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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Post-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Robert Franklin
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Alice Didier
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Robert Franklin</span>: My name is Robert Franklin. I am conducting an oral history interview with Alice Didier on July 12</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span class="NormalTextRun SCX146332551">th</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">, 2016. The interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington State University Tri-Cities. I will be talking with Alice Didier about her experiences working at the Hanford s</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ite and homesteading outside of—</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">Connell?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Alice Didier</span>: Eltopia.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Eltopa.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Eltopia, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Eltopia</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">, okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">. So why don’t we start at the beginning. Where were you born?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: I was born in Portland, Oregon.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: I was a city girl. Met my husband</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> who was born in Condon, Oregon, and he came from wheat farming country. However, his dad was not a farmer; he ran a machine shop in Condon. However, Don worked on many of the farms up there in Condon. We were married in 1951, and Don was in the service. He was in the Air Force. So after he was discharged, we came home to Condon. Our dream was to have something of our own—a farm, or—you know—mainly a farm. But the ground in that area was way too expensive for us to ever dream of owning anything. So we had the—we decided to make a trip to Canada. We went all the way to Prince George looking for land to buy, because they were encouraging American citizens to come up there and settle. Well, after that trip—before that trip, Don got an inquiry, or got a letter from the—I don’t really—it was the Bureau of Reclamation? I don’t know. It was if you were a veteran, you were entitled to throw your name in the hat, and if your name was drawn, you might have an opportunity to draw some land up here in the Columbia Basin. On a whim, he filled that out and mailed it before we left. And we were very glad we did because Prince George was a pole thicket up there. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: It was a what?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: A pole thicket. </span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: A pole thicket.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">My goodness gracious, if you had to clear that land it’d take you forever and a day. Plus—what is—peat? It had a peat—you couldn’t burn it, because you’d burn off everything that was worth—of value to farm. So you had to clear everything by hand.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: So</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> anyway. Very glad that when we got back, he had sent this in, and he was informed to come for an interview in Connell by a board of people that would determine if we were qualified. You were supposed to have assets, I think</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> of $1,500. I don’t remember what the qualifications were. But we did not have—we did not meet the qualifications. But we decided that we’d bluff it through. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> So we came up in the fall of 1953. To Connell. I was eight-and-a-half months pregnant with my daughter. First thing I did was look up the name of the doctor in the phone book in Connell, because I thought I might not make it back to Condon before she appeared on the scene. But anyway, didn’t work out that </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">way. But they took Don out in a Jeep, and bounced over hill and dale, and showed him the land that they had laid out that was available for drawing at that time. Not everything was available at the same time. So he picked out our farm unit. I had never—I didn’t get to see the land. I didn’t have any part of that, because I didn’t want to chance taking a trip in the Jeep in my condition. February of ’54, his dad and Don loaded up—we bought this Army tent, and he loaded up everything we owned in the way of furniture and moved up to our unit. It was nothing but rock, sagebrush, rattlesnakes—[LAUGHTER]—</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">and,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> yeah</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">, sagebrush,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> I said sagebrush. A lot of sagebrush. All of that had to be cut and burnt—cleared, in other words, in order to farm anything in the area that we picked out. Some land around there had been farmed—wheat farmers had tried their hand at raising wheat in that area, small areas. But not enough rainfall. And there were sheep camps in there. They had been running sheep, some of them. </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">When Don brought me up, he pulled up on this—we had to come in from Eltopia; there were no roads built. So we had to come over hill and dale to get out to our farm unit. And he pulled up, and he said, this is it. And I said, this is it? I mean—[LAUGHTER] there was nothing there, period. It was sort of a shock.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And you hadn’t seen it before this?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: I had not seen it before then.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: It had been purchased sight unseen by you?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yes, yes. And he and his dad had preceded my coming up there to drop our stuff off and build a wooden floor and side—what would you call it? Sidewalls. Sidewalls for the tent. So they had it pretty well constructed. Anyway, that was the beginning. [LAUGHTER] Don had borrowed from a farmer in Condon a small little D4 Cat, I think it was. We hauled that up here. And he and his dad had built a scraper, a small scraper, to put behind it. So Don started developing a piece of land behind where we had pitched this tent. My daughter was three months old when we moved up here. Let’s see—</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">October, </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">November</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">, December</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">—four months old, I guess. And my son was about a year-and-a-half, or less than two. So we took up residence i</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">n our tent. [LAUGHTER] And </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">when we finally got our power, we had a refrigerator. Like I said, I had a </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span class="SpellingError SCX146332551">Sud</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> Saver washing machine that you could dump the water. We had two tubs out front—laundry tubs, like there used—women used to have in their house. So I’d save the wash water, and I’d save the rinse water, because we were hauling every drop of water. It was pretty precious. You reuse it a couple of times. Maybe not the most sanitary, but that was</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> the</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">—[LAUGHTER] That’s what we had to do.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: How long did it take from when you moved in to when you got power?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: I’d say two weeks at the most.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Big Ben</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">d</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> came in and dropped power in. But we still had no roads. We had a little ’51 Oldsmobile and we had a water trailer, and we had to go into Eltopia to the railroad—there was a railroad well. And we’d fill there. It took a half a tank of gas to get down to the well and back with a tank of water. Yeah. And we had no neighbors. There were no neighbors. It was just Don and I out there. Over the hill was a couple. She was an English war bride. And they had settled in there before we did. And then we had another couple to the south of us. But we were the only people in that whole area. It was pretty dark at </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">night,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> I’m going to tell you. There were no lights. There was nothing. It was black.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow. So how fast did the land clearing go?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Not very fast.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Not very fast?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Because we didn’t have any money. We used a big Noble blade and cut the sagebrush. Then we’d have to go out and pile it by hand in big stacks and burn it. Don managed to level off, I think—well</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> I don’t know, what was it? 14, 15 acres was the first—because in those days, there were no circles. It was all either you had hand line—irrigation hand line, or you had to level the ground to a grade that you could put in a ditch and use siphon tubes—rill irrigation, they called it. And Don didn’t want anything to do with the hand lines. So he was leveling it for rill irrigation.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And so you used real irrigation?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: We did.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And how do you spell that?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: R-I-L-L.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">R-I-L-L. </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">We did a previous oral history </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">where someone mentioned that and we didn’t—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Know how to spell—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: No one</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> at the Project</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> had heard of that </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">and we weren’t sure how to spell it.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Really?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So it’s R-I-L-L—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Mm-hmm.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: --irrigation. Thank you so much. Can go back and fix som</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">e </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">transcripts.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So it’s—just will you explain that again? That’s when you lay down—</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">where </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">you grade—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>; You have to grade the land so that the water will flow from the top to the bottom.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: You know, enough of a grade so that the water will flow down the—well, you put ditches from the head ditch up here that carries the main body of water. You would back up to that with ditch shovels and make ditches every so far through your crop. That’s where you would set the siphon tube and the water would go from the top to the bottom. When it reached the bottom, then you’d pick them up and move on down. You could only set so many at one time, depending on how much of a head of a water you had—or how many feet you had coming down the ditch.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So that’s a much more labor-intensive type of irrigation. I imagine, probably an older type of irrigation, as well.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Right, but not maybe as labor-intensive as packing that hand line. That’s work. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And what would the tubes be constructed out of usually?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Aluminum.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Aluminum</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> tubes</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: And there’s a picture, I think, in that magazine I gave you</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> from International Harvester, showing</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> me priming one of those tubes.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, okay, great. Wow, tha</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">t</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">’</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">s great.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> You had to learn how to do that. You had to learn how to give it a deal like this and flip it over quick so you didn’t lose your prime. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: A lot of people didn’t know how to do it in the beginning and they’d suck</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> on it, if you can believe that, to get the water running. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Kind of like siphoning gas?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah, only—the water was much cleaner than later on. I mean, after more—we actually</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> on this end of the Basin</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> reuse the water that comes in up north. So a lot of it’s recovered—what is that lake up there that—there’s a lake—I can’t remember the name of it right now. So</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> that was our first—and our first venture was to plant some hay. There was nobody to buy what you raised. We had no markets then. So I remember the hay that we baled—we finally got it baled and it sat out there until the hay grew up over it, because there was no sense picking it up; we didn’t have anybody to sell</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> it</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> to. [LAUGHTER] So it wasn’t a very productive, I guess, in the beginning, as far as producing money. So I went to work at Camp Hanford.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Do you remember what year that—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: No. Well, it’d be—okay, ’54 we moved up here. It was probably during ’54. Because we had to eat. </span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right, you needed some cash coming in.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Hay wasn’t </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">going</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> to cut it.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: No.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So what did you do at Hanford?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> I was a secretary. I was interviewing people for jobs out there.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: All kinds of jobs, or--?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: You know, that—I didn’t work there a whole long </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">time</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">. That was a long trip for me, clear from Eltopia.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: I</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> imagine.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> I had to drive that every day. I don’t remember. Not all kinds of jobs, I’m sure, because I’m not versed in scientific things, you know. I’m not sure it was Camp Hanford, so I don’</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">t know what did Camp Hanford do?</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> They were—it was long before all this Pr</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">oject stuff started out here in—I think it was—wasn’t that a military type of camp? Camp Hanford?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: There’s a few different things that are referred to as Camp Hanford. There’s the actual Camp Hanford, as it’s oftentimes noted as the camp where the construction crews lived. Then there was—there were a couple—</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">there was a military camp--</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: I think that was it.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: --ca</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">lled Camp Hanford as well, where they—when they had the military stationed there for—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> But I wasn’t interviewing for military; it had to be civilian peopl</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">e they were hiring or stuff. I </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">wasn’t military. Because I was not in the military and whatever.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right. So you sai</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">d you were a secretary, but then you said—didn’t you do something</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> with the whole body counter?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> That was for GE.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: For GE, okay. So in the beginning you worked at Camp Hanford, secretary/interviewer.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: And then I went to Bureau of Reclamation in Eltopia. They had a construction office there.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: So I went down and applied for a job there, and I was so happy when I got a job, because I didn’t have to</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> go very far to go to work. T</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">hey were still completing canals and doing work. So I worked down there for a while. And then I decided, I gue</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ss, that I guess that I needed more money</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">—or th</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">a</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">t we needed more money. So I went out—I applied to go to work at GE. And the first job I had was for Roy Lucas in tech shops. That was 300 Area. All my jobs that I held during that time that I worked out there were all for GE. It was just as GE was phasing out. And I forget who the next contractor was that </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">came</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> in, but GE—yeah. I left just as GE was—they were changing over.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And you said you worked for Roy Lewis at—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> No, Roy Lucas.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Roy Lucas.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> Lucas, L-U-C-A-S.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: At the tech shops?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Tech shops. He ran—it was like machining.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: They did machining. They had these tech shops—T-E-C-H—tech shops. And then I went to work for—well, there was a little incident between there. I got pregnant again. So I had to take a leave of absence, and my youngest son was born in 1960. So I think three months after he was born, I had taken a leave of absence, I came back, and I got a job at the Whole Body</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> Counter—I think that was next—</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">with Fr</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ank Swanberg, where they did al</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">l</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">the testing on people that were working out there with their dosimeters or whatever they were wearing. They did a lot of testing on people that had worked out there for their levels of radiation exposure. Then I got a job—I got a promotion and went out to 300 Area again, and I went to work for Ward Spear. I don’t remember the name of that. They were all scientific people there. The papers I typed up were horrendous, with all their equations in them. [LAUGHTER] Then</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> I worked for the boss of that </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">w</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">h</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ole group and he eventually became the CEO of Battelle, Ron Paul.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: You</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> know </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">Ron Paul, or have you heard of him?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: I’ve heard the name, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah, he</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> was—I can understand why he was promoted to what he was. He was one of the best bosses I ever worked for, let’s put it that way.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And why was that?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Very well organized. Never, ever last minute, I got to have this like ten minutes ago. No. He was always—I don’t know—just was a very personable man. Yeah, I really liked him. And then I got another promotion</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> and I went to work for Art Kee</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ne in radiation monitoring.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">kind of </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">back to radiation monitoring.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> Yeah. And he was head of the whole group that </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">supervised the Whole Body Counter</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> and whatever work—you know, all the people that were doing the monitoring out the</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">re. And that’s when I decided</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> that</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> I’</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">d better call it a day. I had five children, and I was driving—I was spending ten to ten-and-a-half hours a day—well, ten hours, I guess it was—for eight hours of work out here. I mean, it took me—we still were not financially doing that well, so I hopped car pools. I had three car pools by the time I got to work at 300 Area. I had to switch</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> and pass go. [LAUGHTER] And then had one</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> more switch, I think. I can’t remember, but anyway.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So then you moved back to the farm.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: I went</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> back to the farm, and that’s when things started to pick up, and our markets were better, and you had more choices of what to raise.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Do you know what year that would have been?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Well, Brett was born in 1960—oh, gosh. I think he was two, something? Probably 1962 or ’63.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And so you said things had kind of improved, at least market-wise by that time?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Right, well there were more variety of crops to raise.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So what were you—so you started with hay, so what were you expanding out into?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Well, we raised—in the beginning—well, we tried beans. We tried beans, we tried—I can just give you a repertoire of everything we raised. We didn’t do all that at one time. We raised sweet corn, we raised sugar beets, we raised potatoes. We were into potato growing—my husband loved to raise potatoes. Let’s see, sugar beets. Asparagus. We had 80 acres of asparagus once. So, we—can’t think of anything else. Wheat. We’ve had wheat off and on. I can’t think—and hay. Mainly, here in the last years, we’ve been mainly hay farmers.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Because potatoes were always a big gamble. And we had a very bad year one year and almost had to go into bankruptcy.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Is that because of weather or—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> Because of circumstances. We had two circles of potatoes, and they had out this chemical that they claimed if you sprayed it at a certain time, that it would set your potatoes so they didn’t put on any </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">more small</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> ones—under</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">sized, which paid you nothing. That y</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ou’d get bigger growth on the potatoes that were already set underneath the vine. It was MH-30, was what it was. So we tried that, and they sprayed it on </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span class="SpellingError SCX146332551">on</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> the hottest day of the year, I think. It was very hot that day. In two days, our potatoes were dead. Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So you literally could watch them perish.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah. Our field man came and he said, Don, the potato vines are dying.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> Because it was a salt solution, and they had no warning on their label that you should not spray over a certain temperature. And other people had used it and came out fine. But not us.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: But what was there we harvested. It was pretty sad. And then that was the year we got a rainstorm. We had wheat and we had a really hard rain. Then next day was like a pressure cooker. And all that wheat sprouted in the head. So it was feed wheat. It was not marketable.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Just—you know, one of those years. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah. Where nature seems to be throwing everything at you.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yup.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah. I grew up on a farm.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> This year seems to be that way, too. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: I grew up on a farm as well. My mom still farms.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Really?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> Then you know what I’m talking about.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah, I’ve heard lots of stories.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: When things start going wrong they just sort of escalate, you know? But potatoes, you had—at that time, you had $1,000 an acre into potatoes before you ever put a harvester in the field.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah. So—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: I guess that explains the switch to hay. So you said that you had done—the people—I’ve read that the people in</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> that Bend area had tried wheat</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> in the late 19</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span class="NormalTextRun SCX146332551">th</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> and early 20</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span class="NormalTextRun SCX146332551">th</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> centuries and kind of gave up. But you guys also tried wheat. Did you try that with irrigation or did you try to—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Oh yeah. We had nothing dryland. Everything was irrigated, everything we farmed.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">Franklin</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">: And how did the </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">wheat</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> do</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> besides that one awful year with the pressure cooker?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Well, you’d better expect over 100 bushel of wheat or—you know, I’m not as up on yields now as I was then, because</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> my son farms our operation</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> since my husband died. I always kid him I’m on a need-to-know basis. [LAUGHTER] I have to ask questions if I want to know—[LAUGHTER]—if I really want to know the nitty gritty about things, and then sometimes he gets sort of upset with me. So I’m saying 120 bushel—</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">120 bushel is not unheard of, a</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">nd over. Depending on the variety of wheat, you know. The year, the weather, everything.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">So you said that right now you’ve pretty much just reverted to planting hay now—growing hay.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">Didi</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">er</span>: Until </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">this past two years</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> the hay farmer</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">’</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">s in a world of hurt out there now after that port slowed down over in Tacoma. Sort of ruined the foreign markets. And then, too, our dollar’s been so strong, tho</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">se people that depended on—</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">I guess that were our markets, they went elsewhere when they weren’t getting their shipments. So you have to work to get those people back buying again. And there is hay stocked all over the basin. We’ve got hay from two years ago we haven’t sold.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: And this year we have had rain, rain, rain on about every cutting which makes it feeder hay. My son had an offer the other day of $60 a ton. You got $150 into it to break even.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: So you take your licks and walk on, hopefully, if you don’t get your financing cut off. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah. Did you spend a lot of time in nearby communities, in Eltopia? Were you involved in any organizations there, or social groups, or church groups or anything?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Oh, yeah. Yes. I belong to St. Paul Catholic church. We actually built that church, the people that </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">moved</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> in there.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah. The people of that area, we </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">built</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> the St. Paul Catholic church at Eltopia.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: How large was Eltopia when you moved there?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Oh, the town of Eltopia?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: [LAUGHTER] O</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">o</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">h, not very big. There had been a bank there once. There’d been—well, when we first moved in there and we had no refrigeration and I had a new baby, there was a </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span class="SpellingError SCX146332551">Streadwick</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> that opened a little store there. And he carried milk and bread, thank heavens, because I could buy milk from him. Because I couldn’t keep milk without it going sour for more than a day or so at a time.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: There was a who?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: A St</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">re</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">dwick. His name was </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">just Stredwick. There was a Stre</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">dwick family that owned a filling station on the old highway there. And Millie, she was a widow, but she had a pack of kids, and she was the switchboard operator in Eltopia. If you wanted to make a phone call in the beginning, you had to go to Millie’s house to make the telephone call. </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">Because</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> we had no phones.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Or if you received a call, they’d have to come out and tell you that somebody was trying to get ahold of you.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And how far away was that?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Well, about the same distance as getting the water. A little bit closer, but not much, because we had to go right into the town of Eltopia to get to her house. She lived in Eltopia.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: I would say there wasn’t more than 150 people, or less, in Eltopia per se. </span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Where did the children go to school?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: They started in Eltopia, my two oldest. But then we—they decided school districts. You either were going to go to Pasco or you were going to go Connell. We were—the dividing line was Fir Road, which was one more road to the south. Well, no, it’s more than one for me, but Eltopia West is t</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">he main road now that comes off of</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> 395. It’s o</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ne road over from Eltopia West—</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">F</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ir Road—</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">was the dividing line. If you lived on the left side of Fir Road, you went to North Franklin School District, which was Connell. If you lived on the other side</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> you went to Pasco. So we went to Connell. </span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Mesa—they built a grade school in Mesa, they built a grade school in Basin City. That’s all North Franklin. Then they had a grade school in Connell, then they built a junior high and a high school. So my kids all went through—finished. Some of them completely went through the North Franklin School District. The two oldest had a few years there in Eltopia. There actually was an old high school in Eltopia. But they closed it down, too. We used to have dances down there.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">Franklin</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">: Oh really?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: The floors went up, and the floors went down, but we had an orchestra that did the playing. In the middle of the music they’d just stop. [LAUGHTER] We</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">’ve</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> laughed about that.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wait, w</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">hy did they stop?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Just decided to stop! [LAUGHTER] And you’d be dancing away, all of the sudden the music just stopped. I don’t know. Probably had too much to drink. Everybody had to bring their own bottle, you know.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Really?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah, oh, ye</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">a</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">h</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And who put these dances on?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Well, we sort of had a—hmm, I don’t know. Don’t remember that. </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">Just—I don’t know—we didn’t have an association, particularly. It was just our local group around there decided, you know, like New Year’s Eve or something</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> is </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">about when</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">—it wasn’t all the time.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Was the high school being used at that time, or was it just kind of an empty—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: No,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> no,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> it was going downhill. And that’s what I said—the floors were warped because the roof had leaked.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">my</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">. Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah. And so you had to watch your step. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> I bet.</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> So were these adults-only dances?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yes, yes, yes. Yes, it was adults only.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: That’s great. That’s really interesting.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">We were involved—I had a 4-H club. Don coached Little League—yeah, Little League, down in Eltopia</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">. We had a team, b</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ecause our boys played on that. We were big boosters of Connell High School, because all our boys—Clint played—my one son played in the NFL for nine years. The other boy was the one we thought was going to be the NFL player. But he wanted to farm more than play football. He’s the one that’s farming my place now. But our boys all participated in sports up there, so we were</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> big</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> sports boosters. Don helped build the bleachers. The old—we used to have our games down there in the—</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">well</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">, it was in the town of Connell. Since then it’s all moved up by the high school. But he helped build the bleachers into the side of the hill. He had a trophy case built for them. And then the boys went to CBC, both Clint and Curt. And we donated there, the foundation or whatever it is. Still do—Clint still supports that.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Did you or your husband go to college?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Don did for a year. He was going to be an engineer. I went to college at night school for a while, but I never got a degree, no. I came out of a high school in Portland that you learned bookkeeping, </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">shorthand, and so when you graduated</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> you also had a degree—you had English and a</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> language and everything else—b</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ut you could go out and get a job.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, okay. Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">Didie</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">r</span>: And then they had Benson</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> at that time for the boys where they learned how to—you know, like shop and things like that. And then they did away with that; we don’t have those kind of things anymore. Big mistake. I think we should still have those type of—because some kids are just not college material.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: To be able to go out and work and do something when you come out of high school. Because kids nowadays, they need work.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right. To</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> have a trade or at least to have—maybe have post-high school schools that are geared for trade instead of—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah, instead of—because when you come out of high school now, what do you have? You don’t have a trade of any kind, or a skill of any kind. Except supposedly your brain, and then you got to go on to another four-year school, and you’re still—if you want to really amount to anything, that isn’t adequate now either. And then we wonder why we have such high debt for these kids that are—[LAUGHTER]—you know, trying to get a college education or get a trade or whatever.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah. Oh! How did you meet your husband?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Uh-oh. [LAUGHTER] Do I have to tell you the true story? [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Well if it’s</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> racy or</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> saucy</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> then yes.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Well—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: For the good of history.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Okay, well--</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: I’m just kidding. Whatever you’re comfortable with.