for the Richland Recreation Department. And then after I graduated from college, a year-and-a-half after I graduated from college, I got a job, my first job at Exxon. My salary for the whole year was $5,000 a year. Which was low in ’74 when I started. But everything was lower. Prices were lower then. And then I worked for them for four years, and then I got hired in by United Nuclear in 1978. And I worked in document control through many changes of companies until I was laid off in 2005. And then—</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, wow.</p> <p>Davis: 27 ½ years. And then I got a job working for the Richland School District as a bus aide for special needs kids, and just loved it. And I just quit working when I turned 66 two years ago.</p> <p>Franklin: Wow, that’s really—well, it’s great that you really enjoyed your last job. Records control, was that at the Federal Building?</p> <p>Davis: In the Federal Building, when I worked for United Nuclear, I went out and changed the operating procedures for N Reactor and the production of making the fuel rods for N Reactor. And then I worked in all aspects of document control for 25 years. The last job I worked at was procedures. I would take around procedures for safety operations, environmental, and I’d get the signatures from the engineers and that’s what I did.</p> <p>Franklin: And so what did—when you’re doing document control, what would those duties usually consist of?</p> <p>Davis: What would what be?</p> <p>Franklin: Sorry. When you were doing document control, what did that consist of? Like, what were your duties?</p> <p>Davis: Like I said, I retired records, and they were stored in records storage. Then my last job, like I said, was working with the engineers on writing of the procedures.</p> <p>Franklin: Interesting. It’s very similar to what I do as an archivist, is I manage records as well. Although in a different—manage them for research use. But it’s very similar steps, right? You follow a disposition schedule, you file the records in appropriate places, after a certain time you send things to— Did you send things to the National Archives at certain times, or--?</p> <p>Davis: No, we didn’t. I did not. But my group did.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay. How big was your group?</p> <p>Davis: We had about six people in that, in all different aspects.</p> <p>Franklin: How many different contractors did you work for, starting with United Nuclear?</p> <p>Davis: I worked for about four different companies. The last one was CH2M Hill.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay. And so what were the other two?</p> <p>Davis: Boeing. And I can’t remember what the other one was.</p> <p>Franklin: Is it Lockheed?</p> <p>Davis: Yes, Lockheed Martin. Yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah, I’ve seen their—</p> <p>Davis: It was Boeing and then Lockheed Martin.</p> <p>Franklin: LMSI.</p> <p>Davis: LMSI.</p> <p>Franklin: I’ve seen that on a lot of the documents we have in the Hanford Collection.</p> <p>Davis: Yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: I just—it’s nice to kind of trace that—I’m just going to write that down. United Nuclear Industries, Boeing, LMSI, CH2M Hill. Thank you. That’s very helpful to me, actually. Because it’s not always clear to reconstruct form the documents. So your brother, the famous Ed Quigley, Jr., the Richland-famous Ed Quigley, what did he do?</p> <p>Davis: He has a degree in social—not social work—psychology and sociology as a double major. But he didn’t—he got into the clinical aspect of it and didn’t like it. And then he started taking—his first wife, Chris, was accepted into Dalhousie University in Canada and they moved to Halifax, Nova Scotia. And he started—that’s where he started his clinical work and decided he didn’t like it. So he was really interested in music, and he took guitar lessons and now he is teaching at Ted Brown’s Music Center in Tacoma. He’s been there for 40-some years.</p> <p>Franklin: Wow.</p> <p>Davis: And he just went with us to Canada. We went to Canada for a month. Just got back last week. And he went with us. That’s what he does.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, cool.</p> <p>Davis: And he lives in a beach house which has got 210 stairs up and down to his house, so anything you bring down and all the garbage has to go back up.</p> <p>Franklin: I bet he stays in pretty good shape doing all that, right?</p> <p>Davis: Yeah, he is.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah, I was going to say, that would—maybe I should get 210 stairs to my house. Is there anything else that you would like to tell us about your work or growing up in Hanford or your parents?</p> <p>Davis: I can remember, during the time that we were government, if you dialed 0 you got the FBI.</p> <p>Franklin: [LAUGHTER] Did that accidentally happen in your new household?</p> <p>Davis: We did! Once! [LAUGHTER] And got in trouble for it.</p> <p>Franklin: Wow.</p> <p>Davis: You know, we lived in a real sheltered community. When I was growing up, there was only one person that—or one family that I knew was divorced. They were a doctor and his wife and their three kids. That was the only divorce that I knew. So we were a pretty sheltered community. If your kids got in trouble, you were out of here. They didn’t put up with it. But I feel blessed to be in a community that was so caring and so carefree with letting us play outside. Now, you don’t let your kids go outside without being chaperoned. Some of my friends have got grandkids, and they don’t let them out of the house, because of the crime situations, child molestations. So I feel pretty blessed that I lived in a community where nobody bothered anybody, but you knew everybody.