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Well, every year in Portland at the beginning of</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> the</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> football season, they would have sort of a roundabout w</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">here each high school came</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> and play</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ed</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> a quarter or something against</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> another </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">one of the other teams. I had been a cheerleader at my high school. This i</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">s since I had graduated, and I’d</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> started to work. I went to</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> work at 16 for the Soil Conservation </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">Service</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> in Portland.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">really? O</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">kay. Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: So, my girlfriend and I decided that we were going to go to this celebration—the football thing—that night. So I took a bus and I got off the bus where I was to meet her. And Don and a friend were standing there on the corner. He was enrolled at the—is it University of Portland is the Catholic school down there, or Portland U? No, it’s University of Portland, yeah. Anyway, he’d just started college there. So he tried to strike up a conversation, and I—my mother told me never—[LAUGHTER]—Don’t do those kind of things. I’m just kidding. But anyway, I wouldn’t talk to him. I walked across the street to meet my </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">friend, and we had to walk back in front of him to get back on the bus to get to where we were going. He says, why don’t you let us give you a ride? And I said, no. I said, we’ll just take the bus. So we did. We got on the bus. So they ran around, got in their car, and they followed our bus over to the stadium. Later in the game, I went down and was sitting on the bench with my friends from my high school there. And around the corner walks Don. That was the beginning of the end. He said, well, as it turned out we had a mutual</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> acquaintance—</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">my girlfriend did. So we went to the dance at Portland University that night with them. </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">And that was </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">the end of me ever dating anybody</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> else. Next day, he called me and—[LAUGHTER] So. And it was ironic because my son, Clint, you know, played f</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">or Mouse</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> Davis down there, and years later he played in that stadium.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: [LAUGHTER] I call that sort of ironic coincidence, that years later we came back to the place where we actually engaged in a conversation that night. Anyway. So it was a pick-up, I guess you’d say.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah. Sounds like he was pretty persistent.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Well, he wasn’t very talkative. But I was impressed. He was pretty good-looking. [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">I liked what I saw. So anyway.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: That’s—aww. And was he drafted, then? You said he was in the Air Force.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">Didi</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">er</span>: Yeah, he was in the reserve.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: A</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">nd he got—it was the Korean situation, and he got called up</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">. So we were married just as he—right after he got called up, his commander was gracious enough to give him a </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">couple</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> of</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> days off to have a honeymoon for—what did we have? Three days or something, when it was supposed to be boot camp. He happened to then be stationed at the Portland—there in Portland, for almost a year. And then he got orders to go to Nashville, Tennessee. So we up and moved. I went with him. Didn’t have any children then. We went to Tennessee for less than a year, I think, before we came back. And when we came home, we went to Condon, Oregon and Don went to work for a wheat farmer there.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, okay. So he was drafted in Korea, but didn’t—he never—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> He never served overseas, no. He never had to serve overseas. He was a lineman—supposed to be his—whatever, what do they call it? His MO, or whatever? It was supposed to be—oh, I don’t know—what’s the second in command? I don’t know. Anyway, they found that he had been a telephone lineman at one time, so that’s what he ended up being, was a telephone lineman.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">Do you—when you were homesteading out there, did you have any run-ins or—well, not run-ins is the right word, but interactions with Native Americans who would have inhabited that area long before</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">? Did you ever see, or were you </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ever </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">aware </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">of--</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: No, there was nothing. The only thing, we found a couple of arrowheads on our place once. No. Some old sheep camps, we found some things in that, but there was no—no, there was no indication of any—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: From e</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">arlier </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">settlement days</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: No.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: How has farming changed over the years for you?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Oh, my gosh. Well, what are we talking here? ’54 to—</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">is that </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">60-what? ’62 years?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">60 years, y</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">eah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Phenomenal, I guess, would be my word. Equipment-wise. Everything now if possible is circles, for irrigation. Tractors are—how many times bigger should I say than what we started out with? My son owns a quad-</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span class="SpellingError SCX146332551">trac</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">, which—I don’t know, what are they? $280,000 or $300,000-some-odd and it’s mo</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">nstrous. You have GPS now; everything</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> is—you plant by that. I guess—I don’t really have a word to—I guess express how much it’s advanced. Planters are all—well, just like we planted some beans this year, trying to find out something else besides hay to plant. This guy just pulls into field we had with timothy hay, and you don’t have to disc, you don’t have to do anything. He j</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ust sets down, and he’s got</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> things that open it up to plant the seeds, so you don’t have to worry about the wind problem you used to. It used to be, we had horrendous winds and dirt. You’d plant a crop, and you’d pray that you didn’t get one of those winds or it’d be gone—the seed would be gone. A lot of replanting back in the old days. We could look towards block 15 and see this wall of dirt coming at us. Yeah. One of the windstorms hit 90 miles an hour here. It blew down the drive-in screen in Pasco. It blew the side out of a block building. And we were in that tent. My husband said, load the kids up, we’re going to town. We’re not going to be here when it goes down—if it goes down, is what he said. So we loaded up the kids, drove to town, spent the whole day in town. As the day—as the sun started to set, the wind went down and we headed back </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">out </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">there and didn’t know if there would be anything left of everything we owned in the world because it was all in that tent. And it was still standing.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> But he had a pretty hefty crossbeam—is that what you call it, the main deal at the top? But he said it put a permanent bow in it, though. That wind against that canvas. So he took that thing down and put up a four-by-six by himself. How he did that, I don’t know. But he says, not going to have that happen again.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: And then we had just a few incidences of some of the things that happened out there. We had a winter that first winter when we still in the tent. My husband was doing land-leveling. He got this D7 Cat and he was out working for other people, leveling their ground. That day, it was a beautiful day, that day. When he got off the Cat, he started home, and for some reason he turned around, and he drained that Cat. Because there was no antifreeze. We didn’t have antifreeze in it. That night, it dropped to 19 below. I don’t know—we’ve never, ever had that happen again. Don stayed up all night. We had a wood stove in that tent, and we had an oil stove. He had both of them cranked up as high as they would go.</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> The ne</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">xt morning, he reached over, and we had packing cases for cupboards. He reached over for the coffee pot, and when he got it, it was all slushy, after he—and it wasn’t that far away from the stove. [LAUGHTER] And sagebrush—he was burning sagebrush in the wood stove. That puts out a hot fire. So decided it was time to move. And I was working at the Bureau then, so we were entitled to one of their Quonset huts down there.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: So we picked up and moved that day. And it was wonderful not to have a roof flapping in the breeze, and it had running water, and I had wall—baseboard heaters, and they paid the bill. You could be as warm and toasty as you wanted. So I was in seventh heaven. [LAUGHTER] We lived there until—well, then I got—while I was working there, I got pregnant with Curt. And the Bureau wrote us a little letter, saying, you have not proved up on your land. You had to put in 12 months out of 18 to establish residency. And said, if you don’t move back on your unit, you’ll forfeit it. We didn’t have a house, didn’t have anything. So went to town, and started tearing down—we called them Navy homes. I don’t know. Somebody said they were Victory homes or something. They had a lot of them in Pasco, they had a lot in Kennewick. He and his dad went in there and they tore—we got enough money from the bank to tear down a section of that housing, and used all the materials out of that for our house. When we moved in, </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">the eaves weren’t boxed in, the sub-floor was the roof, like, slats. So the dirt just settled between the slats. And we had no running water again, because we did</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">n’t </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">have a well. </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">And </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">I found a rattlesnake in my closet one day.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">my</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: [LAUGHTER] Came home from town, and I walked in to take off my blouse and hang it up in the closet. And I heard this noise, and I thought—out of the corner of my eye—I thought, there’s a snake. But it had curled up on top of a suitcase. We had no bathroom—we had an outhouse. Had no bathroom, and he found his way into our bedroom there, and the light—the sun was coming through the bedroom window, and he was sunning himself. He’d crawled up on this suitcase in an old army hat that Don had laying on top of the suitcase. And he was telling me, you’d better back off. I screamed, I said, there’s a rattlesnake in here! And Don says—he didn’t believe me, he thought I was having pipe dreams. He told everybody afterwards I made a new door out of the bedroom, which I did not. But anyway, he grabbed a weed fork and killed it. Believe me, we stepped out of bed gingerly for a while, thinking where you f</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ind one, you usually find two. But w</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">e could see where he’d come up through the—we had the sewer pipe laid for the bathroom that was not in. And the kids had been out there playing in the dirt with their trucks and stuff. He had a piece of tar paper thrown up against it and some dirt</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> that he’d</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> thrown up a</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">gainst it. Well, they’d knocked that</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> down an</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">d that</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> snake found that pipe, and he decided that was a nice cool place to be in. Yeah. We had quite a—in fact, we have a big rock bluff behind my farm</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> unit there to the east. And t</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">he people at the Bureau called that Rattlesnake Mountain. In the spring, they’d go out there, and when they’d come out of their dens they’d kill a lot of snakes. So we encountered rattlesnakes off and on quite a bit.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: We were pretty worried with our kids that they might get bitten. We actually went to town and got a kit—not the normal kind—it had a hypodermic needle or whatever. Whether I could have used it [LAUGHTER] I don’t know. We had to keep it in the refrigerator. But just in case, because we </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">were</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">a long ways</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> away from a doctor.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> But anyway, didn’t happen.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: That’s good.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>; Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And now how—when, roughly, was your house built?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Well, it was built in stages. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: When did it—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Well, right as Curt was born, which was 1957. ’57. </span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And is that still the same—is that house still out there?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: It is. Only we’ve added on to it. You’d </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">never</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> know what part of it is built out of.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: It’s all bricked.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah. I have a fairly nice home. It’s nothing luxurious or anything, but it’s very comfortable. </span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">Franklin</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">: And you have roads out there now?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Oh</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">, yeah. [LAUGHTER] Yeah, w</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">e’d better have. But that was something, when you didn’t have any roads, I’ll tell you. They were putting them in, but they were just the bases. I remember one day, our neighbors across—that turned out to be our neighbors across the road on Holly Drive—we saw this truck with all of their stuff loaded on it pull in over there. We thought, wow, are we getting a neighbor here? But they pulled in and dropped off a bunch of stuff and then took off again. So we jumped in our car and we followed them to find out who they were, and were they </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">going</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> to be our neighbors, and </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">whatever. Because we were excited that we </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">had</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> another human being that was going to be that close to us. That was Johnsons. Were our neighbors for years and years. They both since have passed away. Don and I were probably eight to ten years younger than the majority of the people that settled out there, because they were World War II veterans, many of them. So we’re losing them one by one. </span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah, most of them are—well, just lost one down the road here. He was 93, I guess. Year before last. He was</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> a bomber pilot in World War II. Flew 70-some-odd missions, and made it through.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: T</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">hat’s really incredible odds.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah. Yeah, it is. I did his eulogy at the church, and—those guys really—anyway, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">So working out at Hanford, you </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">would have been privy to—you would hav</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">e known what was produced there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> Did you ever feel—how did you feel about making your living off the land so close to Hanford?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: I never worried about it. Some people tried to prove, or think that they got thyroid cancer, whatever. But I—working in the monitoring, I knew they were monitoring the milk. They monitored</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> milk, anybody that</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> was dairying out there. Plus, they had instrumentation across the river. They were monitoring the river itself. However, you never knew what the figures were. I mean, I—yeah. But I really never worried about it. But maybe out of ignorance, in a sense. Not really, it’s not like, I guess, Chernobyl or something, where you had—although you had reactors out there. But a lot of them were not even active at that time, even. But there were a few, wasn’t there</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> the</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">—was it Fast Flux? I don’t know. I worked on that project, trying to save that Fast Flux Facility.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Really? So in the ‘80s, then?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah. Who was the commissioner? Yeah, I got involved in that. That was a travesty that they ever destroyed that, simply for the fact that medical isotopes—they had no idea what they could have engineered from that reactor that would have helped in the medical field. The dream was the guys that knew—he since has died, too. He moved to Portland. That if you had cancer, you’d go in, and you’d sit down, and they’d do, I guess, an injection. Sort of, probably, like chemo now, but in 15 minutes you’d be out of there. The possibility was there to make medical isotopes. If you know what medical isotopes are. I’m not a scientist, but because of the way the Fast Flux—it was one of a kind in the world, I think.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Mm-hmm. How did you become involved in the committee to save it?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: I don’t remember who got me into that. [LAUGHTER] I don’t remember. Claude Oliver, for one, was active in that. Wanda Munn, who is still alive, and she’s still—yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah, I’ve—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: I know Wanda and I talk to her </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">quite</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> often and she was very active in that.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah. She was very supportive.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: I just went down to the office and did what I usually do, you know. Write thank-you letters for donations and filing and that kind of stuff. But I was very interested; I thought it was a very good project that our government—all the money that had been expended thrown down the toilet, to put it bluntly. I see in the paper they’re going to use one of the warehouses they built, though, to store the sludge or something. Did you see that?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: I didn’t. I do know that our collection that we manage—the Department of Energy</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">’s</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> Hanford Collection, wh</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ich is a historic collection of art</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ifacts and archives gathered on</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">site that document history, and that’s actually stored in one of the Fast Flux Facility warehouses.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Is it?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah. We’re moving everything out, but I go up there once or twice a we</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ek to do work on the collection, yes. It’s one of those warehouses that was built for Fast Flux.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: I hadn’t read about storage of waste.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah, sludge or something. So they can—I don’t know—something ab</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">out the tanks, they can put </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span class="SpellingError SCX146332551">it</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> in there? Something that had been built for the Fast Flux reactor. So at least maybe something’s being—[LAUGHTER]—what should I say? Salvaged. But anyway.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span>Franklin</span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">:</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">Um, what do you recall about living in the Cold War—during the Cold War era? Especially—was there any sense of danger </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">or even pride living so close at</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> Hanford or working at Hanford, given its role in the US nuclear weap</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ons arsenal during the Cold War?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Well, all that was sort of over with when I was out there. No, it was a job, and it was money. [LAUGHTER] Better money than I could make anywhere else. And the people were gre</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">a</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">t to work with, and they were always interested in what we were doing out there. You know, you would have thought being of the scientific community and whatever—completely different ideas than being a farmer. But yo</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">u</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> know what? It’s interesting—there’s always a bit of farmer in everybody. Have you ever realized that? I mean, guys particularly.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Well, I grew up on a farm.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: I know that’s what you said, but it seems like no matt</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">er what they’re line of work is</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> or whatever, there’s always this curiosity about farming and what to do and whatever. I used to have a lot of questions. They always treated me very well. I really hated to quit out there. Because I enjoyed the people. I enjoyed getting away from the farm, and the worries and the whatever. I could go to work and have a different scenario for the day, you know?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right, right. So when you were out there, you—all of the children were with your husband?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: No, I hired a babysitter. She had to come to the house, because I couldn’t get five kids up—I had to leave at like seven in the morning, something, to be to work. We started earlier than 8:00. What was it? I don’t know what time I had to leave, but she had to come to the house and get the kids dressed and whatever. </span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Was that a—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Don was not a babysitter. [LAUGHTER] He had better things to do, you know. No, I had to hire someone to come in. And sometimes you wondered if—that’s when I finally decided that I needed to quit and come </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">home</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">, because there’s a fine line there about whether you’re really—how much are you contributing here, when you have to pay someone to look after your children, cost of getting to work, better clothing—had to dress better—you know, all these things you got to factor in. It was better when I di</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">d come home, because my husband—he liked conversation and people. So he sometimes got sid</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">etracked at</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> the neighbors</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">’</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> and stuff when I thought he should have been home doing some things. So when I finally came home for good, it was better. Things improved. [LAUGHTER] In my eyes, anyway.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Well</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> it was lonely out there if you were—he just liked, as all farmers do, they like to talk a lot. They still get together. We’ve had some restaurants up there at the corner, and that was the gathering place every morning, the coffee shop and all the </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span class="SpellingError SCX146332551">BSing</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> that goes on. They’ve come and gone. So now we have a small Mr. Quick’s up there, and some of them still meet up there. Yeah. Got to compare notes, you know.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, yeah.</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: A lot of things to talk about, I’m sure.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yup.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: How—you mentioned, especially when you were growing some of the other crops, maybe not the hay, but like the corn and potatoes—how—did you rely on migrant labor at all? Or have you noticed--?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: We did in asparagus, but they really—the families we had I don’t think were migrant. They came from California every year. We furnished housing for them. When amnesty was declared, that’s when we tore out the asparagus. The next year, it was—well, they got better jobs, they stayed in California, they didn’t come back. The people we were getting were not—well, that’s when they also made the deal that if—before, you paid</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> by what they cut a day. </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">I guess you’d call it piecework. They could make good money. But then they said, okay, if they don’t cut enough to equal so much an hour—and I forget what the minimum wage was</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> or whatever it was—then you’ve got to pay them that. So you had to keep track of both things. Well, then you started getting people that would start at the top of the road, and they’d get to the bottom of the road, and then they’d sit down on their box or whatever they had down there and smoke a cigarette. They didn’t care if they made—yeah. They got paid so much no matter what. The caliber of people changed drastically. We got a crew leader or something out of Texas to bring us people, and that was not good. So we just decided to tear it out.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: That’s when you went to a more mechanized--?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Well, yeah. Just planted other crops. When we lost the sugar beet industry here, that was hard, because that was a very, very dependable cash crop. That hurt.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: What happened to the sugar beet industry?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Well, they decided to pull the factory at Moses Lake out of here. So we had no place to ship the sugar beets. </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">I think, took acres and stuff back to Idaho. So we lost our sugar beet industry here. </span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Is there anything that I haven’t talked about that you’d like to talk about?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Well, I don’t know. I don’t know what it would be, except that I think at the end of my composition in that book that I gave you there on the block, I just said I was so grateful for the opportunity that we had here. I think this probably was the last—what do I want to say—the last land that was opened up for development, like the Columbia Basin, the last project. We raised five great kids. They learned how to work. I’m proud of all of them. I just felt, being a city girl, my mother-in-law particularly didn’t think I’d ever make it, but I did. [LAUGHTER] It was a great opportunity. A lot of people didn’t stay. There were a lot of women that—it was hard.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: It was hard out there. We had a couple of suicides. You’d get—yeah. I don’t know what else to tell you. </span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Did your parents stay in Portland?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: My dad had died early in life. My mother, yes. I was an only child.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: She </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">lived in Portland, yes. And-</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">-</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: What did she—oh, sorry.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: That’s okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: What did she think about—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Oh. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: --</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">your</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> going out to homestead in—I’m sure</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> she</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> thought it was—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Not too much.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: --kind of the middle of nowhere.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Not too much.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Did she ever come out?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Oh, yes. </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">Oh, yeah. She came up. She always came up whenever I had a baby and helped me. In some of the rougher years, so she knew what was actually happening. Of course, you know how you feel about your kids. You don’t like to see them—think that they’re being—what should I say—deprived. [LAUGHTER] And Don’s folks were very helpful. They—his dad came up and helped us many a time work on the house. She’d come up and do the cooking, since I was working. I’d come home to a meal, which was great. She made the best cinnamon rolls. My kids have never forgotten that.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: [LAUGHTER] Yeah, she—anyway. Yeah, they—we also were in sheep. I guess I forgot to say that. We </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">all </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">had a—I used to do the lambing.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">Franklin</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">: Oh, wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah, we bought a bunch of old ewes, which was not the best idea. But that’s all—his dad and Don went together and bought this bunch of old ewes. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">so </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">we lambed—</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">I think </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">we had lambs</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> for</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">—or we had sheep </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">for—what? I don’t know, maybe five, six years. We never were much of a livestock people. My husband, when he was young, his dad went to some auction or something, came home with some milk cows, and Don got the job of milking the cows. He says, I’m never having a milk cow, and we never did. [LAUGHTER] We had a guy actually delivering milk out to the farm, come to think of it. And he left a big supply everyday with the boys I had.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow, yeah, I bet.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: I ended up with four boys and one daughter. My daughter’s a school teacher here in Kennewick. Has been for umpteen years. And Brett works at Battelle, my youngest. Curt and Clint and Chris—Chris is my oldest—they all are in the farming deal out there. </span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And Clint’s a local politician, right?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Oh, yes. Yeah. He thinks he has to try to make a difference. But anyway, it’s a rough go. But he’s determined—stubborn. [LAUGHTER] No, I admire him for his, I guess, bravery, because it is—you do have to be brave. You take a lot of flak, I’m going to tell you, and a lot of—after he loses, which he has, takes him a while to recover. It’s a rejection, is what it is.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah. That’s understandable.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: And then he takes a bit to regroup, and turns around and comes back for another go at it. And I tell him, I said, I don’t understand you, Clint. [LAUGHTER] Anyway. </span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Well, great, well, thank you so much, Alice.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: I probably talked your leg off.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Nope, my legs are still here.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> Well, I don’t know what else I could</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> tell you.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Did anyone else have any questions?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Oh, I could—I guess I should have told you, I did a lot of tractor work. I was not just a housewife. I ran almost every piece of equipment, except I never ran the stacker or—but I drove tractor. Did cultivating. Never rode a—</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">I never </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ran a potato harvester, of course, but I worked on enough of them sorting potatoes. You know when you’re digging in the field? I’ve eaten a lot of dirt in my day. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">Tom Hungate</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">:</span> Did you ever notice a difference, was there a boys’ club that </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">you</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> kind of had to work through? Or was it just you were a good worker and s</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">o you were accepted as a worker on the farm?</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> Or there weren’t enough people even to judge you as a woman out there working on a farm?</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah. Most all the women out there—not every woman worked in the field, but the only one that I worried about judging me was my husband. [LAUGHTER] Which, sometimes—[LAUGHTER]—I would pull something that wasn’t—I mean</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> do something that wasn’t too good. We had a big windstorm one night, and I thought I had to go down—we did have wheel lines at the far end of our place, down in—well, it sloped down pretty readily there. And those wheel lines, if you don’t block them</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> will take off in the wind and tear them all up. So the guys headed</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> down there, and I thought I had to go down and help. Well, the first thing I did was run over the pipe that hooked into the main line. [LAUGHTER] I got told, why don’t you just go to the house? Because I hadn’t helped the situation any. [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Emma</span> Rice: Another thing</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> I was kind of thinking, did you </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">have anything else to add about being</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> kind of a working mom in the 1950s and ‘60s—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rice</span>: --to watch ov</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">er your own</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> [INAUDIBLE]</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Well, funny you ask that question, because I have granddaughters now that are—well, I have two granddaughters that are CPAs. One just moved—she was working out here on the Project, and she just moved to South Carolina. And I look back on the days when I was working, and they never come again. You’ve los</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">t some of the years of your kid</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">s</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">’</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> life. As things happen, when they learn—when they walk, when they—first time they do something. And not being—and I remember I came home, and I was so tired. I gave my best at work</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> and there wasn’t a whole lot left over at the end of the day. And I know I was cranky. [LAUGHTER] And I just think sometimes—I’m sort of like my granddaughter, I kept wanting to—each time I got a promotion, it was—how do I want to put that? Not a feather in my cap, but made me feel worthy—more worthwhile, or whatever. </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">I enjoyed working, I admit that. But I just look back on it now as—I’m going to be 85—August. I think, was it really that important? And I wish, maybe, some of our younger generation had the benefit, maybe, of my years later on the road. That’s just my—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rice</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: But I have thought about that a lot. Whether I would have done it any differently at the time, because we needed the money. But sometimes we get—we forget what’s most important in our life.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: I agree.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rice</span>: Yeah, great.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">what we might do now is—we’ll maybe</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> have </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">you</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> kind of narrate some of these, some of the items you brought along.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: Where you go across it, when I was—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: But with these—this is hay we’ve laid down, and I thought </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">it</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> was quite—yeah, there. I thought it was sort of a neat view of how things look now, comp</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">ared to that other slide you’ve got there.</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right. Yeah, no, that’s really—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Didier</span>: So I don’t know if you want me to </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">bring</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> in </span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551">that</span><span class="TextRun SCX146332551"> picture or not, so you—</span><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX146332551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX146332551"><span class="EOP SCX146332551"> </span></p>
</div>
Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
01:10:43
Hanford Sites
Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview
300 Area
Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF)
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1954-2016
Years on Hanford Site
Years on the Hanford Site, if any.
1954-1960
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Didier, Clint
Didier, Don
Didier, Curt
Didier, Chris
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Alice Didier
Subject
The topic of the resource
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Pasco (Wash.)
Eltopia (Wash.)
Connell (Wash.)