</p> <p>Franklin: Right, but I suppose a lot of that is due to kind of the single focus of that community being on Hanford employees, right?</p> <p>Davis: Right.</p> <p>Franklin: And the government control of the—the fear of—maybe not the fear of retribution, but knowing that there was kind of something watching over you.</p> <p>Davis: Right, right.</p> <p>Franklin: Which was the government. What about—did you—like the racial situation in Pasco or Kennewick ever make a mark on you, or do you remember any, like the civil rights era kind of stuff in the Tri-Cities?</p> <p>Davis: As a child, or as parents, our parents never took us to Pasco because of the racial situation there. And Kennewick didn’t allow any blacks, either, at that particular time, growing up. They were all in Pasco, on the east side. So we didn’t really go to Pasco a lot, or to Kennewick. We just stayed in our own community.</p> <p>Franklin: Because Richland just excluded—until ’58, you couldn’t live there unless you worked there, and they didn’t hire many African Americans.</p> <p>Davis: No, they didn’t.</p> <p>Franklin: At all, because there was no civil rights legislation to push equal—you know, push away discrimination in housing or employment. As you mentioned, Kennewick had sundown laws that kept African Americans from owning property. What about, is there any other significant events in Tri—do you remember like the Atomic Frontier Days parade?</p> <p>Davis: Yes, I do. That was one of the big things in Richland, was to go to the Atomic Frontier Days. We went every year, and just had a lot of fun.</p> <p>Franklin: How long did those go till?</p> <p>Davis: Now, that, I’m not sure. I can’t remember that.</p> <p>Franklin: Do you remember President Kennedy’s visit in 1963?</p> <p>Davis: Yes. I was let out of school to go hear him dedicate N Area, N Reactor.</p> <p>Franklin: How was—can you talk a little bit about that? How was that?</p> <p>Davis: Lots and lots of people. It was so crowded. It was good to see—that was the first time I’d ever seen a president up close.</p> <p>Franklin: How close were you?</p> <p>Davis: We weren’t right up front, but we were in the midst of the crowds that was out there. And it was a great feeling.</p> <p>Franklin: Wow, that’s great. Any other events in the Tri-Cities’ history that come to mind?</p> <p>Davis: No, I can’t remember a lot about that.</p> <p>Franklin: How did—so you worked for several different contractors and you also worked from production to shutdown to kind of cleanup. I was wondering if you could talk first about, how did your job change with different contractors? Or how was that—did the work situation change at all, or was it pretty constant?</p> <p>Davis: No, you did the—I was doing the same job that I was assigned to. Nothing seemed to change when a new contractor came in.</p> <p>Franklin: So was there kind of a lack of like an organizational culture with each contractor?</p> <p>Davis: Now, when we went—when CH2M Hill came in, we had to apply for our—re-apply for our jobs, and that was real unsettling to everybody. Because you didn’t know whether you were going to be the one that was going to be out on the street or whether you weren’t. So that was a lot of pressure was put on us.</p> <p>Franklin: Wow. I bet. What about, how did your job change at all from production to stoppage of production and then to the cleanup phase?</p> <p>Davis: Now, from production we changed a little bit, but not a whole lot. And then when we went into—I was laid off in 2005. And so I don’t know—I didn’t work with any of the cleanup completely. Like they are now. So I don’t know.</p> <p>Franklin: What kind of—well, but then—since production stopped in ’87, ’88—</p> <p>Davis: Yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: What happened in those years of the ‘90s and up?</p> <p>Davis: Well, N Area was still going. And then when they closed that down, things started changing, document-wise, with that.</p> <p>Franklin: How so?</p> <p>Davis: You had different things that we were given to do that were different from what we were doing when we were in production.</p> <p>Franklin: Could you describe that? Or like maybe some—what was different about them?</p> <p>Davis: I can’t really explain it.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay.</p> <p>Davis: But it was different. We had different things to do and different things to follow during that time.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay. Is there any example that comes to mind?</p> <p>Davis: Not really.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay. Let me see here. How did—can you describe how this kind of element of security or safety impacted your work at Hanford?</p> <p>Davis: You took pleasure in your job, and you were really loyal to what you were doing. You just had a great sense of gratitude for how we were doing it and what we were doing.</p> <p>Franklin: That’s great. What about for your father? Was he ever—do you know if he was ever impacted by security restrictions or safety stuff, or how that affected his job?</p> <p>Davis: That I don’t know, because he didn’t really discuss that with us.</p> <p>Franklin: Right.</p> <p>Davis: His work thing was separate from his family and social life. So we really didn’t hear about it.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, right, okay. What would you like future generations to know about working at Hanford and living in Richland during the Cold War?</p> <p>Davis: I think that, you know, we were safe. And then when the Cold War came on, we weren’t as safe, because we didn’t know if somebody was going to send a bomb over and destroy us. Or destroy themselves, because we would probably retaliate. And to think that we could wipe the whole world out by what we were doing. We just didn’t trust each other. And we still, to this day, don’t know a lot about what’s going on either. We know more, but we don’t know everything.</p> <p>Franklin: Mm. Yeah. That is very true. One of the last things I’d like to ask you about is your relationship or your involvement in the B Reactor Museum Association.</p> <p>Davis: We just joined in June, so we’ve had—</p> <p>Franklin: Of this year?</p> <p>Davis: Yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, okay.</p> <p>Davis: So we’ve had two meetings [LAUGHTER] before we left to go to Alaska.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, okay. And why did you choose to get involved in that?</p> <p>Davis: We wanted—because we both, both Charles and I worked here, and we wanted to get active in the organization to promote what Hanford’s about and the B Reactor especially. We went on the July 16^th thing to B Reactor. It was great. We learned a lot. Just to walk into that face, and see the face of the reactor.</p> <p>Franklin: Was that your first time to B Reactor?</p> <p>Davis: That was my first time.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah, it’s almost a religious experience in some ways.</p> <p>Davis: Yes, it is.</p> <p>Franklin: To be confronted with that massive, powerful reactor. You said your husband, Charles, worked on Site?</p> <p>Davis: Yes, he did.</p> <p>Franklin: And what did he do?</p> <p>Davis: He worked, to begin with, as a Hanford Patrol. And then he went from there into nuclear operator, and then from there he went into operations at T Plant. He was one of their administrators. He wasn’t high up, but he—</p> <p>Franklin: And how long did he work at Hanford for?</p> <p>Davis: He worked for 24 ½ years before he got laid off.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, okay, and what years were those?</p> <p>Davis: Okay, ’78 to 2003.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, okay.</p> <p>Davis: ’80. No, I take it back. 1980 through—</p> <p>Franklin: And—oh, sorry. Where did you guys meet? Did you meet at Hanford?</p> <p>Davis: No. We met square dancing.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, okay. That’s really great. Did you meet him before you were working at Hanford or after?</p> <p>Davis: No, after.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay, you worked there pretty much around the same timespan.</p> <p>Davis: Mm-hmm, yeah.</p> <p>Franklin: Oh, that’s really interesting.  Cool.</p> <p>Davis: You might want to interview him, too.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah, that would be really interesting.</p> <p>Davis: He wasn’t born or raised here, but—</p> <p>Franklin: No, but that’s—it’s really good to get—one of the things we’ve been looking for is perspectives of those who worked during the later Cold War. Because, you know, it’s such a big event.</p> <p>Davis: Right.</p> <p>Franklin: And then the shift, too, from production to cleanup is a really important shift that will become more historical as time goes on, so it’s good to get the people while they have fresher memories than trying to make them drag out stuff from 50, 60 years ago. Which is—if that’s the best you got, then that’s the best you got. Well, great, Elaine, thank you so much for the information and the interview. Did you want to narrate some of the stuff you brought, or did you just want to donate that to us to scan?</p> <p>Davis: I’ll donate that to you.</p> <p>Franklin: Okay, great. Well, we’ll have that and we’ll put it in the file with your interview and so people can take a look at that, too, to kind of—if they want to see pictures of Ed, Jr., and all the newspaper articles. Well, I mean, I think there’s really something important about a community coming together to celebrate that first new life. That’s so important at the beginning of a community to see that happening, it makes it, I think, a nicer place to live. So that’s really neat. Well, thank you so much.</p> <p>Davis: You’re welcome. Thank you.</p> <p>Franklin: Yeah, watch out for the microphone up above you. Sorry.</p> <p>Davis: Oh! How’d I do?</p> Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 00:42:39 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 317kbps Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Interview with Elaine Davis Subject The topic of the resource Richland (Wash.) Hanford Atomic Products Operation Douglas United Nuclear, Inc. Description An account of the resource Elaine Davis grew up in Richland in the early Cold War. Her father came to Richland in 1944 and was an administrator at Kadlec Hospital. Her older brother was the first baby born in the new town of Richland Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 9/2/2016 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project, who can provide specific rights information for this item. Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource video/mp4 Language A language of the resource English Provenance A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource. The Hanford Oral History Project operated under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who were the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to the US Department of Energy collection.