Agriculture
Irrigation
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
07/12/2016
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Format
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video/mp4
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
2016-08-12: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Alice Didier conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Relation
A related resource
<a href="http://hanfordhistory.com/collections/show/15">Alice Didier Oral History Metadata</a>
300 Area
Connell (Wash.)
Eltopia (Wash.)
Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF)
Hanford (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Pasco (Wash.)
-
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F6d06e719ac9b9555c4f738a405f3502e.jpg
a2598d933b17d283d40105588e7d7ddf
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F66d4925a2f29afc5b4b3d23f95a80a5d.mp4
5b50c149f78db5cd96a35569232c6bb8
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Post-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Laura Arata
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Vanis Daniels
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<p>Laura Arata: That’s the more comforting way to look at it. [LAUGHTER] Oh, are we ready?</p>
<p>Man One: Yup.</p>
<p>Arata: Oh, okay, so we're ready to get started. If we could just start by having you say your name and then spell it for us.</p>
<p>Vanis Daniels: Vanis Daniels, V-A-N-I-S, D-A-N-I-E-L-S. And that’s the second.</p>
<p>Arata: Thank you. My name's Laura Arata. It's November 14, 2013 and we are conducting this interview on the campus of Washington State University, Tri-Cities. So I wonder if we could just start by having you tell us a little bit about when you first arrived at Hanford, who you came with, where you came from, that initial experience.</p>
<p>Daniels: Oh, boy. I arrived, well, let's say I arrived in the Tri-Cities. My dad came here in '43 and worked here off and on until '51 when he moved the family here. Now, between the time he first came here in '43, he, my uncle, and cousin of ours helped pour the first mud that was poured to start the B Reactor. And then, after that, he worked here off and on until '51, when he brought the family out. And I was just a little—barely a teenager when I came here in '51. I was a sophomore in high school. I was supposed to graduate in 1954. At that time, you had to be 17-and-a-half years old in order to graduate from high school. Well, see, I was just turning 16. So then when I got ready to graduate, the vice principal came to me and he says, you can't graduate. I said, why can't I graduate? He says, you're not old enough. I said, oh? What's that got to do would graduation? He say, you're only 16. You have to be 17-and-a-half years old to graduate from high school. Well, it didn't make any sense to me, you know, if I got the grade point and all that and able to graduate. And he say, well, let me ask you a question. And I said, yes? He says, if you graduate, what are you going to do for the next year and a half? I said, I don't know. He say, you're not old enough to get a job. Nobody's going to hire you. He say, so you're just going to be whiling away your time. I said, well, I guess. He says, I'll tell you what, I'll make a deal with you. He say, you come back to school next year. He say, because you're not going to be doing anything. He say, you can come as many hours as you want to. If you can find you a little part time job or something like that, you're free to leave to go and work. And you don't have any restrictions on you, you know, as far as having to be there every day. I told him, okay. So that's what I did. But that's when I really started appreciating school. Because up until that point, I had been an A student, but where I came from--I came from Texas, by the way. I was born in a place called Terrell, Texas, but that's all I know about it. We moved to East Texas, which is a little place called Kildare, which is right out of Texarkana. I personally lived in Oklahoma during those eight or ten years that I was there, and then back to Texas and then to the Tri-Cities here.</p>
<p>But being from the south, I went to an all-black school, segregated. And I didn't know anything about interacting with other races. And when I came here, nobody gave you a—I wouldn't call it a crash course, but I'd say interaction—it has a name for it—But anyway, they just threw you into the school with everyone else. And you had to learn to adjust. Well, that can be kind of hard. And it can also be kind of devastating. So my grade point dropped, but not to the point where I didn't graduate. And I see some kids right now that I went to school with that--I see them every once in a while--and if they hadn't been there to sort of support me, hold me up, I might would have fallen all the way through the crack. I might would have dropped out of school altogether. But they were—let's see, one retired from Franklin County. I don't know what the other three girls did as far as work go. But for some reason, they sort of took me under their wing, and I guess boost my morale or whatever you want to call it. And I was able to transition in and go on and finish school. After I finished school, I tried for ten years, 12 years really, to get a job at Hanford. And for some reason, they didn't want to hire me. I went to Seattle, tried to get a job at Boeing. They didn't want to hire me. I have, later in life since I retired, I learned why I didn't get a job at Hanford or Boeing, as far as that go. The people that I thought would be my biggest asset became my biggest enemy as far as getting a job. Because when you're asked for references and you put people down, I asked them if I could put them down, I let them know that I was putting them down for references and all this stuff. But the things that they put down there hindered me from getting a job rather than helping me get a job. And I learned this since I retired. But needless to say, I worked construction. I finally got a job--an interview--for Battelle. Meissinger was his name that interviewed me. And I must've gone out there for an interview the better part of a dozen times. And every time I'd go, he'd tell me, well, we don't have anything right now. In June of '66, he called me for an interview and I went out. And I'm working every day, working construction, when you leave work on construction, that's when your pay stop. I had a wife and a kid by then. And I went out one evening because he told me, he said, I'll stay here until 7 o'clock. You get of work, you come out. I told him, okay. So I got off, went home, took a shower, when out, talked with him. And I think he was about to tell me that he didn't have a position, ‘til I told him, I said, let me tell you something. I said, now, if you're not going to hire me, tell me now because I can't keep making arrangements, taking off work and all that stuff, coming out here just to sit and talk with you. I need a job. He says, just a minute. I don't know who--he left the room. He went and talked with someone. When he came back, he say, when can you come to work? I don't know. Whenever you want me to. He said, can you come Thursday? I told him yes. So I went out on Thursday.</p>
<p>They interviewed me, gave me a permit, which was a red badge at the time, to go to work. I started as a janitor in the 3706 and 3707 building in the 300 Area. They transferred me from there to Two East and Two West. From Two East and Two West, they gave me a job in what was called Decon at the time. We did all of the glassware, all of the pigs--which is not a literal pig. It's a iron cast. You know, you can get the gallon, half gallon, or quarts. And it contains radioactive waste on the inside. The pig is just to shield the radiation. And we handled all of the hot water from the 300 Area. So I worked in there for two and a half years or so. And we took care of all the waste, did all the filter changing and everything in 300 Area. From there, I went to 100-F, to inhalation toxicology. And inhalation toxicology is just a matter of inhaling and exhaling is what it is. But I worked with the dogs, which at the time, Battelle was doing an experiment on the effect that cigarette smoke had on the human body. We worked with beagle dogs because at that time, they said that the closest thing to a human’s physique was the beagle. A grownup beagle weighs anywhere from 15 pounds to I think the heaviest one we had was probably 47 pounds--which is a wide range for a dog, but the human anatomy is also a wide range. 15-pound dog would be equivalent to 130-pound man. A 47-pound dog would be equivalent to 350-pound man. And every three months, we sacrificed a dog. And we did everything from blood, urine, feces, muscles, tissue, everything. We learned everything we could about cigarette smoke on what effect it would have on the dogs. The dogs smoked two packs of cigarettes a day. Now, we had dogs that got addicted to cigarettes. And they were just like humans, chain smoke if you allowed them to. Then you had dogs that could not stand smoke, period, and they would fight it all the way through. But you had to give them the equivalent of two packs of cigarettes a day. Okay, we had hamsters that we shammed with cigarette smoke. We also did plutonium on them to see what effect it would have on the organs, on the inside of the body. And I worked in there until I got kind of fed up with supervision at the time because we weren't getting the raises that we should as far as finances go. And when you got a family you got to take care of, $2 just don't get it. So meanwhile, I talked with supervision and they say they didn't have money for raises. But yet and still, they're turning back money every year to DOE, which was set aside for raises. They just weren't giving it out. Well, at that time, they had what they call merit raises. And I worked second shift. I very seldom saw my supervisor. And so I asked him, I say, if I very seldom see you, I must be doing a good job. Because otherwise, you should be here checking on me to see what I'm doing. I later learned that one of the guys that worked in my department had told him that he had to recheck all of my work every morning when he came in, to make sure that I was doing it right. Well, see, that wasn't his position. He's an employee like I am. The other thing is that if the supervisor had just used a little bit of common sense, he would have known the man was lying. Because when you pull samples, the minute you pull the sample, it starts to decay. Now you would have had some variation in my results and his results if he's going to run my sample the next morning to tell me that I'm not doing it right. And he's getting the same results I'm getting. Something's wrong with this picture. Well, anyway, as it turned out, I told him I couldn't work for them if that's the way there were going to do things. So I quit.</p>
<p>The day I left from out there, I went home and I was sitting at home. And thinking, boy, I just quit my job. I got to get me a job. I went up to my sister's house and my brother-in-law was home. And I said, what are you doing home? He say, today is Veteran's Day. And also, it used to be Election Day, the 11th of November. And he say, I'm off. And so we sat round and talked for a few minutes. He say, would you be interested in leaving Hanford and going to work someplace else? He didn't know I'd quit. [LAUGHTER] I say, why, sure. He say, I got a guy you need to go and see. He told me where it was and everything. And the next day, I went looking for it. I drove right by the office and didn't find it. I went back and when he came in from work, I said, I--he say, you passed right by it. He says, it's a little building. I says, okay. The next day I went, the guy that became my supervisor wasn't in. But the secretary knew who I was when I got there. So I didn't get to see him that day. But the next day, they told me what time to come back. I went back, I walked in the door. He say, so you're looking for a job. I say, yes, I am. He says, come on back here in my office. So we went back to his office and, meanwhile, he's talking and asking me some questions. He's saying, I know your brother-in-law real well. He say you’re a heck of a nice guy. I say, he did? You say, yeah. When we get in the door and he closed the door, he say, you got the job if you want it. But I got to go through the motion of interviewing you. I says, okay. So I worked there at the Tank Farm in Pasco, which we distributed petroleum products, fertilizers, and fire retardant for forest fires. And I worked there just two or three months shy of 16 years. I went back to Hanford after that and went to work for Westinghouse. From there, Bechtel took over. I became supervisor. I worked in every area out there, decommissioning all of the buildings, the outer buildings, the 105s, tore down the 103s, basins. You name it, we did it. Took care of all the asbestos, worked in the asbestos department of the Tank Farm. They're talking about, now, where the tanks are leaking and all that stuff. We took care of all the above ground asbestos and stuff there for them. And I worked there until I retired in '97.</p>
<p>Arata: What year was this that you quit your job, your first job with Battelle?</p>
<p>Daniels: In '71.</p>
<p>Arata: And so then, what year was it that you went back to work at Hanford for Westinghouse?</p>
<p>Daniels: '89.</p>
<p>Arata: Okay. Well, it sounds like you had quite an array of jobs between all those sites.</p>
<p>Daniels: I've done some more besides that. [LAUGHTER] I owned my own restaurant for a little while in Spokane out at Airway Heights. I went in the service. I was at my basic training in Fort Ord, California. When I finished my advanced basic, I had run into a captain. I didn't know him, but I knew his family from Pasco. And I was talking to him and I had been home on leave and I had seen his mother. And I was telling him that she was doing fine, I'd just seen her and all that stuff. And when I finished my advanced basic, he was there and he ask me, he says, I got several places you can go if you want to, he said. Which ones do you want? I could've gone to a special forces in Chicago. I didn't think I wanted to go there. It get too cold there for me. [LAUGHTER] I could've gone to Presidio in San Francisco. I don't like San Francisco. I could've gone to Germany. I didn't want to go at that time. I could've gone to Fort Lawton, or I could've gone to Fort Lewis. I chose Fort Lewis. So I went there. And I liked Fort Lewis for some reason, although we were in the field most of the time. But I'm an outdoor person anyway. We got transferred from Fort Lewis to Germany. At the same time, the Vietnam War was breaking out. They took all of our officers and sent them to Vietnam. They took all of the personnel that had six months or less left to do, they extended them a year and sent them to Vietnam. All of them that had a year or better to do went to Vietnam. I had eight months left to do, so I didn't have to go. But they sent me from Germany back to Fort Lewis. And I trained the Milwaukee National Guard because they had activated them to take the 4th Division's place when they sent them to Vietnam. And I was sent back to Fort Lewis to train the Milwaukee National Guard. Once I got them trained, I got discharged. Three weeks after I got discharged, I got drafted again. [LAUGHTER] But I didn't have to go. I didn't have to go. For some reason, they decided they didn't want me. And those were some of the jobs I've had and some of the things I've done.</p>
<p>Arata: Wow, there's about a million things I want to ask you about but we have to start somewhere.</p>
<p>Daniels: Well--</p>
<p>Arata: I wonder if we can talk a little bit about kind of some of your early memories when you first arrived in the Tri-Cities area. And particularly, I'm interested in what your housing situation was like that and where you lived and what the community was like at that time.</p>
<p>Daniels: Okay. When we first arrived in the Tri-Cities--coming from east Texas, where you got greenery all around you, you know, it's like the west side of the state of Washington--and coming here to the desert, you just sort of get a sickening feeling. [LAUGHTER] To tell you the truth. But if you were black, you lived on the east side in Pasco, where I still--well, I live northeast Pasco, now, but that's by choice. Anything west of Second and Lewis in Pasco, well, it wasn't off limits—it was off limits as far as houses go. The banks or anything would not loan blacks money to buy homes. The finance company—which, at the time, Fidelity Savings and Loans was the biggest one in the Tri-Cities--would loan you money to buy an old, raggedy car with interest rates so high. But that's beside the point. When we came, my dad tried to borrow money to buy a house. He couldn't get any. He found a house and the lady that owned the house sold it to him on a contract. And she let the bank, BV, whatever you call them, hmph. Anyway, he paid his payments to the bank. So, therefore, I guess they would be the proprietor or whatever you call them. And in the agreement was that if he was three days late with the payment, they could foreclose on it and take the house. And the house was less than $10,000 at the time. They never took it, of course. But then he would always make sure that it was paid on the date that it was supposed to, if he had to haul me out of school long enough for the bank to open to go pay it and then go on to school. But other than that, kids are kids. And kids aren't prejudiced. We all played together. We had baseball, we did</p>
<p>Basketball, we had BB gun wars, which I don't know why some of us didn't get our eyes shot out. But we didn't. [LAUGHTER] And, let's see, you couldn't live in Kennewick if you were black. You didn't live in Richland because that was government and you had to work for the government in order to live out there. Well, up until probably '49, I think Mr. Newborn went to work out there in '49, which was the first black as far as know that ever worked in processing at Hanford. They only thing, blacks could work construction out there and help build it, but they couldn't help operate it, which—it still baffles me to this day, but that's just the way it was. Signs of the times, I guess you would call it and ignorance on a lot of people's part, as far as that go.</p>
<p>Arata: So you graduated from high school, then, in Pasco.</p>
<p>Daniels: Mm-hmm.</p>
<p>Arata: Do you remember about how many students were in your high school and approximately how many of you were black versus the white students?</p>
<p>Daniels: Okay. There were—let’s see—three? The high school was built for 600 kids, I think, 500 or 600 kids. And the day that they opened the doors, it was already overcrowded as far as that go. And that's the Pasco High School they got there now. I was the first graduating class out of that school. There were 107 or 108 of us in the graduating class. And I think there's probably 25 or 30 of us that I know of. In fact, I just saw seven or eight of them a couple of weeks ago. One of our classmates passed away.</p>
<p>Arata: Do you recall any specific incidents, anything that stands out to you about your time. I'm curious, particularly about high school, because you've told us all these great stories about it--where race was an issue at Pasco High School when you were attending there.</p>
<p>Daniels: Yes. There were maybe, at the most, 13 black kids when I went to high school. Most of them were underclassmen. There was a couple or three upperclassmen. We had football players, basketball players and stuff like that that were starters, what you might want to say were the star of the team. When they would have homecoming, the football players got to escort the queen and her court and all that stuff. Black kids couldn't do it. They wouldn't allow it. Some of the kids have since told me and another friend of mine that passed away that whenever one of them--because I was small, so I didn't play basketball or football--but anyway, if one of them turned out for football, they tried to do everything they could to hurt them. They didn't want them on the field with them. They didn't want to play with them. If any of the black kids got any type of award or anything, it was never given to them during assemblies or anything like that. If it was white kids, they made a big to-do of it and he got it on stage, came up before the whole school and got it. Black kids, they gave it to him as he was leaving school one evening or something like that. But this is faculty doing this. This is not the kids doing stuff like this. My vice principal and my shop teacher I ran into one day, oh, years after I graduated from school. They were hunting agates. And I stopped and was talking to them. And they actually apologized to me for some of the things that went on. The vice principal told me, he says, I am so sorry. He said, there are things that went on that I dare not tell or divulge--two reasons. First of all, I had a wife and kids that I had to support. And if I told them anything that was going to advance you, then I'd be looking for a job. He say, and I am sorry, but the community as a whole, well, it's like the council now, you know. They tell you what to do and you more or less jump and do it. Or like the government, which I think we all ought to vote everybody up there out, but that's beside the point. [LAUGHTER] It's just the way it was. And then I could understand their positions, because if you've got a wife and kids that you've got to support, you got to look out for them and you in the process of whatever you're trying to do. Now there's another way that it could have been done. But at the same time, they probably did what they knew to do. And that's one thing I never fault anyone for. If you don't know how to do something or to do something, then I don't fault you for not doing it. Now my brother, which you will interview next week, is probably the first black to have a job in a department store in the Tri-Cities, or at least in Pasco, I know. Well, he'll tell you about it. I won’t try to tell you about him. [LAUGHTER]</p>
<p>But those are some of the things that we encountered. We walked every day from the east side of Pasco to Memorial Park, which was the only swimming pool in town within the last year. And at that time, there was probably 5,000 to 7,000 people in the whole of Pasco. They had one swimming pool. You got 80,000 to 100,000 people in Pasco now. You got one swimming pool. [LAUGHTER] Doesn't make any sense at all. But we walked over there every day to play baseball and go swimming if we wanted to go swimming. There weren't any park other than Sylvester Park and Memorial Park was the only two parks in town at the time. Later, they put the Boat Basin in down there at Pasco. But when we didn't have any place to play, other than going over there, then we started making our own baseball diamonds in vacant lots and things. And as the lots would be developed, they would—well, naturally, they'd run us out because there wasn't enough room for us to play. So one evening, we didn't have any place to play baseball and we wanted to play baseball. Two blocks from my house, where I grew up at was Kurtzman Park. Well, actually, it's a block and a half. But it was just a vacant field. And we took shovels, a bunch of my friends and me, and we went out there and we cleared all the tumbleweeds out, took the shovels and kind of levelled it off, and started playing baseball. A lady named Rebecca Heidelbar happened to come by there and see us. I don't know exactly what period of time, how long we'd been playing there. And she stopped and asked us if we had a park that we could play in. We told her no. We told her the only park was Memorial Park. She says, mm-hmm. And she talked to us for a minute. She left. Well, we later learned that she was an attorney, her husband was an attorney, her mom was an attorney, and her dad was an attorney. And that was Judge Horrigan and his wife, and then their daughter Rebecca. And then she had married an attorney. So she came back and asked us to get as many kids together as we could and she would meet with us. And she did. And she went to the courthouse, found out who the land belonged to where we were playing. She helped us to draft a letter to Mr. Kurtzman, which she found out lived in Seattle and ask him to donate enough land for us to have a baseball diamond. Well, it took him the better part of six months to answer us, but he get back to us because I suppose he had to look into the legal aspect of it. He got back to us and told us that he could not give any land to a special interest group or persons. He would donate six acres of land to the city if they named the park after him. That's how Kurtzman Park came into an existence. And there's a letter someplace that we wrote him with my name right on the top of it. But in the process of this, we got the land donated to us, the city of Pasco, as far as the city go. The only thing they did to get that park in there was they gave some used pipe that they had laying around out there at what we call the Navy Base, which is out by the airport. And the black parents went out there and broke all this pipe apart and everything, took it down to the park, actually took shovels--we took shovels--dug the trenches for the water system down there, put the pipe back together, put the water system in. The city did seed it. They did plant the trees. And they keep it up. But the Kurtzman building has a park right in the front of it that myself, my cousin, Mr. Louzel Johnson put up, free of charge, right where U-Haul is on Fourth Street and Pasco now, used to be a brick place where they made brick blocks, your cinder blocks. And they donated the blocks. We did the labor and put it up. At first, they named the park Candy Cane Park. And then we had to let them know that you can't do that. That park got to be named Kurtzman or else we don't have a place to play because that's the only way he would donate it, so that's the way we got that. Where Virgie Robinson's Elementary School is now, on Wehe and Lewis Street, used to be what we call the lizard hole because you get off and then had toad, frogs, and all that stuff down in there. And we'd we go down in there and get those frogs and stuff out of there and bust them because that's what we did. [LAUGHTER]</p>
<p>Arata: Just to clarify this, I just have this great mental image in my head of this group of kids running around playing baseball. Was that integrated at all? Were most of you African Americans? A little better sense of--</p>
<p>Daniels: Well, what we did was, like I say, we lived on what we called the East side. There was a bunch of white kids that lived over there. Right on the north side of Lewis Street was enough white kids that they had two baseball teams. We lived on the south side of Lewis Street. We had one baseball team. And we played each other every day. [LAUGHTER] Yeah. We had a lot of fun. We played each other every day. In fact, one of the kids--I haven't seen him in years--but I was catching. And he threw a ball. He threw that ball so hard it--because I was using a board for the plate--and it hit that board and hit me right there. And I later had to have a hernia operation. [LAUGHTER]</p>
<p>Arata: The scars of childhood.</p>
<p>Daniels: Oh, yeah. We had a lot of fun. We played, like I say, we did BB wars and all that stuff again. I don't know why we don't have eyes out or something, but none of us ever did. Used to dig holes, tunnels. And I know you've probably read here in later years here, where kids are digging tunnels on the beach and all that stuff and then they collapse on them and they suffocate and stuff. I don't know why that didn't happen to us either because we'd dig as far as we could underground. [LAUGHTER]</p>
<p>Arata: Wow, there's so many things I want to ask you about. If we could go back to your time at Hanford just a little bit. So you did have a bunch of different jobs over the broad course of time. Could you talk a little bit about sort of security, or secrecy, or safety, things like that? Did any of those things have a major impact?</p>
<p>Daniels: Oh, yes. Oh, yes. Now security was at a point where that certain buildings, certain areas, you couldn't go in if you didn't have the clearance to go in them. One of the things that they especially emphasized was paperwork—security or classified documents and things. And documents was classified, like secret, top secret, and they had another one. But anyway, the way you knew which one was which was the border that was around it. Like, I think secret had a blue border. Top secret had a red border around it. Now, if you went in any building, and you saw that document laying anywhere unattended, you were to report it, stay right with that document until somebody of authority came and picked that document up. It wasn't supposed to be laying around any place. Again, if you didn't have the clearance, you weren't allowed in the buildings. They didn't allow you, even if you had the clearance, unless you had business in the building, then you wasn't supposed to go and fraternize and all that stuff, like, well, like first instance, my brother. The only time I went to see him or he came to see me was if there was an emergency at home and he got the message, he came and told me or vice versa. See, you just weren't allowed to do it. You were allowed in your work area to do your work and that's it. I worked all over. So I had a Q clearance. And I had a clearance for everything but the arms room. Now in the arms room, you needed a Q, but you also needed a chip. I didn't have the chip. I worked in the arms room, but I had to be escorted to the building. And then once I got to the building, I could go all around in the building, but I couldn't come out until my escort came and got me to bring me back out of the building. So there were security, and I can remember, for instance, where that DOE--which is what we call them now--actually right where Jackson's is now, down here on George Washington Way, it was a tavern. And DOE actually put people in there to watch and talk with people that worked at Hanford, got off work, stopped in to have a beer and stuff like that, just to see if they would divulge anything that was going on out there. So it was pretty hush-hush. You couldn't go past the wire barricade unless you had business out there. Again, like I say, there's not an area or a building I don't think I haven't been in. But that was because I worked all over the place. ‘Til this day, there are still areas out there that still classified. You know, they're declassifying it and cleaning it up. And I don't know how many acres they got now, but—no, I'll take that back. The only place I never did go was up on top of Rattlesnake. And I didn't want to go up there, because I'm afraid of snakes. And my brother-in-law helped put the telescope up there. And he say when they were digging and getting ready and there was plenty rattlesnakes. I said, I'm not going up there. And so I never went. [LAUGHTER] But any area out there that you can name, if you didn't have any business in there, then it wasn't a good idea to go. I can remember working, and you would look up--and they had environmentalists--and you'd look up and you'd see one way out across the desert someplace. And what in the world are they doing? Who are they? You had to go and get your supervisor or someone, or if you was in a vehicle, you went and you challenged that person. If they didn't have a badge, then they had to go with you. You held them some kind of way until they was identified, in some way or form. You just didn't walk around out there. When the Army was out there, they would do drills and stuff. And they would come in and several times—they finally had to kind of curtail that because we had guards out there that carried weapons. And some of them almost got shot, scaling over walls and going over fences and things like this. It was an exercise, but you going the wrong direction and in the wrong place without proper identification, so they had to sort of curtail that because you don't want anybody to get hurt.</p>
<p>Arata: Right. I wonder, I know it's a little bit before your time working at Hanford, but JFK visited in 1963.</p>
<p>Daniels: Well, that was before I started out there. I helped put the railroad spur in that he was supposed to come in on because he was supposed to come in by train. We finished the spur the day before he dedicated the steam plant the next day. It was so hot until I decided I wasn't going. So I didn't go. My brother took my mom and dad out to the dedication.</p>
<p>Arata: Did you ever wish maybe you had gone, braved the heat?</p>
<p>Daniels: Yeah, now I do. But back then, I didn't. I was sick of the heat.</p>
<p>Arata: Sure. I guess when you think about overall and through all your different jobs, maybe you could talk a little bit about how Hanford was as a place to work overall and if there were sort of any aspects of your jobs that were more challenging or more rewarding than others? Anything that stands out?</p>
<p>Daniels: Probably the worst part of working out at Hanford was the fact that when you worked inside the buildings, they had what we called recirculated air. You didn't get any fresh air. So it was always just sort of ho hum. You know, I always felt kind of drowsy all the time when I worked inside. Other than that, I think everything I did out there I really enjoyed. And I enjoyed being a supervisor. Although, if I had to do it all over again, I wouldn't have the job. But I had everything. All of the crafts worked for me. And that's electricians, crane operators, rigors, laborers, RCTs, the whole ball of wax. I was in charge of taking down all of the holding tanks, which, if you watch TV and you see this deal on there. This guy says he worked at Hanford for 21 years and now he's under this health care and they come out and visit him. If you watch it, you'll see three great big tanks in the back while that is on. In every area out there, they had those tanks. I took down all of those tanks in all of the areas out there and cleaned them enough that all of the metal was shipped to Japan. And that's the first time any metal, that I know of, was shipped of off the Hanford site to go anyplace except for the burial ground. But in the process of doing that, we started out doing it the way they that our RCT and everything said that we were supposed to do it. We cleared I don't know how many pounds and shipped them down here to Pasco. From Pasco, they went to Seattle and was put aboard ship. Well, before they left the Hanford area, they were surveyed to be cleaned. We shipped them down to the 1100 Area. When they left the 1100 Area, they were surveyed again. They shipped them down to Pasco. When they left Pasco to go to Seattle, they were surveyed again. When they got to Seattle, before they put them aboard ship, they were surveyed again. Got to Seattle, getting ready to put them on board ship, and they found I don't know, I'll say ten milligrams on one corner of one piece of metal. They stopped it right there. Everything that they hadn't loaded aboard ship they sent back to Kennewick. All of it. I was on my way home when it was on a Friday evening. And how they knew where I was, I have no idea, but they found me. I was in the Towne Crier down here in Richland. Guy came in. He say, I've been looking for you. I said, what do you want with me? He say, you got to go to work in the morning. I say, no, I don't. He say, yes, you do. He say, I got to have RCTs. You need to go and get ahold of Ray Jennings and get some riggers and O’Reilly, get some riggers, and crane operators, and all that stuff and we got to be out there are 8 o'clock in the morning. Says, oh. So anyway, we got it all done. I drove up out there probably at 7, 7:30 or so. We all gathered around and everything. Pretty soon, here come a guy that I've never seen before. He came in. He got out of the car, he came over, he spoke to everyone. He say, who's in charge of this project? I said, well, I guess I am. He said, well, I don't need you to guess. He say, either you or your aren't. I said, well, I'm in charge of this project. He said, come over here. He says, you haven't done anything wrong according to the RWP. He say, but we found some contamination and we can't have that. He say, so today, you are going to go step-by-step through everything that you did in order to release this metal. I told him, okay. So I call my RCTs, I get my riggers and everything. We get a panel out. And we lay it out for him. And you got to lay it out in feet, every square foot, you know, is a square. And then there's a certain amount of time that you should take to go over that square foot. And he watched us. He says, you're doing everything right if that's the way you did. I say, that's the way we did it. Well, I got the RCT head supervisor there. I got the rigger supervisor and everybody saying, well, this is the way we do it. He says, okay. He says, but how do I know—and I'll give you a for instance on what I'm talking about here—when you cut a piece of metal with a torch, you get something like the rim of this glass, where the metal actually rolls as it melts. He say, how do I know it's not contaminated underneath there? I say, well, I guess I really don't, except the instruments that we use is supposed to detect anything a quarter of an inch deep. He say, that's not good enough. He say, because some of that slag is better than a quarter of an inch. He said, have you ever heard of a Ludlum? Well, now, there's none of us out there that ever heard of a Ludlum, which is a radiation detector machine. We'd never heard of it. He says, well, that's what I want you to use. He was from Washington, DC, the Pentagon. [LAUGHTER] I said, uh-oh. But anyway, he says, I'm going back this afternoon. You will not survey or ship anymore metal off of here until I am satisfied that it's clean. I told him, okay. He went back to Washington, DC. This was like on a Wednesday. On a Monday morning, I had eight Ludlums. I'd never seen the things before. So I give them to my RCTs. And they had instruction with them. And the two kids live in Kennewick now, they read the instructions and everything, tried them out and everything. And then they became the instructors to teach other people how to use the Ludlum. Battelle has a program where that they have to certify all of the machines that are used on the Hanford site. Well, they didn't get their hands on these. So I'm working. I get a call from Battelle. And they tell me, say, Vanis, I understand you've got some machines out there that didn't come through us. I said, I don't know who they came through. But I said, they sent them to me. I said, so I got them. And I'm using them. You can't use them because they're not certified. I say, that's not what I was told. So I tell them exactly what I was told, who told me, where I got them from and everything. You got to bring them in here. I said, nope. I'm not bringing them in there. I say, I was told by the head from Washington, DC what to do. And that's what I'm going to do. Anyway, I had to go down and sit on their lap and talk with them, get them to understand that, hey, you can buck whoever you want to up there. I'm not going to do it. Well, anyway, they finally got it all squared away that they weren't going to get these machines and that I was going to use them because they had been overridden by Washington, DC. So then I got to get all that metal and everything cleared and it went to Japan. And one of things I can remember he told me before he left that evening, he say, you're doing a good job. But the thing I don't want is for one of my grandkids to get contaminated sitting up working on a computer where you have sent some contaminated metal and they made computers out of and sent it back over here. That was an interesting one. [LAUGHTER]</p>
<p>Arata: I can imagine. And what year would that have been?</p>
<p>Daniels: That would've been in '95 or '96.</p>
<p>Arata: Okay. Well, I wonder if we could just wrap up. Obviously, the Cold War in this time period, kind of a very conflicted legacy. Most of my students were not alive during that time. So they have sort of a limited window into it. So I wonder of you could just tell us a little bit about, in your experience, living through and working at Hanford during much of this time period of the Cold War, just maybe what changed over the course of time, if anything in terms of—like I know the NAACP eventually came to Hanford at did some good work later on. Sort of what that experience was of living through that change.</p>
<p>Daniels: Okay, one of the things that happened was in '68, I believe it was, about that time anyway, I was working in the 325 Building and Decon at the time. And I saw this gentleman, oh, for the better part of a week walking around. In the building, he'd always nod his head, you know, speak. I'd speak, go on about my work. Whatever he was doing, he'd go on about it too. My supervisor, one morning, told me, he stays, I need you to stay here, answer the phone. He say, take any work orders that come in. He say, and if you need to go and estimate a job, you know how to do it, go do it. I got to go to a meeting. I'll be back. I says, okay. So he went on to the meeting. And when he came back, he says, I told you something was going to happen. He say, heads are going to roll around here. I said, what are you talking about? He says, remember, they got all these blacks out here. I say, yeah. He say, 90% of them are janitors. I say, yes. He say, that guy that's been walking around in this building? I say, yes? He say, he's head of DoE. He's from Washington. And he's been observing all of the jobs, the people that are doing the jobs, the people that are in the jobs, the education that the people have, and the whole ball of wax. And he just told us that we got three weeks to start transferring some of these people into some of these jobs. He say, because you can't tell me you got that many black people out here and don't none of them have enough sense to do anything but janitorial work. He say, I know better. [LAUGHTER] So that's when they started diversifying and sending people to all different jobs and all that stuff. Because before then, most of them were janitors, I think. I got a cousin that worked in a lab, one supervisor, one operator—that was about it. Everybody else mostly were janitors. But, again, see, you're looking at an area when they start hiring blacks out there. Most of them had been here since the early '40s. They had worked construction out there and all that stuff. But none of them had ever been able to get a job in what I call production. They hired them all. They hired them as janitors. They were already elderly people. And when I say elderly, some of them may have been as young as in their 40s. But most of them only worked ten, 12 years, and they retired. They were that old. Some of them didn't want to do anything else except janitorial work.</p>
<p>A whole bunch of the younger people actually went on and became Teamsters and electricians and pipefitters and all that stuff. But that was the first time that a lot of the blacks had ever had a steady job in their life. And they, in the run of a year, they probably made is much or more money than they ever made in their life because they had a steady job. You got a paycheck 52 weeks to the year, with a vacation, which they had never had before. So they didn't want to branch out per se, a lot of them didn't, because I know some of the people that I worked with, many have gotten in 12 years out there and they retired. They just weren't interested in killing the world at their age. They just weren't interested in it. We first went to hot standby they call it. In other words, hot standby is when you redo everything, you rebuild everything. You get it ready to go if you need to go back into production. Then they go from what they call hot standby they downgraded it to just cold standby. When they did that, then after about six months we went in, we start draining everything. This is all the oils, all the antifreeze if you had antifreeze, whatever you had that was liquid, we start draining all this stuff out of all the equipment and everything. You started taking out all the electrical stuff. And they had spent millions and millions and millions of dollars upgrading all this stuff. You've got engines, diesel engines just in case you had a nuclear attack or something to that effect that once the electricity went off, the engines kicked off and kept the reactors running. One of those engines is longer than this building is this way, and they rebuilt them all. And the only time they started, they just started them up enough to make sure that they were working and they shut them off. We drained everything out of all those engines, and then they took them out, and when I left they were still in the buildings. I think they've since sold them to someone, but that means that you can't start it back up. If you want to, you've got to put all new stuff in.</p>
<p>Well, in 1943, when they built the B Reactor, when they started it, 13 months it was online. Try to build a reactor today. 40 years from now it won't be online. Because the government took and they put all of these entities into place. And it's a safety precaution as far as that go. But see they didn't put any restrictions on these people. And that's just the ecology, ERDA, all those people, they don't have any restrictions on them. And you get all of these in--if I hit you on the toe, don't holler ouch too hard--but young people are the worst in the bunch because the only thing they know is what they read in a book. And the book is just a guideline for you to use this up here, because there's no two things out there that's ever going to be the same. And DoE put young people in positions out here to tell people that have been working and doing this job for 30 and 40 years and they tell them what to do instead of coming out there asking some questions and trying to learn? Because the book don't tell you nothing. Do you cook?</p>
<p>Arata: I do.</p>
<p>Daniels: Okay. You go get a recipe, you fix the food exactly like the recipe says. It's not always good to you. But now if you are allowed to put your flair into it, then it's good, right? That's the same thing with a life. That's just the way life is. You've got to learn, and you do it by trial and error. And they don't have any business out there. I had a guy, 27 years old or roughly there, shut one of my jobs down. He did not ask the questions that he should ask. He just saw it and shut it down. You're not going to do this and you're not going to do that. Well, when you're talking to a rigger that's been rigging for 40 years, he know when he's in danger and when he's not. He didn't live that long by being stupid. Well anyway, it all comes down to not putting a barrier around where he was working. Well, he's got to be able to see the rigger down here, up here, and then he signals the crane operator. Well, if you can't see the rigger down in that hole, you can't signal the crane operator. And he shut my job down because this guy didn't have a barrier between him and the hole where he could look down in there and see the rigger. They shut it down. I had to go to a critique. And we talked about it and the rigger told him, he says, you don't have a clue what you're talking about. He said, you just shut a job down, he say, and you've got all these suits sitting up in here and making all this money and the job's still not done. But those are the things you have put up with, too.</p>
<p>Arata: Absolutely. Well, sir, is there anything else that I haven't asked you about, any final stories you'd like to share?</p>
<p>Daniels: I don't know. Maybe he got something he want to ask me. You got anything you want to ask me? I am just here. Just ask me whatever you want to ask me, and if I know, I'll tell you. If I don't, I'll say I don't know.</p>
<p>Arata: I guess my one sort of follow-up question, we've heard from a couple other interviewees about having some definite run-ins with the KKK. Did you ever have any experience with the KKK in the area?</p>
<p>Daniels: No, I never did. Now I do have a friend in Kennewick that tells me that they used to have meetings right up here on Jump-Off Joe. But no, I never ran into any. If I did, I didn't know who they were. Never had that experience, because we still might be fighting if I had. [LAUGHTER]</p>
<p>Arata: I think that covers all my questions. I want to thank you so much for coming and sharing your stories and experiences with us. I really appreciate it.</p>
<p>Daniels: My brother, he's got probably--let's see, I worked out there about 15 years all total and I think he's got 36 or 37 or 38, so he can probably tell you a lot more than me.</p>
<p>Arata: We'll get him next week. We're looking forward to it. Well, thank you so much, Vanis.</p>
<p>Daniels: Okay. You're welcome.</p>
Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
01:20:42
Hanford Sites
Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview
300 Area
100-F
3706 Building
3707 Building
200 East
200 West
B Reactor
1100 Area
325 Building
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1951-
Years on Hanford Site
Years on the Hanford Site, if any.
1966-1971 1989-1997
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Heidlebar, Rebecca
Johnson, Louzel
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
230 kbps
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Vanis Daniels
Subject
The topic of the resource
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Pasco (Wash.)
Richland (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Segregation
Nuclear reactors
Radioactive decontamination
Nuclear facilities
Baseball
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
11/14/2013
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Format
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video/mp4
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
2016-08-04: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
Description
An account of the resource
Vanis Daniels moved to Pasco, Washington in 1951 as a teenager and began working on the Hanford Site in 1966.
An interview conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by Mission Support Alliance on behalf of the United States Department of Energy.
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
1100 Area
300 Area
3706 Building
3707 Building
B Reactor
BU reactor
Hanford (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Pasco (Wash.)
Richland (Wash.)
-
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fecc318de874e02165a0adba276148544.jpg
1a405e5eb93d81a0c044840814841635
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F3bab96a36faefb5efcaa973b0a007927.mp4
9752103e397f6c9c4671a80e6c1c1324
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX253515545">
<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Robert Franklin</span>: Okay. My name is Robert Franklin, and I am conducting an interview with Linda Davis on May 26</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span class="NormalTextRun SCX253515545">th</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> 2016. The interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington State University, Tri-Cities. I will be talking to Linda Davis about her e</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">x</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">periences growing up in Richland, and her father’s experiences coming to work on the Hanford site. So, Linda, let’s start at the beginning. Why don’t you—you were mentioning earlier, with some of those items you brought which we’ll view later—you were showing us pictures of growing up and your father’s photo when he came here. So I guess why don’t we start with your father coming here.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Linda Davis</span>: My dad had b</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">een working in Kansas on I think</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> it was a CCC project. And it came to an end. And they were told very little. Go to Washington. They’re like, right. [LAUGHTER] But my parents had always wanted to get the heck out of Kansas, so they found that this was their escape. And it was during the Depression, so jobs were tough. My dad came out. He was supposed to be coming out with a bunch of friends, and my brother got sick, so he ended up coming out later. He had to—he hopped box cars to get here! [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow!</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: He rode the rails and hitchhiked. And he got here a</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> few weeks after his friends—a </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">couple weeks after his friends did. They all got the management positions, and he got to be Joe Blow. [LAUGHTER] But he came out in February, March of ’43. He had been working cement. They sent him out with some other guys. They drove all over the whole reservation looking for the right rocks and gravel and sand to make the cement to start pouring B Reactor footings. After he did that, he was there when they poured the footings and that was always one of his—he was always very proud that he was there when they did the footings. Briefly, he was sent over to the extrusion and he was one of the first ones to actually run the machine to extrude the plutonium. Then after a short term there, he went back to B Reactor and became a nuclear operator until he retired.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And he was first here in a tent.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: They supplied these big tents with a stove in the corner. And he says those really weren’t that bad. Then they, quote, moved him to barracks. And he says, those were the pits. They had gaps in the wood. There was just one layer of wood and gaps. So you learned really early on—you woke up in the morning, you shook your head, you wiped your eyes off, because you’re either removing snow or sand. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> And he says when he got here off the train, he says, there was as many people getting on the train to leave. And he says, the sands would come in and people were missing their families, and they were leaving in droves. My mom and the kids did not come until fall of ’43. There was no housing at that </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">point in time. They went and lived in Yakima and my mom got a job and dad would commute on his long changes to Yakima to go visit the family. The rest of the time, he’d go stay in the barracks. And when he first got here with some of his friends, they had long lines for the shower</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">s. T</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">hey were like, oh, we don’t want to wait in these stupid shower lines, we’re in a hurry. So him and his friends went—they’re from Kansas, streams there are shallow and warm. The</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">y went, the</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">re’s this great big river, so they ran down and jumped in the river. And jumped right back out! [LAUGHTER] He said it was so cold! They went and stood in line after that.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: That’s a great story.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And my dad played poker and he was well known </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">for his poker playing</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> here. We thought he</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> used to—</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">was just bragging</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> until</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> when</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> he died and </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">people were coming in and they were going, wow, was he one wicked poker player. They used to be able to play poker on the buses.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Really?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, you know, an hour ride, they had these little tables they’d se</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">t up towards the back and they</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> play</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">ed</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> poker.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: He could earn almost as much money playing poker as he could </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">working</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow, that’s great. So how long was it before your mother and—so you weren’t born yet at the time.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: No! [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So how long was it before your mother and the rest of your family were able to move to the Tri-Cities?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: They stayed in Yakima for about a year and a half. And then they moved—their first house was </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">a</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span class="SpellingError SCX253515545">A</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> house on MacPherson, which was just finished and they ended up having to go to a hotel the first night, becau</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">se it was freshly painted, and i</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">t made them all sick because it was still wet. [LAUGHTER] They were kind of unusual because they had their own furniture that they had brought from Kansas. Most people came and they had—everybody had the same bed, dresser, everything was supplied. But they had a lot of their own furniture that they brought from Kansas. So they would have been here—let’s see, he came out in ’43, ’44—early ’45 is </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">when they got their first house--</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: --i</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">n the Tri-Cities. During that time, Dad had commuted back and forth.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow. And you said that your mom was working in Yakima. What kind of work was she doing?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: She was a receptionist in a doctor’s office.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: She was telling me—</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">oh, just a few years ago, she was telling me that she was working, and people had been displaced and all the, quote, riffraff was coming in, and people looked really down on the </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">people like them who were coming in. She was working in a doctor’s office, so nobody really thought about it, so they were a lot of times just tal</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">king, and some ladies got real</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> snippy about, well, you got all this riffraff coming in and these </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">lowlifes</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> and stuff. And she just looked up and said, oh, well I’m one of those. [LAUGHTER] But they were really looked down on, because people didn’t know why they had been displaced. And they didn’t know why all these people were coming from all over the country.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right, because they</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> hadn’t</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Nobody was allowed to know anything. So there was a lot of anger, and a lot of looking down their noses at people that had come into the Hanford Project.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Do you think maybe some clas</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">s conflict? Or maybe people they had</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> perceived as Dust Bowl type people--?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Dust Bowl type people, because a lot of them came—Kansas, Oklahoma supplied a lot of the workers out here, because the word had gotten around, go to Washington, go to Washin</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">gton. They didn’t know why, </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">just go to Washington, you’ll find a job. You’ve got crummy farming, a lot of them just packed up and left. And they showed up. Then the, quote, natives of the area who</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> had</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> felt that they had been here for a significant amount of time really did look down on</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> all these strangers coming in.</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> It was—they would look like refugees to them. Because a lot of them came with homemade trailers and, literally their own tents if they couldn’t find a place to live.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And they hopped boxcars.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And they hopped boxcars to get here! [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow, that’s really interesting. So, earlier you mentioned that your family had lived in a lot of different houses early on or kind of gone all over. So can you talk about that? Those early years of being in Richland.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: You were assigned houses by what kind of job you had and how many children you had. You could</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> apply to get a different house. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">nd for all sorts of different reasons—my mother liked to move, I think, because a lot of it—she always liked to move. And Dad went along with it. They lived in ranch houses, F houses, </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">A</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> houses—they sneakily got into an H house, which they didn’t qualify for. You couldn’t—weren’t supposed to get into any housing unless it’s written out by the government that you could. They traded with somebody who wanted something—they wanted like the A house. They were in an H house and Mom and Dad said, oh, we’d like the H.</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> So they traded without telling the government.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Ooh.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: That lasted six months</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> [LAUGHTER] Then t</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">hey had to move again. [LAUGHTER</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So the H houses were bigger then? I’m not quite up on </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">all of </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">the—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: They have a </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">basement;</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> they have one floor. They were probably better made. They were nicer houses than like the A. But the one people were having more kids or something. I can’t remember why they wanted to change. But Mom and Dad sneakily did it, then</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> they sneakily had to slink out [LAUGHTER] w</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">hen they were told they had to leave.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow. Yeah, one thing I’ve heard around here is that basements in those early years were pr</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">e</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">tty rare.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: What basements you had, like in the A houses, B houses, F houses, they were dirt. I’ve been in them when they hadn’t been changed yet. It’s basically a dirt floor, you walk down the stairs and then you’re there. Then there’s like this raised cement block area. Well, that’s where they’d dump the coal into. They would come with these trucks and dump the coal in. You just had enough room to go down there and shovel coal. They were pretty gross. [LAUGHTER] But I remember Mom and Dad, though, said everything was supplied. You had no utilities, they brought your coal—you had to call and ask for a lightbulb to be changed. You were not allowed to do it yourself. [LAUGHTER] Totally government.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah, that’s a lot like here. You have to put in a facilities request to do that.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, well,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> they had to—</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">she goes, a lightbulb? Like, we can’t change your own? Oh, no. But she says they were really Johnny-on-the-spot.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Really?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah. They’d call and say, you know, lightbulb in the bathroom burned out. Oh! We’ll be right there!</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow, so it would have been a whole department of people.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: There was a whole depart</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">ment of people who were doing that</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">. If you were not working at Hanford or what they called support, like supplying the oil and changing the lightbulbs, a grocery store, pharmacist or something, you were not allowed to live here.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And if you were, like, married and your husband—one of their friends</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> that happened—</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">drop</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">ped dead of a heart attack,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> she was given 48 hours to leave with her kids. They were kind of severe at times. But it was super safe. Kids could run and play. If your kid got in trouble, you could lose your job. That was—I remember my dad always holding that over my brothers. [LAUGHTER] If you get in trouble, I can lose my job and we’ll have to leave.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: So kids were g</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">ood;</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> they didn’t have a choice. If you had a kid who became a juvenile delinquent, then you could lose your job and given 24 hours to leave town.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Did you know of any incidences of that happening?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: My parents talked about it, but I didn’t have names or—you know. Just somebody that they knew, their </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">kids had been a real pain—and he</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> ended up </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">I think </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">keeping his job, but he had to move to Kennewick. He couldn’t stay in government. He managed to beg and plead and keep his job, but he had to leave town.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So they were not only kind of controlled the work site, but they also really controlled the fabric of the community as well.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: To the point where they had—after leaving Richland, and living elsewhe</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">re and now in Kennewick,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> you realize the layers are like military layers. And it’s taken a long time for that to kind of break down. You had your echelons, just like in the military. They even went so far as to tell people, you are in this job and you’re in this job, and you’re not supposed to communicate. They may have grown up together in some Podunk place in the Midwest, known each other since childhood, but, </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">all of the sudden, </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">oh, you’re not supposed to talk to each other? [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right, so kind of like that difference between commissioned officers—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And a non-com.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Non-com.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Yeah. Oh, you’re more of a commissioned, you’re too high up and you can’t talk to the lower echelon.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> scientists</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> don’t talk to janitors and so forth.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: That’s really interesting. Did your mom work after—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yes, she worked at Dr. </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span class="SpellingError SCX253515545">Ellner’s</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> office, urologist here in town. She worked there for—I don’t know—from the time I was about nine, eight—I guess I was about eight when she started working there. So that would have been ’62.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay. And so then you would be born in ’54.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Mm-hmm.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: ’54. Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Part of that big baby boom.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah. And how many siblings do you have?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Three.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay. And were any of them—did any of them move to Richland from—so your parents came, your father came out in ’43, and then your family came out in the fall. When were your siblings born?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: They were born all in Kansas.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And so they were born in ’37, ’40, and ’41.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So you’re the real baby of the bunch.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Oh, yeah. I was the surprise. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> Ah.</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> I think we all are in some way.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Oh, I was—my mom was 41, so yeah, I was a shock.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> yeah,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> that is quite a surprise. So tell me—then you would have been born then when Richland was still a government town.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So tell me about growing up, like maybe from your earliest memories on. What was it like to—do you have any early memories of before—while Richland was still a government town?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, I have a lot of memories from really early. My brother and I seem to both have the brains from early, early. The other two go, I don’t remember anything then. [LAUGHTER] They don’t really remember anything until after they’re five! One of the things that always struck me was, as a kid, driving through town and they had that asbestos siding</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> that you had a green house or this</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> dark reddish house. They all kind of looked the same. I know my sister one time accidentally ended up in the wrong house after school. And one of Mom’s best friends came in and found some guy sleeping in her bed. He was on leave from the Army and he had gotten in the wrong house. But they all looked the same. And people had the same furniture.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: So my sister went in and says, like, the living room furniture, I think, was all the same. And she says, she came home, put her papers down and then went out and played. Then came back later and went, Mom keeps moving the furniture! [LAUGHTER] She says she has no idea which house she went into.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, they had basically—I remember the green and the red. There might have been—and then there was some blue. And then they had like a cream color with </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">them. So like the A houses would</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> have been light colored on the top and then the red on the bottom. Or cream and—there was like three choices. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right. It’s like the Model T. You can get it in black or black.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Right. Yeah, this was—and you didn’t</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> have a choice what color it was. And I guess when they first moved in, besides the paint being wet, they literally handed them a ten-pound bag of grass seed and said, plant your yard! Have fun! [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow. That’s great. So, how about any memories that stand out from your early childhood or early life in Richland? I remember, earlier you mentioned that before we started taping, that your family had bought one of the first commercially available houses.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Spec home.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Spec home. What year was that?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: 1960.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay, so you would have been about six years old then.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Dav</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">is</span>: Right. That was just before</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> I was six, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And what was that like, to be in one of these?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: You—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: New, new, new homes.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Because of the class thing going on, I was not considered—and then shortly after they started building this North Richland area—I always felt like I didn’t fit in. I didn’t fit in with the kids in the, quote, government houses.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> My house was basically a ranch house. We had hardwood floors instead of tiles. And we had a one-car garage, ooh, </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span class="SpellingError SCX253515545">ahh</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">. [LAUGHTER] But it really wasn’t—it was just a three-bedroom ranch. One bathroom and a one-car garage. And then all the scientists and the people making more money and the doctors started building into North Richland. And I didn’t fit in with them</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">, either, because they went</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">, oh, you’re in that little house.</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> It was kind of like feeling like you didn’t fit in anywhere. Because I wasn’t in a government house, and a lot of the government houses were way bigger than the house we were in.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Huh.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: But I remember saying—one of the first memories in that house was—they’d move</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">d</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> us in—oh, they’d never allow it nowadays. Moved us in, we had no water. S</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">o the firemen came and hooked</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> up to a fire hydrant about a block and a half away. [LAUGHTER] A</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">nd then it ran into a garden ho</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">se, and it was Febr</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">uary, and like below zero. So you</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> always had to have water running in the bathtub to keep the little garden house. And if froze up, all the neighbors would come out and jump up and down on it, breaking the ice up. But nowadays you wouldn’t be able to move into a house without full running water.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right, right. Wow. That’s fabulous.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And then when we were first there—we were the very first ones sold. The others were having open houses. And we’d be sitting there having like a family get-together, and people start walking in our house. Oh, this one’s not open! No. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And then that of course touched off a boom, though, right, in house construction in Richland.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Davi</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">s</span>: Right. North Richland, I remember</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> we used to sit at our kitchen table and look out and watch all the houses going up, and here are all the—for years, you could see new houses and hear hammering every morning. North Richland just really took off because everybody started building their own.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: A lot of people went ahead and bought their original house from the government, but my parents—I don’t know, they fell—my dad fell in love with this house. My mother hated it. [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: How long did they live at that house?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: We lived there 13 years.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay. So they really do like to move around a lot.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: That’s like mom’s record, yeah. Her last move was with us and she had to live wi</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">th us ten years without moving before </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">she died. [LAUGHTER] But generally, about—when my siblings were growing up, they got used to moving every six months to a year and a half. And they went to every single school in Richland.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow. Well, I guess they know a pretty big cross-section of the community, then.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: They were always—when you talk to different people, they’re like, oh yeah, so-and-so,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> and I go,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> oh yeah, my parents were their neighbors. And somebody else would say, oh yeah, they were their neighbors, too. Like </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span class="SpellingError SCX253515545">Garmo</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> who owned one of the grocery stores. All these different people, they were their neighbors at some point in time. Probably Johnson, who was the photographer for the area. He was a good friend and I’m still in recent contact with his daughter. </span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: But pretty much, if you lived in Richland for any length of time</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">, my parents were your neighbor</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> at some point. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: That’s great. So when did your father retire from Hanford?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: I was married, so—when did he retire? I got married in ’74, so I’m trying to remember exactly. ’75 or ’76, something like that.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, wow, so he was on—did he have any gaps in employment, or did he work onsite since 1943?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: He worked onsite that whole time.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow, and so what did—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Except for the six-week strike they had. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, well tell me about that.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: I don’t even remember what it was about. I was in junior high. They had a strike which my dad was not in favor of, but he wouldn’t break union line. So he was on strike. During that time, he says, oh well, I’ll make the best of it, so he built a family room onto our house. [LAUGHTER] And got hooked on soap operas.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: He used to make fun of Mom wanting to watch her soap opera, and then </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">when he went back to work, </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">he’d come home from work and go, what happened with—[LAUGHTER] But they were only on strike for like six weeks.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And do you remember what the strike was about at all?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: I don’t remember what it was about. Like I say, it was in junior high. It was—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Do you think you can give me kind of a date range so we could try to find something</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> about that</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: That would have been in the late ‘60s? Somewhere in—yeah. It wasn’t a very long strike, but it was the first one that I know of that they had. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">F</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">ranklin</span>: Was that site wide, do</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> you remember?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, it was site wide. I wish I remembered what it was, but in junior high you don’t pay attention to stuff like that. Yeah, Dad</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">’s</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> on strike, well, so is everybody</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> else’s dad, so—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: All you know is that he’s camped out on the couch watching soap operas.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: No, he was busy building the family room.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> He literally put a whole</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> addition</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> on the back of the house. So that’s what he was doing during his six weeks.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Still worked. So you mentioned that he had been kind of a construction guy and then had worked at the separation plant,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> right,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> and then worked in the B Reactor. So what other jobs did he have?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: He went from B Reactor, when they closed it down, then he went to K. And then</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> he</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> kept saying, oh, I sure hope they don’t ever send me to N. That’s where he ended up. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: He was always—he liked his B Reactor. Just the way the others were set up and they were different, he liked his B Reactor. </span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: He got comfortable—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">But he ended up at N Reactor anyway. That’s where he retired from.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, wow. And what did he do at—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: He was a reactor operator. He was—yeah, from after construction, he was a reactor operator.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So it seems like a really big career jump, from construction to—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, but they didn’t—nobody knew what they were doing exactly.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: So it’s learn-as-you-go. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah, I bet.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: My dad—I remember him—it was really neat to go on the B Reactor tour, b</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">ecause it was probably the 70s before he ever even talked about what it looked </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">like</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> or anything. I never knew what it looked like. But he started—in the 70s was able to start feeling comfortable—I mean, it wasn’t classified or anything then. But the guys had just been used to not talking about it.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Well, yeah, I mean secrecy.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: But he started describing the panels and stuff. And there was this office behind him, and he says—during World War II—he says, the crazy Italian in the silk suits sat back there. And then he’d go get crapped up, is when they’d get contaminated and they’d have to take his silk suits away and burn them. I didn’t realize it until after Dad was gone, when he was talking about the crazy Italian in the </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">silk</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> suits, that was Fermi.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Sitting behind my dad! [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow, that’s amazing.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> But he never said his name. He never said his name. Just the crazy Italian in the silk suits.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: But, of course he probably would have known his name.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Oh, during World War II, they didn’t.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> So that’s how—I think they just referred to him as the crazy Italians with the silk suits. Because they literally did not know their names. He was the guy who sat back there, and he’d go into places they weren’t allowed to go to. And he wasn’t really supposed to, but he’d go in and tinker. Then they’d check him for radiation and go, eh, those clothes—</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">I remember, </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">one of my ea</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">r</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">ly memorie</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">s is being in grade school and </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">m</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">y</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> dad getting off the bus, because everybody rode the buses to work. They were just like clockwork and super on—I mean super on time. And I remember coming out of the house, and my dad’s getting off the bus in the afternoon and—I guess I was heading to school. He’s coming down—my dad was only five-foot-six. And he’s got a pair of pants that he’s holding up around his armpits, and a shirt that’s probably was past his knees rolled up to his—and clomping along in these shoes that don’t fit. He had gotten crapped up at work.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And he ended up—one of his friends who was like six-foot-six had some extra clothes. [LAUGHTER] Yeah, he’s like, you know, when you get your clothes crapped up, you lose your clothes.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Even your underwear. [LAUGHTER] So he’s coming home with—[LAUGHTER] I still remember—luckily we only lived like a half block from where the bus dropped him off. But I thought, that had to be a little uncomfortable at work, walking around like that.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah, no kidding.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Trying</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> to hold these. Yeah, Trawler, he was </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">six-five, six-six. </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">He was a tall guy, skinny. But D</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">ad was only five-foot-six. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow, that’s a great story. So there’s some—</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">a couple of</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> the big events that we always ask people about and one of them is Kennedy’s visit to the N Reactor in 1963. Did you—were you—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Both my parents were working.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: They were both working, so—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: [LAUGHTER] I didn’t</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> have any way to get there. I wanted to go, but my parents, oh,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> it’s going to</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> be a big crowd. They didn’t like crowds.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: So, yeah, I didn’t get to go. They were both working. So I heard about it from my friends</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Your friends who went?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, I had friends who went.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Awesome.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And they still remember it, and I’m going, oh, I didn’t get to go. </span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Ah, you were busy. So any other major—</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">any other </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">big events that kind of stick out at you in Richland, growing up in Richland or maybe even a little later?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Ah, let’s see, what were the events?</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> They always had their fire parade, their fire prevention parades. That was when you were a kid and you got to decorate your bike and ride down the road.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: G Way, and they had—when I was really little, there was like Frontier Days or some other parade that we had. And then one of the big thrills was in the spring, they would bring in, quote, well</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> we’d call them travel trailers now, but they were the early mobile homes that were like eight-foot-wide and 12 feet long. And they’d set them up in the Uptown Richland parking lot. You’d go look through them and go, oh, aren’t these cool. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: They brought them up for sale?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, you know how they do car shows now in parking lots? Well, they’d bring these little mobile—[LAUGHTER] little dinky mobile homes. Which now</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">adays</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">, I </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">says</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">, my fifth wheel’s bigger</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> than these, quote, homes that you’re supposed to live in. </span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: I could</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> imagine for some of the people who had been here in the early days that those might have given</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> them some flashbacks to the trailer camps or—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, my parents didn’t live in the trailer camps, but they had a lot of friends who did. And one of my best friends, her parents had built—they had no place to live, so they built</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> their own trailer and lived down</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> at the Y. It was a homemade, and it was really little with three kids. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow. That’s amazing. So did you end up staying in Richland, then—did you ever move out of the Tri-Cities?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: We went to the Chicago area, and we were gone—I didn’t leave until I got married.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: My husband went to Pullman for a year and then we went to Chicago. We were gone about nine years and then came back and raised our kids here.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, okay. And so what brought you back to the—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Family. My parents were here, my dad’s health was failing, and I had just lost my father-in-law. So we kind of wanted the kids to get the chance to know their grandparents, because my husband’s parents were both gone. So, family. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And good memories of being growing up here.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Sure, sure.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Versus Chicago. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> what would you—is there anything you would like future generations to know about growing up—like kind of the experience growing up in Richland, or what it would have been like to be so close to Hanford? To help them understand what that would be like.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: G</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">rowing up with my dad, the guys </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">and women who worked out there, they were proud of what they did. Yes, bombs, they all agreed, the bomb is nasty. But in the long run it probably saved millions of lives on both sides. Because Japan was willing to fight ‘til the last man</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> which would have been millions of more lives lost. And if they would have gotten the bomb first, we’d be speaking Japanese. [LAUGHTER] I think there’s an overall pride—and my husband and I were just talking abo</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">ut this last year, that </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">what was accomplished at Hanford would never be able to be done today. Back then, the old—they had all the signs, loose lips sink ships. My husband says, well, it’d be</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">en</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> sunk long—they couldn’t have even gotten the first thing done before it would have been out in the open. Nowadays I don’t think they could pull it off. And people knew they weren’t sup</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">posed to talk about it. My dad—</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">my mom said when they were living in Yakima, my dad</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">, he had read about the reactor—</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">splitting the atom in the Collier’s magazine before the war. They were going to go get the magazine and look it up. They never got around to it. Found out if you asked about that magazine, you were fired. </span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: So they learned not to say anything. They handed some uranium around and my dad by the weight, he said, it wasn’t very big but he knew by the weight what it was. And he started to say something, and his boss says, don’t. And later he says if you would’ve said it, I would’ve had to</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> have</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> fire</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">d</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> you on the spot. I mean, you just knew that if you said anything—so he whispered it to my mom one night, under—they were sure that there were microphones everywhere. So even though they were living in Yakima, he would put a pil</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">low over them. And he says, I think we’re making the bomb.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Really?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And my mom kind of</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> went, </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span class="SpellingError SCX253515545">pfft</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">. Sure you are. [LAUGHTER] And then my mom didn’t know—said they didn’t really know what it was until my brother came home from school and all the kids and everybody was going, we dropped the bomb, we dropped the bomb.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: But I think there’s a pride in what they did. It was very secretive and when you realize that everybody was doing their little part, and they didn’t know what the other parts were. I mean, it’d be like trying to tell somebody to put a car together. Here, you have this screw, put it somewhere—and only that one. And you don’t really know what’s going on. It was really amazing what they pulled off.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And I think they—all the men and women who worked out there were really proud of what they did. And I think it went on to their families to feel proud of what they did. Yeah, the bomb’s not a nice thing, but where we would have been without it?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right. What about later in the Cold War, after, and all the other things that were produced—all the other bombs that were produced? Do you think that added or ever shifted and change, or—especially in the late 60s with the protests?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, in the ‘60s, my da</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">d used to get to work with Dixy</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> Lee Ray periodically and t</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">hey’d sit and talk. And he always kept saying, </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">you know, we’ve kept it so quiet and we keep it so hush-hush. He says, we’re past that point now, we need to educate people on nuclear power and get away from the—people, and I still talk to people, especially not from around here, when you’re in other states, they cannot separate power from bomb. To them, it’s all one thing. There is no power, it’s just a bomb. And it’s like, no, yo</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">u</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> can have nuclear power and not have a bomb. And he kept saying, we need to educate—and I remember learning stuff about it in school here. Cousins and stuff back east, they never learned anything about it. They knew nothing about nuclear power, nuclear fission—nothing. [LAUGHTER] I think the sad part is that they didn’t do more educating, they just—they lived too long in that shroud of secrecy, and didn’t spread the knowledge. </span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right. </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">So you think, maybe it was</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">—even though everybody knew after ’45</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> what was—</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">and that they were continuing to produced, there was maybe a missed opportunity there.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And throughout the ‘50s it was still—you didn’t talk about it.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right, the fear, the </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">specter</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> of international communism.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Right, even though war was over with the bombs, everybody knows about it, it still was a hush-hush. Yeah, I think they missed an opportunity on education</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">nd people just grew up fearing it and not understanding anything about—</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">hey, </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">this could be a decent power source.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Taking Chernobyl out as a factor. [LAGUHTER] That was a poorly designed—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: There’s also Three Mile and other—certainly when a lot of people on the East Coast found about nuclear power</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> first</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, they learned about it when it wasn’t—sometimes it was a poor design to start with. Well, when we lived in Chicago, there’s the Indiana Dunes. They were trying to build one on the Dunes. They didn’t even have any bedrock to sink it into. And we’re going, you know, they’re dunes? They kind of like, don’t stay put? [L</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">A</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">UGHTER] When we left there, they were still trying to do it. And we’re like, that doesn’t even make sense. So then there was a lot of stupid mistakes, too, that</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">—yeah,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> you got to think about all the safety part.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right. But it seems kind of hard sometimes to separate the secrecy</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> even</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> from the—there’s so much</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> [INAUDIBLE].</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Do</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> you know,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> through</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> even</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> the mid ‘60s there was still tremendous secrecy. Mid</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> and</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> late ‘60s. </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">You still, living here, felt like, you know, it was hush-hush.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: But I imagine with the government owning the town until the late ‘50s that certainly you would keep that element of—that kind of vibe alive.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, and pretty much the same people who were here when the government released the town—when I graduated from</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> high school, what, were there 9</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">,000 people in Richland? That was in ’72. So a good chunk of those people were ones who were still here from World War II.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right, and you lived in Richland the whole time, from when you were growing up, when you were born.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Mm-hm.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So did you ever go to the other two cities much?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Oh, yeah! Downtown Pasco was one of the best places to shop!</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh really?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Oh, it had the classy stores!</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Really?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Oh, yeah. It was a major trek, but you’d go to downtown Pasco to go shopping. Well, that was a big day shopping, because they had the fancier ladies’ stores, they had shoe stores, they had the pet shop!</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And they had a big drug store, and furniture stores and you could spend a whole day in, quote, Downtown Pasco! [LAUGHTER] That was a classy place to go. And then the old downtown Kennewick</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> was—that</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> was more functional. It had Penney’s and Sears and stuff, you know. Not Sears—what was it? I can’t remember the name of the store. But when you needed fireplace stuff or a stove or something.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So like a Woolworth’s or something like that.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, but there were several stores. And there was the hardware store that’s still there.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah, the—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Kennewick Hardware is still there. It was there when I was little. I think one of the big things you remember is like going there in three feet of snow because our stove had caught fire. We had to buy a new stove. Back then you could leave your kid in the car, and I was tire</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">d of going in and out of stores, and sitting there in the car.</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> I was probably about four. Mom was just inside, you know, ordering a stove and we got a chinook. Within like the time that they took </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">them </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">to order their stove and come out, I watched the snow leave. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Totally fascinating. It was gurgling and stuff, but wow. That’s one thing about this area, you get chinooks. When you talk about it in Chicago, they go, huh? [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah. Wow, that’s really interesting. Did you have any friends from the other cities, or did you mostly—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: My parents’ best friends moved to Kennewick, which was my sister’s best friend—it started out with my sister’s best friend who they lived kitty-corner from us when I was born, and then our parents met and became best friends, and then her younger sister and I are best friends, and we’re each other’s kids’ godparents. But they—when I w</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">as about three or four</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">, they moved to Kennewick to a new house. [LAUGHTER] And then he commuted. He had to drive out to work because he c</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">ouldn’t—the buses didn’t go </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">to </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Kennewick;</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> they were only in Richland.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: S</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">o there was still a lot of induc</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">ement, then, to stay in Richland.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, you didn’t have to get that second car, because you’d just walk—most of the guys didn’t walk more than a block or two to get to the bus.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: I mean, these buses were everywhere.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah, at the project offices, we have a map—I think it’s from the</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> very</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> early ‘80s but even then they were</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> still running buses,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> and yeah, they</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">’d go all</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: They go everywhere and nobody walked more than two blocks from their house to a bus.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: That’s [INAUDIBLE].</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: So you only had to have one car. Even when my mom was working, she got the car to go to work and Dad rode the bus. Wasn’t any problem.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right. I bet that would help instill a certain sense of camaraderie, because you’d ride the bus with these guys, and it’s not like today when you get in a car and </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">you’re</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> kind of</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> in this bubble—you have a radio, but you’re kind of in a bubble. </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Whereas</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> in </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">a bus, </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">everyday</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">, you--</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Well, we lived there, where—the change between the government town and the newer part of town. So you had people like Dad—y</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">ou’ve got nuclear operators, you had </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">janitors and</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> you had</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> the scientists, all on the same bus. [LAUGHTER</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: I </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">mean,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> everybody rode the bus. When the bus would come, there’d always be five or six guys standing out down there. And a bunch would get off and a bunch would get on.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: So after the </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">changeover</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">, it was still the site that operated all the buses.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Mm-hm.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: D</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">id they have to pay for that, or was that just a perk?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: That was just—yeah, they just paid for it. I mean, the government paid for it—nobody else could ride the buses, only the workers and they only went to and from work. They weren’t for like the families to go shopping or anything. </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">It was just for the workers. </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">And, yeah, they just got on the buses and they knew they were going to be there.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: When did bus service start in the area for other people living in Richland?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: It had to have been after—as soon as they started building houses.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Because these guys had to get to work—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Right. </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Oh, no</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">, sorry</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And most people back then, you had tire vouchers and stuff—you couldn’t like get tires overnight. You couldn’t even get bananas without a doctor’s prescription. [LAUGHTE</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">R] My siblings were skinny, so M</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">om always ended up with a prescription for bananas.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, they had to write doctor’s prescriptions. So getting a second car wasn’t even really an option</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">. So t</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">hey started the bus service really early, just getting these guys out to work as they started building the home.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow. So you brought in some documents and things. Would you like to—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Where’d we put them? [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: I think it’d be really interestin</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">g to get those on video and to have you </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">talk about </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">some</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> of those. </span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">All right. </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">They’re not super exciting. This is my dad’s birth certificate. The City of Miller which never was officially a city</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> in Lyon, Kansas. My father’s records were in the courthouse along with three generations of family records, and it burned dow</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">n when he was about seven. So he had</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> no birth certificate. And not too long after he started working here, they asked for his birth certificate—</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">that </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">he needed to get it. And he says, I don’t have one. So this is his newer birth certificate that they issued in May o</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">f ’42. He came in February so to May he had to get </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">it. They sent an FBI agent out who interviewed his father, his uncle who raised him—his mother died when he was</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> born</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> so his uncle raised him—and his aunt. And they also used an insurance policy that was issued when he was 20 to verify that he was him.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: So not everybody has all these affidavits and stuff at the bottom of their birth certificate, but this was from the FBI being able to verify. My great aunt was like, that was the weirdest thing. [LAUGHTER] Because back there, you just don’t have government people.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right. So they would have been out to the small town in Kansas, then.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Out in the middle of nowhere.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: To ask questions about her nephew.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: That was one thing growing up in Richland. You were so used to the FBI coming to your door at least once a month, because everybody had different cycles for their clearances. They would always come to your door and ask, are they part of your—do they drink, do they do that? We talked to them all the time. It was never any big deal, because always somebody in your neighborhood was renewing their certification—their clearance. When I lived in Chicago, they came about</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> somebody who was going to work</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> for the Tennessee Valley Authority. It was my neighbor. My neighbors all slammed the door in their face. I talked to the guy</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">, I opened the door,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> and I go, oh, yeah! It was security clearance. He goes, you’re the first one who’d talk to me.</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> I says, did it all the time when I was growing up.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Franklin</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">: Wow</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: But it scares a lot of people.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: But I think they thought</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> it was a little</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">—because the war’s going on, they don’t know what’s going on and here’s these FBI people wanting to know about my dad. I think they’re going, what’s he doing?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah, is he a spy?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, did he get in trouble? And they’re not allowed to tell them anything. So they thought it was very, very strange when these suited men showed up.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: That’s great, that’s a great story. And it’s great to have the documentation here to</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: You’ve already seen a million flood pictures.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Well, that’s still a pretty—very scarring event for a lot of people</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">, I bet</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, this was the flood of ’48. It came within a few blocks of where my parents were living at the time. Don’t ask which street that was back then, because they moved so much. But this was just a family picture of the Flood of ’48 that was so devastating. And then they put the dyke in.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right. </span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Here is—well, this one’s tiny. This is just a picture of any summer day in Richland. Everybody had kids. Most the families were young, so there </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">was</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> lots of kids. It was just—even when I was growing up was the same way in the ‘60s. There </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">was</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> kids everywhere. Riding bikes and running between houses, and you came in when the street lights came on.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And I imagine not a lot of elderly people in Richland, right? And so that must have—because you would have had grandparents, but they would have been far away, or they wouldn’t be living in town. Whereas in Kennewick and Pasco people might have more extended families living near them.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Right. My grandmo</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">ther came here to live with Mom and D</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">ad not too long before she died. But, yeah, grandparents—if you were retired you couldn’t live in Richland.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right, right.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: If you were not working for Hanford, you didn’t live there. So, yeah, there weren’t old people and most of the construction workers who came were young and all had young families.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: So there were kids pouring out of every house.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: So this is—how many kids are in just—this is Mom and </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Dad’s front yard. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> the kids played ball together, they ran and played tag. There were no fences, so all the backs of the yards were like one big yard.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow. And probably still not a lot of trees at that time.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Davis</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">: Not really.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And when—can we look at this photo on the back?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: This was 1948. So that’s only three years after the war. So, yeah, the trees are still—if you look around, you don’t see any trees.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Franklin</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">: Right. Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And here’s another one. This one would be—let’s see. This’d be ’46. No trees. There’s a bush. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And this is one of your sisters?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: This is my sister. Yeah. First day of kindergarten. But what I brought it for was the A house. See, they had the dark color on top—this one</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">, I’m guessing,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> is probably the red one. And then the cream. They were all like that, they were all bicolored. We had cream and then one of the other three choices. You had green, red, and blue. That was it.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: The governm</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">ent supplied the paint. This is</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> the house that I grew up in on Newcomer. It was the first spec house sold. We’re still getting our water lines.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And my dog, Tippy. This is</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">n’t the garage anymore; somebody’s changed it out. But we had—it was really fresh and new.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And this was 1960?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: ’60. Yeah, February of ’60 is when we moved in.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Mom says January</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> of ‘60</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">. I always think it was February but oh well. Halfway through kindergarten, I had to change schools. My siblings went, so? Because they had to change schools all the time.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah, not a lot of sympathy for you, I bet.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And this is my dad getting an award for what they called the Christmas Tree, which was the front of the reactor that had lights—indicator lights on it. I don’t know if it says exactly what he—just came up, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: He’s D. D. Smith?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Most people called him D</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">. D. or </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span class="SpellingError SCX253515545">Smitty</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">. His named was </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span class="SpellingError SCX253515545">Dera</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span class="SpellingError SCX253515545">ld</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span class="SpellingError SCX253515545">Dera</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span class="SpellingError SCX253515545">ld</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span class="SpellingError SCX253515545">Derald</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">. Like Gerald but with a D. Let’s see. Yeah, he was considered a pile operator. $185 was his award, which—like I said, that was a lot of money.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: A couple weeks’ wages, probably.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: At least two or three weeks’ worth of wages. So that was a really big thing. Yeah, something about modifying the lights or something so they were easier to read. Apparently they thought it was a good idea. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow. Do you know when that wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">s? Was that during the war? W</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">as this—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Since my dad never looked any different over a 40</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">-</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> or </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">50-year</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> period, I’m not sure what da</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">te is on this. What was funny i</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">s on the back, I found my friend’s dad’s name on it. [LAUGHTER] An</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">d I went, oh! I’m kind of guessing</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> this might be the ‘50s?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Early ‘60s? I’m looking at the ties.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: No, that’s good.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: They had a paper that came out of the Areas. That was in that paper—the Area</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> paper</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> was a little fold-up.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Y</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">eah, we have a bound collection of a lot of the Hanford G</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">E</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> News and a lot of that. Let’s see this here.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: 1944. This is my dad’s card for the International Union of Operating Engineers.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And t</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">hat was December of ’44.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: So this is still during the war.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah!</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And this is the other part of the same thing, the International Union of Operating Engineers. Came out of Spokane. Got stamped</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">;</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> I guess </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">for going to meetings. No, his dues, his dues and going to meetings.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Makes sense.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Whoops. This isn’t for my </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">dad;</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> this is for my grandmother. I need to go show Kadlec this. </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">[LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">My grandmother got cancer and was in Kadlec Hospital for six weeks before she died.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Here’s the total of her bill. $386.15.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: The operating room cost $8.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Anesthesia was $10. It cost more.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Lab, dressings—yeah,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> and</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> she was there for six weeks before she died.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Six weeks.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And that’s her bill. This bill was—yeah, written on the day she died.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay. And what </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">date was that?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: 1946.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Oh, okay. So she moved in, then, pretty soon after the war ended?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, a</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">nd she moved to</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Hungate</span>: And it’s billed </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">through DuPont.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yup. </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Oh, even I—</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">I</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> didn’t even notice</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> that. DuPont.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: DuPont.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: I don’t know of many people still have a bill from 1946.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: No. T</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">hat’s a very interesting bill, though.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: What is this one? Oh, this is just really bad pictures</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> that they took—every year </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">they had to have their pictures renewed. [LAUGHTER] That was—that had to have been a windy day,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> because his hair’s sticking up</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> all over.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right, well,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> like you said earlier, </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">they had thousands upon thousands of men to process.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, it’s like</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> while</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> you’re at work,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> and it’s just like</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> get your picture taken, click, and you’re done.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And this, on the front it says GE so—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, that would have been from</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> after</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> GE took over. I’d say from that picture from the ‘60s.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: What’s this</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> one</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">? Just a few little</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> odd things I found in M</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">om’s</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">—oh, just—from February of 1942, </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">The </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">University of Kansas School of Engineering and Architecture</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> Engineering Defense Training Program from—his certificate.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, this is—I’m not sure exactly what they taught him, or—he never talked about this. I knew nothing about this until I found this just this last week.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow, interesting.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: So I have no story to go with this</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> other than the date and it’s my dad.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right. So then he would have </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">came</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> out here very shortly after getting this, right?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Mm-hm.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Interesting</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Like I say, </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">when they told him to come out, they didn’t tell him why or anything. Just go to this place in Washington that you’ve </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">never</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> heard of.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah, we have a job for you.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And you’re going to have trouble finding it on a map, even. [LAUGHTER] This is just a—it’s got—it says N Reactor Plant Dates—Data. Just about—I think it was a reference for them when they were working.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
</div>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: It’s pocket size.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
</div>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: So I think it was just a—yeah, decontaminating, water treatment—I think it was just a little reference thing that they kept in their—on their person.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And then my dad was trying to get my uncle to move out here from Kansas. [LAUGHTER] And he wrote a letter describing wages, jobs. So, trying to get down</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> to there. Let’s </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">see. “They want patrolmen pretty badly. The pay isn’t as much as I make by about $18 a week.” But my uncle was single, never married, so it probably wasn’t any problem to him. </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">And </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">he s</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">a</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">ys, “However it isn’t bad. You start at $5</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">8 a week.” [LAUGHTER] It says, a</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> week. And after 30 days, after you’ve passed that, you move up to $60 a week. And then after six</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> months you get $62.50 a week. </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Yeah, they were looking for patrolmen and firemen and a lot of the other stuff. And he asked—my uncle was in World War Two, and he asked if he had any training in anything specific that might be used out here. But my uncle stayed back in Kansas and eventually became a—because of </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">being </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">ex-military, he became a postman. Not a postman, a postmaster.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: O</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">kay.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: A postmaster in a little town. But he never did come out. I just thought the pricing—just thought it was interesting, because 58 bucks a week.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: That would have been</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">—that’s a good</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> chunk of money back then.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: For my uncle, for what he was making in Kansas it would have been a whole lot of money. </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">[INAUDIBLE]</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> Oh, meals at the cafeteria average $0.75. It’s just littered with little stuff like that. He was trying to convince my uncle to move back out here.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX253515545">
<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right, wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: What’s this? Oh. This was in a </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Kansas City Times</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> in 1947. </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">“</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Growing Town of Atom Plant Workers Is a Distinctive Sort of Community.</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">”</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
</div>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Mm.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: So, that was kind of—you know. This is what, when people</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> released</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">—after the war’s over, people are starting to hear, now, what the heck was—[LAUGHTER] going on, and how different our towns were from towns that had been around for 100 years.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right. And that it’s completely government controlled and—</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX253515545">
<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, and plants were far from town. You know, Dad would usually spend an hour on the bus going out to work, and we </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">were</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> in North Richland.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX253515545">
<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX253515545">
<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yeah, but I think this is what my uncle had cut out and sent to him.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX253515545">
<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Cool.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
</div>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: From Kansas. And the highest birthrates in the nation. [LAUGHTER] Because everybody was young. I was part of that major boom. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX253515545">
<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah. Wow, that’s neat. That’s neat that he saved that.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX253515545">
<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And my sister says—we were talking and she said, yeah, when you went to school, you stood up on the first day of school and said where you were from. Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas. When I went to school, we had all been born here. There weren’t any outsiders, I </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">guess</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">, because we were all born here.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">Franklin: Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
</div>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: But d</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">u</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">ring the war, everybody stood up and said where they were from. Because everybody was from somewhere.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX253515545">
<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
</div>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: She says, there was a few—once in a while you’d run into somebody </span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">who says, oh, I was born here. And they’re like, o</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">h. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX253515545">
<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Yeah, oh, you’re an original!</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX253515545">
<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Oh, you’re really strange! You didn’t come from the Midwest? Because that seems</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> to be the biggest proportion came from the Midwest. Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, Arkansas.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX253515545">
<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: And Texas, too, there</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> was</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"> a huge—b</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">ut that’s definitely where they were pulling lots of people from.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX253515545">
<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: And it was mostly by word of mouth as their job tended to—go to Washington. What are we going to do? Can’t tell you. Because I don’t know.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: Take this train to a place you’ve never heard of.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
</div>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Yup. Any other questions?</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Franklin</span>: No, I think that was great. Thank you so much for sharing. I learned a lot of things that I didn’t know about, growing up here.</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX253515545"><span class="TextRun SCX253515545"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Davis</span>: Oh, I probably—going to think of a million things driving home</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">, I’m sure</span><span class="TextRun SCX253515545">. Oh, I should have said—[LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX253515545"> </span></p>
</div>
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Robert Franklin
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Linda Davis
Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
00:59:18
Hanford Sites
Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview
B Reactor
N Reactor
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Lee Ray, Dixe
Smith, Derald
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
232 kbps
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Linda Davis
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Linda Davis conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
hose interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Richland (Wash.)
Pasco (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Hanford (Wash.)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
5/26/2016
Format
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video/mp4
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
2016-07-26: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
B Reactor
Hanford (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
N Reactor
Pasco (Wash.)
Richland (Wash.)
-
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fd83f3c4d7f86b6e52d6cbf8bf71d5112.jpg
e7da9ff9782316d22c5ae28c305ce461
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F8e0756e3663c4eed74b608601031114e.mp4
7aec6edb4ebd55efc217150d9f8e2d36
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Post-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Robert Bauman
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Jerry Yesberger
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX169569796">
<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span>Jerry Yesberger</span></span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">I go by Jerry Yesberger, Jerry, J-E-R-R-Y, and then Yesberger, Y-E-S-B-E-R-G-E-R.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX169569796">
<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Robert Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">All right.</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> Thank you. My name's Robert Bau</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">man, and today's date is December 9</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span class="NormalTextRun SCX169569796">th</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> of 2013. And we're conducting this interview on the campus o</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">f Washington State University,</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> Tri-Cities. So Jerry, let's start maybe by having you tell us when you first arrived in the area, what brought you to Hanford?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX169569796">
<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">. Well, I was born and raised in Colorado. Went to University of Denver, and I graduated with a BS degree in 1950. And let's see here. Then I worked for a short time in Colorado, mainly because I wanted to come back from the state of Washington</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">to the state of Washington. I was in the service from '43 to the end of '45. And I spent some time in the Seattle area and everything, and I really liked it. And so when I got back to Colorado, I applied for jobs with Sta</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">te of Washington and everybody. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Then there was an opening at Hanford. And at that time, everything here was General Electric company, as you probably already know. There </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">was</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> no contractors other than GE, and they ran the community. And everything</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">there wasn't anything other than GE here. And my first job at Hanford, which lasted about five years, was in the public health department, which we had most of our activity concerned for the community here, rather than the site, although there were some activities during that that we were asked to perform, such as</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">—oh, </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">I can remember that I'd been out to the site for some things to do with health matters and so on that I was aske</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">d to do the work on, and I did. And after about four, four-and-a-half</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> years, the city became a city away from General Electric company, and I wanted to stay with Hanford. So I applied</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">well, I don't remember how exactly I got there, but the radiation pr</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">otection department in Hanford L</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">aboratories at that time. And again, this was a time when everything was one site. There </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">was</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> no contractors other than General Electric</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">offered me</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> a job in radiation protection. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">And my radiation protection time lasted an awful long time, because I retired</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> in</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> early</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">oh, gosh. Say, it was 19</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">but anyway, I had 36 years' service.</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> And my fir</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">st job was out here in the 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">rea, and GE at that time gave new people an awful lot of training. And I was trained as a health physicist. And I spent, oh, gosh, the first few months training. And I spent, oh, gosh</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">they had a project here called 558 Project, and what it did was go through the old reactors, all of the old reactors and repla</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">ced the tubing in the reactors. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">And each one of these assignments lasted, oh, three to four </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">months. So we started out in B R</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">eactor and finished there. And my job was I had a crew of radiation monitors working for me, and we worked shift work, because there was a big, big construction job. And it took about three to four months in each of the old reactors out there to go through these,</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> replace the tubing, and so on. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">S</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">o I followed those from B to C R</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">eactor to 100</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">-</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">DR to 100</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">-</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">H to 100</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">-</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">F doing the same thing, ess</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">entially, because we went through</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> there. And then following that time, I went</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> back into 200 West A</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">rea, where I worked on projects and so on. And rather than work</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">I didn't have radiation monitors work for me then, but I had always assigned projects myself to work on. And I did that in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">I have worked in every area on the project out here, with the exception of FFTF. I did not work, and I did not have an office there. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">But every other </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">area I had an office and these things.</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> So it was kind of really a broad</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> orientation program and so on. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">I want to back up just a little bit. In the service, I was in the Coast Guard. And this was from '43 to '46. And I was a pharmacist's mate, and again, the training was real, </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">real</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> good. And the last year or so, I was on a ship, USS Aquarius, and it was an attack cargo ship. And our job was to take troops. We had Marines that we had aboard, and we had training to have them land on something. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">nd boy, they really trained us. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">To make a long story short, we got an assignment, and we knew we were going to move our ship. But we didn't know where or what for. But it turned out it was that they were preparing to invade Japan with troops. And I never saw so many ships in my life, where we all had troops, and we were ready to train. An</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">d we practiced getting on these</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> landing barges, and, of course, I was a medic, so </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">I had to go in with the troops. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">But I never had any real active duty due in that time, prior to that time, because I was always out doing these other things. But we were ready to go in, and so we had actually moved into where we would make our move, and guess what. The Nagasaki bomb was dropped. Well, of significance there is the plutonium on that bomb was made at Hanford. So that was really an interesting aspect of it, and I've always been so, so, so, so interest</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">ed in that aspect of the thing. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, shortly after that, the war was over, and everybody was discharged. And then that's when I came back and went from there, like I said, prior to this. But I thought that was an interesting aspect of this whole thing. So I worked for the General Electric Company for about five years in radiation protection doing all of these things I've been telling you all about. And again, I had ver</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">y, very, very good assignments. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Probably my most treasured assignment was I was the health physicist for biology, out in the 100</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">-F A</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">rea. And I spent a year out there, and that was because of all the animals</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">the pigs and the </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">dogs and ev</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">erything, and my job was to write</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> radiation procedures for them to do where the monitor and I had rad</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">iation monitors reporting to me </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">out there duri</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">ng that time. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, following that—</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">I don't know how this developed, but the Atomic Energy Commission, which it was at that time, got my name, and they asked me if I would be interested in federal employment. So in the 1</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span class="NormalTextRun SCX169569796">st</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> of January, 1960, I switched jobs from the General Electric Company to the Atomic Energy Commission. And my job, there it turned out that I was a headquarters person, because we were doing what they call compliance inspection of people that are used in the state of Washington, Alaska, and Washington. Anybody that had a license for radioactive material, they had to be inspected.</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> I was one of these inspectors. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">And it was a very, very interesting job. It involved a tremendous amount of travel, however. And we were always</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">when I went up to Alaska several times to inspect people, and there were only for us in this whole division, by the way.</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> So there was only two of us that made any inspections. And so I liked it. I like it, because I like people. But I worked at that, and it turned out that we were called Region 8 Division of Compliance, and it consolidated with Region 5 in California. So I </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">didn't want to go to California. S</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">o I was offered a job with Atomic Energy Commission here in the Richland operations office, and I stayed there until I reti</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">red for my service. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">But I was with</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">most of this time, by the way,</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> where I was transferred,</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> I was in the health and safety division at RL. And at that time, there was no</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">we had one manager for this whole site at Hanford. We didn't have</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> like t</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">hey do now, one on for the 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">rea, and all this kind of stuff. So we had our own health and safety division, so our entire</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">everything we d</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">id was associated with Hanford. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">And so that's where I finished my career in 19</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">with the federal government. I did work, however, two years after retirement for a company called </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span class="SpellingError SCX169569796">MacTech</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">, and they were a contractor to DoE to work on specific problems and so on. And I worked with them for a couple of years. And I also worked on the employee compensation program for about a year, and then finally retired.</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">That's kind of it in a nutshell. I hope I didn't confuse you.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX169569796">
<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: No, n</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">o. I do want to go back and </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">ask a couple of questions</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">. So when you first came to Hanford in 1950, what was your first impression of the area?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX169569796">
<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well it was a shock. Number one, I had never been in eastern Washington in my life. I got a job offer, and I thought it might </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">look like Seattle, but it didn't! [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> So that's my impression. But I wouldn't trade this area for the whole state of Washington now. I love it. We raise</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">d</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> our family here, and I'm a big booster of it.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX169569796">
<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">When you first arrived, where did you live?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX169569796">
<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, my first housing was a dorm for about three months, and then we mo</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">ved into a B house, which was a </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">duplex. And we lived right across from Lewis and Clark School here in Richland, and we lived in there for a year or two. Then they sold the houses here, and a fellow that I worked with down here, he didn't want to stay here, so he was living in a ranch house, which</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> I bought. And I'm still there. [LAUGHTER] And we live on Torbett</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> here in Richland, and we've been here ever since. We had one child that was born in Denver, and then our other three, and we finally had a girl, which I was so happy for. I love girls. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">[LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">And she lives here, by the way. And she's the only one that lives here, and she's a special education teacher for the handicapped at Richland School. That's what she got her degree in. And she loves the work, but I couldn't do it.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX169569796">
<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Do you remember how much you paid for that house?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX169569796">
<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">We paid about $6,500. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">We sure did. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">nd prior to that, they furnished the oil, the painters, everything that was here was done for us.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX169569796">
<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Do you remember what your rent was on the B house?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX169569796">
<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Yeah, it was about $30 a month.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX169569796">
<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: $30 a month.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX169569796">
<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: Yeah!</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX169569796">
<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Do you have any other memories of the community in the 1950s, what it was like at the time?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, yeah, somewhat. One of the things that mystified me was that we lived in Richland, but blacks could not live in Kennewick. They would not rent to</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">you couldn't buy a house in Kennewick if you were black. And that always, I thought, was unreasonable, because we had several blacks t</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">hat worked with us in the AEC here</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> that were wonderful. And I still don't have any</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">I love them all. I like everybody.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">So when you were AEC, they weren't doing the hiring of African Americans there?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">No, they hired them. Oh, yeah, AEC, there was no question on that with the government, but boy, you couldn't live here. And we had several blacks in our division, and it worked out great. No, the community</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">do you live</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">I mean, do you folks live</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> here? </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, when we got here, there wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">s nothing north of Van Giesen</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">. Nothing. And so boy, did we see that grow.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Yeah, I imagine you’ve seen a lot of</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> change and grow</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">th</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: The week we got here—</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">well, let's see. It was about</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">I lived here for about, well, maybe three months in the dorm, until we got housing for my wife in that B house. And it was great, the idea of that housing.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Yeah. What was the dorm like?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">I didn't have any problem. Of course, I missed my family. We had a boy at that time</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> living in Colorado, and he now lives in Snohomish. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">nd again, we had the big army camp in North Richland, where we had just thousands of trailers and everything. And that was quite a sight to see.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">So you said you first job was working for the health </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">department, or public health?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, it was the health and safety. Yes, it wasn't the health department at that time, but it included their functions.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">What </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">sorts of things—that first job, what sorts of</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> things did you do?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, we used to do all kinds of inspections, of course</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">. But restaurants,</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> schools, the water department in Richland, just broad health things that required health overviews. So that was the job.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">You were working for GE, right?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Yes.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">How many people were working in the health at that time?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Oh, we probably had 20 or 25. We had a doctor that was in charge of us.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">And then you said you</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> went into radiation protection, right?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Yes, from that function. An</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">d the main reason is because GE—</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">went to a community, rather than being GE</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">-</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">managed. We had to elect a city councilman. It was a city.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Do you remember what your thoughts were about that, about Richland becoming an independent city at the time?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">No, I think we all accepted it. It was good. Obviously, when you work like that, you're interested in benefits. And I think that swayed a lot of it for me to stay with GE.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Right. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">So when you moved to radiation protection then, you said you had to have a lot of training at that point?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Oh, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">And for the jobs you were doing, did you have to wear special protective clothing at all?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Oh, yes.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Can you describe that? Sort of what sorts of things you had to wear.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, basically, they're just white coveralls as the one here, and they're still using the same white coveral</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">ls out there, just like we did.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">How about security at Hanford? What was that like when you first came?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, I think it was very tight. It was very tight. They really stressed security and safety. Safety was</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">in my estimation, my experience, General Electric was the most, the best contractor I ever worked for in my life, because they had emphasis on safety an</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">d health and really stressed it, you </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">know. Much better than possibly they did in later years.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">So was there sort of ongoing training for safety?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Oh, yes. Very, very, very, very</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">GE was very safety-conscious, and they were so good to their employees. You never read anything about anything happening in the newspaper or anything like that. They got it to their employees right away, and it was a pleasure. And the rest was a pleasure too, but not like</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">I miss GE.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">And you talke</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">d about, was it the 558 project?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Yeah. </span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: With </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">changing the tubing. So what was your job? I know you went to each different reactor as they did that. What sort of things were you doing for that?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">My particular job was I was what they called the radiation supervisor. And so I had about eight radiation monitors with me all the time during each out</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">age</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">, and we went from one to the other. And their job was everything had to be monitored just like they do now, in and out of the areas, and move it, and take it to disposal areas, and everything.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">So was it moni</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">toring the employees’ exposure rates</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Yes, monitoring the employees and the jobs that they're doing, because we had to develop the radiation work procedures, which they were working at. And this would vary during the whole outage. And they were very tight at first, and there was any grinding or anything or heat or anything, you had to have special requirements for that.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">So </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">of </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">the different jobs you had and the different parts of the site that</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> you worked at, wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">s there a job or something you did that you found the most challenging, and/or something that was the most rewarding of the things you did</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> at Hanford</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, probably the most rewarding job I ever had here was Hanford, was I was here with Richland operations offi</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">ce, and during the americium</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> accident in 1955, I think it was, and my job, at that time, was</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">as a matter of fact, I got involved in that partic</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">ular incident at about 5:00</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> in the morning after it happened at 4:00. And I went out with the doctor, a</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> fellow by the name of Dr. Brei</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">tenstein, and he and I went out and met Mr</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">. McClu</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">skey out in the area, before they got me i</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">nto the decontamination center. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">And my job was re</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">ally I represented RL in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> whole aspect of the care of that patien</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">t during the months and months that he was here. B</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">ecause he </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">was confined, couldn't leave, and </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">everything. And my job was to</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">as a matter of fact, I came right out to see him every single morning that he was in there, and we became very, very, very, very good friends. And it turned out I</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> was a pallbearer when he died. [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">And it was a rewarding experience, because to begin with, he was such a great guy, and he accepted all of this and was never down, but he couldn't hardly see. He was grossly contaminated. And my job was to keep people at RL down here, the Richland operations office informed of what the situation was with him, and to notify headquarters, keep them informed, because it was a real significant accident, the worst we've ever had at Hanford.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">So you mentioned t</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">hat he had suffered probably with his vision.</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">What other sort of injuries </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">or--</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, what happened, he</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> had put his hand in this glove</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">box out in 234</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">-5 B</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">uilding, and it exploded, and came out and hit him in the face. So he was just so grossly contaminated, and he had to have a radiation monitor with him every hour that he was down there. And I became so familiar with that accident and everything, and I felt it was the most rewarding for me to have something like that to do.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Do you remember about how long he had to stay hospitalized?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, yes. He was down there for probably a year.</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> A year.</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> We got hot food. It was provided to him by</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> Kadlec</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> Hospital down here, and he had a nurse with him down there at all times. And his wife was living down there with him also.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">And where was he then? Was he at the hospital, or was he-</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, there was facility at the back of</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> Kadlec</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> Hospital, which is no longer there. And this facility was called Emergency Decontamination Center, and he was there. They had beds and everything in there, showers and everything. And it was a specific facility for that case, to tell you the truth. And it's since been torn down, which I think was a mistake, myself, because if you ever had another one, you couldn't have been a better facility for it.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">You mentioned you wer</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">e in close with him, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> were a pallbearer at his funeral. How long did he live?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">He lived about, I think, about three years. And then he died of a heart attack. It wasn't radiation. But he certainly had radiation in him that would cause cancer if he had lived too much longer.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Are there any other incidents or</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> sort of</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> unusual events that happened when you were working at Hanford that kind of stand out in your mind at all?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, I happened to be a trained accident investigator, and I had to go to school and learn all this kind of stuff. And I probably investigated more accidents than anybody ever has at Hanford. But we</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">’ve had fatalities, and we had big </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">spreads of contamination. We had several things that cause it, plus, we also responded to off-site accidents. And I had what we call a radiological assistant team that reported </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">to me, and I went out on those where t</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">here were trucks that w</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">ould spill radioactive material, where t</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">here was</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">this is kind of a little odd. I probably shouldn't even mention it, but you'll appreciate it. But we had a truck of uranium billets overturn on Lolo Pass, and these billets weigh 15, 20 pounds, but there's hundreds of them in this truck. Those things went all over the highway up here in Montana. I responded to that one. And one of the things that I</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> was never trained on was guns. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">But, well, we were up there probably about a week recovering all of those billets that spilled over, because they all had to be accounted for. It was very strict on that. But we were out from town out on this pass someplace, and somebody had to sit in the truck with a gun at night to make sure nothing came, if anybody came from the</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> highway or anything like that. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, they gave me a big shotgun. I don't </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">even </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">remember what kind of gun. I couldn't have sho</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">t that damn thing if I'd had to! [LAUGHTER] And I still can't! [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> But that was kind of humorous. But we couldn't have the guy that could shoot be there all the time. So we all spent about three or four hours a night out there by ourselves.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">How long were you out there?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">We were out there a couple of weeks. But I responded to lots of</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">the worst probably the most one that I responded to as the team captain was we had a spread of contamination at the University of Washington at the reactor. And I actually, again, there was some plutonium that came from Hanford that they were analyzing up there, and there was a spill. And the reactor at the University of Washington was greatly contaminated </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">with plutonium. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">And I had a team. I had three or four people that went up with me to respond to that, and we were there two or three weeks there helping them get that all in, and we did. We got it all cleaned up, but there </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">was</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> some minor depositions. But boy, if that thing would happen now, the way it's anti-nuclear, it would be horrible. But this happen</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">ed</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> to be in spring break when all o</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">f the kids were away. So we</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> lucked out on that on that thing, but we all had to wear protective clothing that two or three weeks while we were doing that. But I was the team leader on that particular accident.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Do you remember what the time period was when that happened? What year that might've been?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Oh, gosh, I can't remember that. But I responded to probably 30 or 40 spills and so on that were </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">all over the country in Oregon and Washington</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">. And then we had spills in Oregon that we had to go down to, because at that time, the state didn't have people for that function to overlook at that. So we did their work for them. And I did that fo</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">r, like I say, </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">about four or five years.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">So did you usually respond if it was like material that had come from Hanford?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">No, it could be anything.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Could’ve been anything, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> Could be anything. I loved the job, and I loved the people, because I like people. But it was so much travel. I was always gone from Hanford.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">So that was probably one of the more challenging aspects for you is just all the travel.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Yeah, it was. We had young children, and it seemed like I couldn't go out and come back, there wasn't a million things broke.</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> So that's the way it went.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">I wanted to ask you about President Kennedy's visit in 1963, if you went to that that day. Do you have any memories about that?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, I got two memories. I got a call after that article was in the paper from the Seattle</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">no, she was from, I think, a public relations firm down here, one of them, that asked me about it. So I told them everything I knew. So I told them about this one friend of ours that happened to get up and shake Kennedy's hand. Well, of course, they were interested more in that than were what I had to say.</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">So the big article in the paper, he gives his report. He didn't even mention my name.</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> No, I didn't care. But my son</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">-</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">in-law was there when they called too, and they quoted him in the article and everything. But poor me. No, I wasn't looking. I wasn't really looking for my name to be any place.</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> Yes, I was out there. It was, of course, it was in the fall when he was here, not long before he was assassinated. But it was such a hot day, and I think all of Richland went out to i</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">t. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">There was just car after car going out to that area, and some of them boiling over from the heat and all this kind of stuff. But it was a very, very excellent program.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">So as you look back at</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> your years working at Hanford—</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">how many was it?</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> Thirty--</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: Gee!</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Something like that?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">About 36. It was 36.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, as you look back at those 36 years, overall, how would you assess Hanford as a place to work?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, I thought i</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">t was excellent and very safety-</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">conscious. It couldn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> have—</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">in</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> my aspect—</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">been a safer place to live in my life than I did here at Hanford. And like I say, I worked in all the reactors. I worked in the separation plants and everything, and it was interesting. I think it was rewarding, the fact that you could clean up stuff. So it makes me real</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">we had such excellent facilities out here at that time. But all those buildings are gone and torn down, and they could've been used for so many things now. And I think that was a really big mistake. But they didn't ask me.</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, i</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">s there anything I haven't asked you about that you think would be important to share or talk about?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, you know, I don't know. I think you might want to look at my submittal in the Parker Foundation on that thing and see what I said at that time and the answer to their qu</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">estions and so on. It went well. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">nd I just feel so fortunate to have been here all this time and be so lucky and still be here. I'm the luckiest guy in the world, and I'm ve</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">ry happy that I was at Hanford. </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">I've got several awards while I was here for my work. One of them I do want to show you, because I'm reall</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">y probably real pleased</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">, but I was elected a fellow in the National Health Physics Society. I received awards, several from</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">—I w</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">as president of our local chapter of the Health Physics Society. I received several awards from those people. I was really well thought of while I was here at Hanford. And I was real pleased.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">So were you involved in t</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">he Parker Foundation as well</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Yes, I've been on it since</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">I still am.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Do you want to talk about t</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">hat, like how you got involved with </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">that?</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">I was asked</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> to join it by Dr. Bair</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">, who is still there. And I</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> know you know about Ron Kathren. Everybody knows Ron Kathren</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">. Well, </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">I play cribbage with Ron Kathren</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"> every Wednesday at my house now. We play cribbage. I just think he's such a great person, and such a great health physicist, that I was so lucky to know him. And they asked me to join, and I've been real active, until this business with my wife, which I took a leave of absence. And I haven't been able to go there, because I can't leave my wife. But I still pay my dues and go there, and it's been a good organization.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">Well, I want to thank you for coming today in this cold weather and coming and letting us talk to you. And then maybe we could get a shot of your award that you brought in.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX169569796"><span class="TextRun SCX169569796"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Yesberger</span>: Oh, okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX169569796">.</span><span class="EOP SCX169569796"> </span></p>
</div>
Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
00:39:12
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
195 kbps
Hanford Sites
Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview
300 Area
200 West Area
B Reactor
C Reactor
100-DR
100-H Area
100-F Area
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1950-2013
Years on Hanford Site
Years on the Hanford Site, if any.
1950-1970
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963
Bair, Bill
Kathren, Ron
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Jerry Yesberger
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Jerry Yesberger conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Subject
The topic of the resource
Richland (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Hanford (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Nuclear weapons plants--Health aspects--Washington (State)--Hanford Site Region
Richland (Wash.). Public Schools
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
12/9/2013
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Format
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video/mp4
Date Modified
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2016-07-18: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
100-DR
100-F Area
100-H Area
200 West Area
300 Area
B Reactor
C Reactor
Hanford (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963
Kennewick (Wash.)
Richland (Wash.)
-
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c7a06ce1bcaa7cf7ff7b35701c99c37a
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F935d35ec4e72a2fdefbfaff051d8a29d.mp4
8bcb13d04c4911f897a5aaab7e50965b
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Post-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Robert Bauman
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Jack Rhoades
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><strong><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Northwest Public Television | </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span class="SpellingError SCX78204124">Rhoades_Jack</span></span></strong><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Robert Bauman</span>: Okay. We'll go ahead and start. And if we could start by having you say your name and then spell it for us.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: Sure, my name is Jack L., middle initial </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">for</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> Lewis, Rhoades, </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">R</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">-H-O-A-D-E-S.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Great. Thank you very much. And my name is Bob Bauman and this is October 16</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span class="NormalTextRun SCX78204124">th</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> of 2013. And we're conducting this interview on the campus of Washington State University, Tri-Cities. So let's start with, if you could talk about your family's background. What brought them here? What brought you and your family here to the Tri-Cities, and when, and that sort of thing?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: Sure, well my dad worked for DuPont in the early '40s--like '40, '41, '42--in a TNT plant for the war effort, and he had a college degree in chemistry. So when the Manhattan Project kicked off in late '43, he was one of the people selected out of DuPont's Joliette Plant to go down and train on the chemistry of plutonium at Clinton Works, which later became Oak Ridge, Tennessee. It was located in Oak Ridge, probably an Army Depot at the time. And when he was transferred to the Clinton Works, why, my mom and my younger sister and I—I would have been about four then—went back to the ranch in Colorado and lived with her parents until my father got transferred up here to Hanford in like April of '44. And we finally got a house, or were on line to get a house, by August '44. And so what I can remember--I mean I was a young kid, but this was pretty traumatic, all the excitement of the war effort--but my mom got a telegram, which was hand-carried out to the farm by the postman. And it just simply said, go to Denver, get on train such and such. There'll be a one-way ticket for you waiting, get off at Hinkle, Oregon and the government will take care of you from there. So it was amazing because the train had some servicemen on it, but the preponderance of people on this train were women, just like my mother, headed to Hanford with two or three screaming kids. Everybody was trying to carry a couple suitcases, trying to carry a kid or drag a kid. We got off the train in Hinkle, Oregon—which is out like the armpit of America—and it was dark. It was probably midnight. And the Green Hornets, or the old Army buses, were there with a bunch of MPs. And the soldiers were really great. They helped all the women get their luggage off and loaded us all up into buses and drove over-- course we had to go the long way around Wallula Gap to Hanford. And the parking north of the Federal Building was all administrative and dormitories. So my dad had actually been in a dormitory there with a roommate for six months. And so he was out front waiting when the bus got there, along with tens of other guys. And so his roommate had gotten moved to another room, so there was like two cots in there. And my mom and dad had one cot, and my sister and I had another cot. And we lived there for several weeks until his name came up </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">and we moved into an F house on—</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">it's</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> Jadwin now, but it used to be Goethals—down in the 300 block. There used to be Campbell's Grocery Store across the street. That's the way life started for us. I was five at the time, but my birthday was in late October, so I started the first grade in Lewis and Clark, which was one of the first schools that was occupied by students because they were still building the houses toward the north. I think maybe Marcus Whitman was in place, and later on Jefferson was built. But there were so many kids that when my mother took me to school, I was assigned to go to school from 6:00 AM to noon. And then other kids came in and went from 1:00 to like 5:00 or 6:00 at night. And so nobody had a car. You just were on foot. And then of course, the government had the Green Hornet buses for transporting people around town to a limited extent, but mostly for transporting workers out to the 200 Area. My dad was actually was the first plant manager of T Canyon, which was one of the two bismuth phosphate plants for producing uranium from the fuel from B Reactor. He </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">later became the manager of 231-</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Z. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">When </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">they first started processing plutonium, the end result at Hanford was plutonium nitr</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ate, and they had to reduce it. It would</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> come out of T and B Canyon</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">s as a fluid liquid. And so 231-</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Z then con</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">densed it down to like a green Jell-O, and </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">that's what the</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">y flew to Los Alamos. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And then Los Alamo</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">s actually converted the green Jell-O</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> to the metal which went into t</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">he first Trinity explosion. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">even though everybody knows about Nagasaki because of the plutonium there, ther</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">e was actually a third pit that </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">was available. And after Hiroshima, Tibbets flew back to the United States to g</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">et the third pit in case it was </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">needed. But, fortuna</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">tely, the Japanese surrendered. So after the war was over,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> my dad got promoted up to what was called an area supervisor. He man</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">aged all of </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">the plutonium activities because they'd started a new building that was called 234</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">-5, or Z Plant. And Z Plant was </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">the plant that produced the pits during the Cold War, and that's the nuclear core</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">. So what they made down at Los </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Alamos for Trinity and Nagasaki, they transferred the production and the production </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">line up to the building in 234-5 </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">and he was a manager of that. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">I remember, in later years, my dad talking about the building was divided into two </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">parts. There was the top secret </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">half and the secret half, and the workers didn't know who was on the othe</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">r side. They had entrances from </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">different directions and they never communicated. And the whole build</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ing had—the doors were like a bank vaults, not three </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">foot thick, but they were steel bank vault doors. And he said he had to memoriz</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">e over 100 combination locks in the building. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">nd to him, that was one of the more challenging tasks that he had to do.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And how long did he work at Hanford?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">We left in '50, and it ultimately caused his demise. But he had, according to the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">health physics people, he ended </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">up dying of stomach cancer. And so there was a 50-50 chance that it was cause</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">d by working at Hanford. But he </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">had developed really severe ulcers. And they eventually had to cut out half of his stomach</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> because it just </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">perforated and he</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> kept almost bleeding to death. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And so we moved to Texas and he went into business with one of his brother</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">s in Odessa, Texas selling real </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">estate and insurance. And later moved back in about 1960 and he then worked for Unit</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ed Nuclear, and he was a </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">manage</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">r of extrusion press for N R</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">eactor fuel. And then later on was hir</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ed by DOE and was a director of </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">safety for DOE.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And what was your father's name?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Paul Gordon Rhoades.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And so during the war period when you were in first grade, did you have any idea of what your father was doing?</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">What he was working on? What his job was?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">No, absolutely nothing. And he was absolutely paranoid about the secrecy aspec</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">t. I can remember that vividly. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And I can remember when news of the bomb was released on the radio, and my</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> mother called him on the phone </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">out at the plant. When she said, did you know that the bomb they dropped on</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> Japan was made in Hanford? And </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">he slammed the phone down, wouldn't even talk to her. He viewed working at Hanford as th</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">e same way a marine </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">would view going ashore in Iwo Jima. It was his duty. In fact, he was not really f</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">or going after the compensation stuff that I think</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> was voted in in 2000.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Did he at some point then talk about what he was doing out there? What he--</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Not much really. I mean, he did have anecdotes</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">, like</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> talking about the Green Run,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> when they released iodine-139. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And one of the things I remember him talking about was arriving at work in a bus. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And ruthenium is something that </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">can't be filtered out in the sand filters on the plutonium processing plants, and s</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">o it would condense on the side of </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">the towers because the chimney was so tall that it would cool off and then it'd </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">condense on the inside of the--</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Well, every once in a</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">while there'd be a change of conditions and this stuff woul</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">d flake off, and go out the top </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">of the stack, and be like snowflakes falling on the ground, and they have a short liv</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ed half-life. So the guys would </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">get off the bus. They'd have to put on gauze mask and booties and everything, </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">and walk into the building, and </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">then get decontaminated before they </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">entered the building. And then </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">that was the s</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">tart of their eight-hour shift. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">But there was no question that production was paramount. And there's no quest</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ion in my mind that what DuPont </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">did with the knowledge that was available in those days for designing the canyo</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ns and the reactors, was nothing short of brilliant. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And even though people are upset with the environmental contamination--bec</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ause we basically have got five square miles</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">or five by five, 25 s</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">quare miles that's contaminated from the soil to t</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">he groundwater out there in the 200 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">reas. But compared to what they did in Russia, which was dump it straight into the lake that fed out un</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">der </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">the Arctic Circle, DuPont took advantage and was farsighted beyond belief in my </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">professional estimation. I just </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">marvel at how DuPont did on designing the reactor, and designing the canyons, and having them work safely.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">You say your father didn't really</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> talk about it a whole lot--his work—</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">did he ever ex</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">press any concerns about safety </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">at all or was he--</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: Never. I</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">n fact, DuPont was--as I grew up, and then as I worked later and they w</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ere down at Savannah River, and </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">when I was working at Hanford--DuPont probably had the highest reputation for s</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">afety of any large organization </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">in the nuclear industry. At Savannah River, if a guy climbed up a ladder, and did som</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ething stupid, and fell off and </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">broke his arm at home, and he came</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> to work and they found out that</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> he had b</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">een unsafe at home, then he had </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">time off. I mean</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">, he</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> was punished for what he did on the weekend because he w</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">as not thoughtful in his safety process. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">But DuPont, I held them in extremely high regard, high reputation. And they were, when you think a</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">bout it, they did this for a dollar</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">. They definitely were part of the war effort that sacrificed for the good</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> of America. They weren't in it </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">to make money or anything like that. They just were doing what they were paid to </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">do. And they got out as soon as </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">they could. And then they came back and did </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">a </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">second stint when they were as</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ked. They were the only company </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">that the government trusted. So they built Savannah River.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">I want to go back to talking about when you first arrived and you were five years old, do you remem</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ber any sort of </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">first impressions that you had, or early memories of first arriving in Richland?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Oh, it was, of course, for a kid in the first grade</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> it</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> was</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> exciting because everybody was the same. They were all on</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">foot, and they were all new. In fact, that kind of curiosity anecdote was on the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">first</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> day as I was walking to school </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">with my mother, and we g</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ot about half way to the school. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">nd another woman wh</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">o's coming in on a side street, and she had a little boy. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">nd my mother just about passed out. It turned out i</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">t was her college roommate, who </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">they hadn't seen since she graduated from college. And they both had gone thei</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">r separate ways and it ended up </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">that they are actually living in the house behind us. And they renewed their friends</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">hip from college and it went on </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">until they both passed away.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">You mentioned that in first grade, you started at 6:00 AM. There was so many chi</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ldren that was a way they could </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">serve the needs of all the families</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> with children</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">. How long did that last? Did that last through first grade or--</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Yeah, it p</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">robably did last the first year. B</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ut by the time the year had</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> gone by and as a year progressed, they were </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">building hutments out alongside the school. So </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">b</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">asically, the first grade was about t</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">he only time I went to </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">school inside of a building. And maybe the sixth grade up in Jefferson</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> I went inside a b</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">uilding, but the rest of time I </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">was always in a hutment. There were just more kids than there was space. But y</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">eah, that was sparse. I mean, you didn't </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">hav</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">e a car. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">The </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">only entertainment was playing b</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ridge and softball. They had a very organized</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> adult softball league, so that </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">was the entertainment. There was no stores to buy Christmas gifts or anything. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">You ordered whatever you wanted </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">out of Sears and Roebuck in July, and it got back-ordered, and y</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ou got it in the following July. But when </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Griggs opened over in Pasco that was a big thing because when I wanted a b</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ike</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">nd when my dad bought me a </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">bike, basically, h</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">e had to borrow somebody's car. And we drove up to Ya</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">kima, and then he came home and </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ass</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">embled it, and turned us loose. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">For kids, the basic entertainment was skating. And they had concrete tennis courts up by Lewis and Clark--</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">on the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">south end of Lewis and Clark--and so that was the only surface that you could roller skate on</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">, because you had </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">those old clamp on roller skates that you tightened with a key that just hooked on to</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> your heel and the sole of your </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">shoe. And so we were just constantly roller skating. There wasn't other entertainment. Th</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ere was just recess at </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">school.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Were there any movie theaters, anything like that?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Yeah, there were. There were two movie theaters. And every weekend your dad</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> gave you a dime. And you could </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">get in for a nickel, I think, and get popcorn for a nickel or something like that. Probab</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ly everything you stood in line for—</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">I</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> mean everything—</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">there was j</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ust a line beyond human belief. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Like when it was haircut time, the only barbers in town at that time were dow</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">n at the Allied Arts, down below </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Jackson's bar. And so, I don't know, they had two or three barbers in there. S</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">o Saturday morning, the boys and </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">their fathers would show up to get their haircuts. And so there'd be a line of 100 kid</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">s. There wouldn't be no adults. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">They were all up at the bar playing pool and having a beer while the kids stood in lin</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">e waiting to get a haircut. But when </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span class="SpellingError SCX78204124">Ganzel’s</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> came in was like night and day. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Even shopp</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ing at the grocery store,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> you had to become friends with </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">the butcher. If you didn't know </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">somebody in the grocery store, and they befriended you and gave you a heads up that, hey, there's some</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">marshmallows coming into town, why</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> you just did without. You ate a lot of canned fruit and vegetables and stuff</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">like that. And people were always doing their own chickens and putting them up. But it was just pretty </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span class="SpellingError SCX78204124">spartan</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> T</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">hey gave you a house. I don't know if my dad even paid any rent. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Basic</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ally, they gave him grass seed. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">They ga</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ve him coal. We just had a real nice house. And my parents had borrowed s</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">omebody's pickup, and they'd </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">driven up Yakima and bought some furniture, and brought it home one piece at a t</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ime. But we lived down there on </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Goethals for, probably, from '44 to '49, or something like that. And then we mo</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ved up on McMurray, and then we </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">left in '50 and went down to Odessa, Texas.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">What about institutions like churches? Were there churches for people to go to on Sundays in those early years?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">We didn't. It wasn't because my parents didn't believe in God, it's just like we didn't go to church. I </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">mean, we'd </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">have had to walk. I'm not even sure where--I honestly do not remember wher</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">e the closest church would have </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">been. I'm sure there were churches</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> though</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> because the government set off areas fo</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">r parks, they set off areas for </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">schools, they set off areas for churches, very thorough.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">What about any community events that--</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Not much. They had Richland Days. They had like the polio March of Dimes drives.</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> Actually it was probably after—</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">b</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">etween, let's say, '45 and '50—</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">when Camp Hanford really had gotten establishe</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">d and they had moved in missile </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">people. This was just a sizable number of soldiers up there in North Richland, but </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">they had much better facilities </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">for entertainment--movies and all--it was just built newer. And so even though my dad didn't serve in t</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">he service, </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">he had a lot of friends that had been in the service, and so we could go to movies</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> up there. And they had outside </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">entertainment tha</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">t came in that you could go to. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">We never did live out at Hanford or anything like that. My ex-father-in-law actuall</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">y came here and he lived out at </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Hanford for a while.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">So you said your family then moved away in 1950, and then came back in 1960? Your father came back?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: Yeah, about ten</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> years later he came back. I'm not too--</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Did you come back at that point also?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Well, I was in college, so I came up here after I graduated in '61 and went into the</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">t</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">hey still had the draft at that </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">time</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">so I volunteered for the Navy, and ended up flunking a hearing test and flight</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> school. So I got washed out of </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">flight training. And Vietnam hadn't started to build up yet so they weren't desperate fo</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">r pilots. So after I got out of </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">the Navy, I came back up here and stayed f</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">or a short while and got a job. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">I had a mining</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">, engineering and</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> geology degree, so I got a job in Colorado in a mol</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ybdenum mine, and worked there </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">for a couple of years, and decided to go back to college </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">and get a degree in metallurgy. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And so I went to WSU and graduated from there in '65, went down to Kaiser Steel</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> in California. By then, my dad </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">had moved from working for the contractor into working for </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">the AEC. Now, I'm not too sure—</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">I</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">'m sure he just </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">probably just wanted me and my wife and </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">their grandkids closer to them—</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">bu</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">t anyway, he told the people in </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">personnel that I had a metallurgy degree. And one day I got a call from Wanda </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span class="SpellingError SCX78204124">Co</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span class="SpellingError SCX78204124">tner</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">, that was the branch chief </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">over the personnel hiring, and she asked me i</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">f I'd come up for an interview. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And she said that she could give me a nice raise if I'd think about joining the A</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">EC. So I ended up accepting the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">offer. And when I got my Q Clearance, I moved up here in July of '67, and worked for DOE as an individual</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> contributor over PNLs. It was a Hanford lab. PN</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">L, I guess</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> had taken over by then. They had a number of very</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">important metallurgical programs on understanding how plutonium reacted, especially in the reactor with neutrons</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">hitting it all the time.</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">So I advanced very </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">nicely. And by the early '80s, I was assistant manager for--it was then ERDA or AEC--</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">for all </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">the compliance programs at Hanford--that'd be safety, and QA, and environmental, and security--</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">so all the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">c</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ompliance structure at Hanford. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Then, probably, in about '84, I guess, I moved me over and I was assistant manager</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> for all the nuclear operations at Hanford. So I had the 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">rea for the fuel fab for N Reactor. And we still </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">had N Reactor running. And FFTF </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">was starting up, </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">we had PUREX running and</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> T Canyon. I probably had a billion dollar budget ba</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ck in the '80s just for all the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">nucle</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ar operations here at the site. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">So we did the first comprehensive EIS that was ever done in the Department of Energ</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">y for the tank farms, built the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">last double shell tanks that were ever built.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">A</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">nd how long did you work at--</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">I worked for about 20 years for DOE, and the AEC, and then I took an early retireme</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">nt in, must've been like 1988. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">So it must have bee</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">n about 21 years I worked here. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">So I left Hanford and went over to Idaho Falls and was as a manager over their cap</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ital construction projects. And then I got transferred to </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Rocky Flats. After the FBI and EPA had shut down Rocky Flats</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">, the Department of </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Energy terminated the contract with the contractor. And actually they didn't even c</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ompete the contract. They just, </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">literally, gave it to EG&G, which is almost unheard of, to not compete a major con</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">tract. So I was in charge of—t</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">hey had shut down Rocky </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Flats operations. And so when EG&G came in, our charter was to restart the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">plant. And so I was the project </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">manager over restarting the pluto</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">nium operations at Rocky Flats. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">I got promoted up to being assistant general manager over environmental remediation. And th</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">en I got a call from </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Lockheed down in Houston and they were trying to break into the DOE busin</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ess. And so they hired about 20 </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">experienced people that had worked in and outside of DOE to put together propos</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">als to run these big contracts, </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">whether it be Oak Ridge, or Rocky Flats,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> or Idaho, or Nevada Test Site. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And so then I</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> work</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ed</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> for Lockheed and it then became Lockheed Martin. But </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">I worked for Lockheed from like </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">'93 to '96, and I was a general manager of one of their environmental remediation divisions.</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> And I transferred </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">back up here, which was probably about the sixth or seventh time I've been throu</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">gh this town. But when Lockheed </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Martin and Fluor won the Westinghouse contract in '96, I got transferred back to Ri</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">chland. So I'd made a circuitous loop that </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">had gone from Richland to Idaho Falls to Rocky Flats outside of Denver, down to</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> Houston, the Nevada Test Site, and the back up to Hanford. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">But I ended up, after I retired from Lockheed Martin, I went to work for a small b</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">usiness here</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> at</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> ATL International. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">They currently run the 222-S Laboratory. I was a vice president for them over all th</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">eir Hanford work. Eventually, I </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">just decided to go out on my own. So I consulted from</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> about 2004 to the end of 2011. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And by then, I looked around and all my contacts had either died or moved to Ar</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">izona or Florida. Even today, I </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">probably don't know two human beings that are still working for a living. But t</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">his place has been--and DOE has been—</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">absolutely a blessing to me.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">I want to go back. So your family left in 1950. Then you came back in '67</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> roughly?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">No, I came back in '61.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Just for a short period of time. Just long enough to enlist in the Navy. And then w</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">hen I got ready to start flight </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">school, I took a hearing test. And believe it or not, the physical requirements for all branches of service are the</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">same. It's just that they check people that are going to be in the Air Force or in the Navy, they just check certain</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">things closer than they do if you want to be a marine. And so I was just borderline acceptable in the hearing. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">since they had an abundance of pilots and the Vietnam </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">War hadn't escalated or </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">not, they ended up giving me an </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">honorable discharge and reclassifying me as 1-Y, which is, it has to be a national e</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">mergency to call you back up. I </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">came home and then went to Colorado and went to work in the mine.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">When you came back here for the job working at Hanford, I was wonderi</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ng, what ways had the community </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">changed since you were here as a child going to school?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">You know what, to me</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> at a macroscopic view of the Tri-Cities, the biggest thing </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">that's changed is the number of </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">people. Richland is still uptown and downtown. Kennewick is striving to open up th</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">at area between the two bridges </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">along the river. But the biggest thing is now there are probably three times as many people. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">There was probably </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">90,000 people between the three towns early in the '50s. And now there's probably</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> a quarter of a million people. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And so the biggest changes is that the roads and streets haven't been modernized--or the stoplights--</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">to handle </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">triple the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">traffic. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">But the wine industry obviously is a major thing</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> because when I was a kid growi</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ng up here—</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">When</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> they talk about </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">termination dust storms, they were not kidding</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> because I lived in eastern Co</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">lorado and my parents had lived </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">through the Dust Bowl, and I knew what dust storms looked like. And when they hit Richland, your house</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">—I remember my mother, she—</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">when they vacuum--</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">you've</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> just</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> got</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> sweep broom and a w</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ood floor, and your sweeping it </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">up, and throwing it in the yard with a dust pan. But the irrigation c</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">hanged all that. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">There's just so much more moisture going up in the air that the dust storms a</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">re few and far between. And the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">humidity has gone from like 10% or 15% probably to 35%. And the summers h</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ave gotten less extreme. When I </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">was a kid, it was not unusual at all for July--from the first of July to the end of July--</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">to be 110 to 115 degrees. I've </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">seen it 117 degrees here. And now, just look at this last summer, we had a </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">few days of 101 or 103. But the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">climate has </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">mellowed out with the extremes. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Like in '48, the Columbia River froze clear across from side to side. You could dr</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ive a truck across it. The same </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">year as the big flood. So the ex</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">tremes have gone away. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">instead of the re</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">al dips and curves a sinusoidal </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">curve, it's more shallow extremes. But the fact that they now have Meadow Spring</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">s, and they have Clipper Ridge, </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">and West Richland</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> of cour</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">se, has expanded from a nothing. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">When I was a kid there was just basically a few people that liked to have farm</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">land lived out there. There was </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">probably as many people living in Yakima as there was in Richland</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> because </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">they couldn't build houses fast </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">enough. And those that work</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ed in the 100 Areas or the 200 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">reas, it was just as </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">close to come in from Yakima as </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">it was to drive from Richland.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">You talk about a number memories from your childhood, are there any othe</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">r things, events, or particular </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">memories that really stand out from those early years in Richland?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">You had to make your entertainment. And you had to wait in line for everything, inclu</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ding getting a car. Jeez, it </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">must have been '48 before we got a car. And in the Sunday paper there was an</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> ad that said, call a number in </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Seattle, and get on a list for a Buick. And so my mother did that. And about six mont</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">hs later we got a call and said </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">co</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">me pick up your car. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">We got on a train over in Pasco that just had wood benches in it, and we went over</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> Snoqualmie to Seattle, and got </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">this new '48 Buick, and drove it home over Snoqualmie Pass. People from all ove</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">r the neighborhood were kind of </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ogling this car because anybody else that had a car basically were driving som</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">e pre-1940 model, because during </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">the '40s they didn't make cars. But that was a vast improvement for us to hav</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">e our own wheels. But self-made entertainment. When we lived up on McMurray—</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">of course, all these guys that came here from the '30s and '40s</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> all the</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">entertainment they had as they grew up as kids was self-made also. So playing pool was a big activity. And so my</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">dad bought a pool table over in Pasco, and we had it in the basement. And on</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">the weekend, he and all of his </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">buddies iced down beer and played </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span class="SpellingError SCX78204124">kelly</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> pool all afternoon, that was the enterta</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">inment. And probably that night </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">those same guys, with their wives, had a little potluck at somebody's house and played Bridge. My parents pla</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">yed bridge </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">all the time.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">I wanted to ask you, then, also about your working at Hanford. Hanford for so </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">long focused on production. You </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">mentioned that production, production. At some point, of course, it shifted to cl</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">eanup. I wondered if that shift </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">impacted your work at </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">all?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Well, by the time I left Hanford it was still in a reduced production mode. T</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">he writing was on the wall that </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">environmental restoration was the future of Hanford, not production. We fought </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">to keep N Reactor going because </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">it was dual purpose. But especially when they passed the RCRA, or Resource </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Conservation Recovery Act, that </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">was the first major commitment by the US Government for an environmental cleanup</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">. And they sent that law, or bill, out to all </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">the field offices and asked for the field offices to comment on what effect it woul</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">d have on their operations. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Dixy Lee Ray wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">s the commissioner at the time. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And I must've been a director of safety at the time. So we got together with the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">contractors and we labored over </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">this. And fortunately, I have a knack of being able to synthesize complicated things</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> into a very concise statement. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And when we got through </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">re</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">viewing this, I wrote a letter for the manager of the fiel</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">d office. And it was about this </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">long, and it simply said, this will shut down nuclear pit production fo</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">r the United States of America. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And from that point on it was one lawsuit after another as Congress tried to extend it</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">s will on the defense industry. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">But at the time, like when I was a Rocky Flats, the reason they were so anxious to </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">restart that plant that was the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">only </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">plant in all of DOE complex that</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> didn't have two--like there was Hanford an</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">d Savannah River, there was Los </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Alamos and Livermore Design Lab. So there was a duality in everything. But when they remo</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ved the pit </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">production from Hanford, instead having pit production at Savannah River and</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> Hanford both, they built a new </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">plant at Rocky Flats. And it was the only plant that made pit</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">s. And so it was a choke point. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And when the FBI and EPA shut that plant down, basically, we had nuclear subs </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">that were out in the ocean with </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">20 missiles and there was no spear point on the end of the spear. They were</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> not loaded because we were not </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">making pit</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">s</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">. So that was why the defense industry was fighting with Congress on the</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> environmental cleanup was </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">because we were not in a good defensible position nuclear-wise during th</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">at Cold War years if we had the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">boomers out in the ocean that didn't have a num</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ber of warheads on top of them. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And that's why EG&G got the contract because DOE believed that they could res</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">tart the plant and start making </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">these pits. So even though the environmental law was saying you should be sh</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ifting quickly to environmental </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">restoration at Rocky Flats, the headquarters people over defense programs were tellin</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">g you under the table, get </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">this plant running. We need these pits for the defense of America. So it was real</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> catch-22 for the management of </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">the Rocky Flats plant. But eventually, it became obvious that they were never go</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ing to restart the plant and so </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">everybody shifted into a full environmental restoration mode.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">During your years working here at Hanford, what would you consider some of </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">the more challenging aspects of </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">your job, the work you were doing here, and maybe some of the most rewarding aspects of you</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">r work? </span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Well, you know--[SIGH] I mean</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">, rewarding</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> is a hard thing to define beca</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">use that was one of the primary </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">reasons I took early retirement. Let me just use Yucca Mountain as an example. When I hired into the AEC in '67,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">the United States Government was looking for a repository for nuclear fuel in Lyons, Kansas. So that was '67, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">here we are, 2013, and we're no closer to solving that national </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">problem today </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">than we were 40 years ago. So</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> the satisfaction that comes with mission accomplished was al</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ways very difficult to achieve.</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> I</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">t</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> was more of a case of frustration on my part that the grass looks greener on th</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">e other side of the fence. If I </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">was going to go any higher in DOE, I would have to go to Washington, DC</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">. B</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ecause I was already an S</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ES and </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">that's as high as you could go witho</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ut a congressional appointment. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">But the most challenging thing was that when Alex </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span class="SpellingError SCX78204124">Fremling</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> came in to be t</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">he manager of DOE, he brought a </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">complete new, fresh environmental sensitive outlook to the plant. And so trying to</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> deal with the public interface over leaking tanks—</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">106</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">-</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">T was a big bump in my career. I went from a nob</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ody to a branch chief just with </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">one tank leak. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">[LAUGHTER] But</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> he w</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">as very environmental conscious</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> and he was </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">very safety conscious. And so he </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ratcheted the whole system up, not just o</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ne notch, but numerous notches. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Because when they built the nuclear industry, they did not have safety standards for the nuclear industry</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> b</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ecause it was a brand new industry.</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> So if you looked at the operation of the uranium </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">side, then they used the safety </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">standards of a steel mill and a blast furnace to do the safety standards for </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Fernald and these other uranium </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">enrichment places. And if you look at the chemical processing in the canyon</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">s, they looked to the petroleum </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">cracking industry for safety standards. And if you look to the waste disposal, whic</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">h was the operation of the tank </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">farms and the burial grounds, it had the same basic safety standards and the int</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">erest as a commercial landfill. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And so it wasn't until the nuclear Navy was born and Rickover installed a complet</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ely different safety philosophy </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">because he was going to </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">have 200, or 300, or 400 sailor—</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">lives were dependent on everything </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">functioning perfectly. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And Alex </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span class="SpellingError SCX78204124">Fremling</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> was bright enough and young enough to recognize that. An</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">d he brought that standard into Hanford. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">So there was just a real crash program on upgrading the operational procedures</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> for tank farms and other waste </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">disposals. Skin </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">contaminations were accepted as—</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">like a guy working on your ca</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">r, he accepts the fact that his hands are going to get greasy. B</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ut Alex didn't accept that. He said, you know, we'r</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">e going to have zero accidents. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And we're going to have zero skin contaminations. We're going to be open with t</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">he public on any of these tank leaks. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And the problem was we didn't have</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> really</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> the skill to measure how these tanks w</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ere doing—whether we're losing </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">material or not losing material. And even though you could measure the depth,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> the interest of whether it was </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">unacceptable to leak</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> was not there. And the reason for that was that when the fi</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">rst tanks were built, they were built in 12. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">So there's four rows of three</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> and the separation process was simply a settling proces</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">s. So the waste would come </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">into the first tank</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> and fill up, and the solids would drift to the bottom. And then it'd</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> overflow into the second tank, </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">another lighter batch of solids. And then it would flow into the third tank, and more solids would fall </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">out. Then </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">it would flow into the ground. And so if you're pu</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">tting stuff in the ground for ten or 15 years, and using nine </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">exchange properties of the soil to capture the radionuclides</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> then what's the big dea</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">l about a tank leaking a little extra waste?</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> You've already put a billion gallons of stuff into the soil, </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">what's another 100,000 gallons? </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">So that was the mentality that Alex faced with the contractors when he came to</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> Hanford. I give him credit. He </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">single-handedly changed that. And he took on the challenge to do the very first</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> environmental impact statement </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">on tank waste for the whole agency. He was the guinea pig. He was the front runner</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">, or the blazer, for the DOE on environmental issues. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And so I honestly think that Hanford, even though</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> because of the design of the plan</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ts</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> there was no way to retrofit </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">these plants to not discharge stuff to the soil, but there was a way to monitor it b</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">etter and be more acutely aware </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">of occurrence</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">s that you didn't want to occur. W</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">hether it was stuff leaking on th</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">e ground on top of the tank, or </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">whether it was stuff leaking into the ground through the bottom of the tank.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">So what time period are you talking about here?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">This would have been in late '70s up to, probably, '87. And Mike Lawrence came in '87.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">And it's Alex </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span class="SpellingError SCX78204124">Fremling</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Yes, </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span class="SpellingError SCX78204124">Fremling</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">How do you spell the last name?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">F-R-E-M-L-I-N-G.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">So that's when you noticed a shift definitely</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> taking place</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">No question. I was a student of, that instead of resisting these changes, I e</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">mbraced these changes and I was </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">rewarded for that. But th</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">e mentality of the DOE—or</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> it was ERDA at that</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> time, but the mentality of the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">workers in ERDA were no different than the mentality in the contractors. I mean, we'</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">d been doing it this way for 30 years, why are we changing? H</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">e conducted the first operational readiness re</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">view probably in the nation for start</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">up nuclear facilities.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">How were you able to change that mentality I guess into the--</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">You know what, I'd say, probably, through the award-fee process. It's through the money. When I first go</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">t here, </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">contractors had contracts, but there was never any real evaluation of whether th</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ey deserved their fee or didn't </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">deserve their fee. So once we instituted an award-fee process in which we itemi</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">zed the areas for improvement, then </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">quantified A,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">B,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">C or D or F, you could then quantify. If they had $10 million fee that's u</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">p for grabs for this quarter or </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">this six month period, you could quantify how well they did to meet those goal</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">s</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">. So i</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">t was very intense and it was a </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">steep learning curve, but it produced results. And we changed contractors</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> too.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Mm-hmm, right. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">So this was when you would have been in charge of compliance programs?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">First, yeah. After I was a branch chief, I was an assistant division director. Basically </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">all of my career was in nuclear </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">operations, especially with the tank farms. And even though I moved over to be the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">director of safety, and then on </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">to be the system manager for compliance, you were just viewing operations from</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> an independent standpoint. You </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">didn't direct nuclear operations, but you did appraisals, and you did audits, and yo</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">u did oversight, and you graded </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">a contractor on his performance independent from operations.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Was it during your time</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> there, I mean</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> at some point of course there were a lo</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">t of questions raised about the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">tanks. And in term</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">s</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> of the public</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> questions about tanks leaking and that sort of thing</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">. Did you have to deal with any </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">of that sort of thing?</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Listen,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> I spent—i</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">f I wasn't making presentations to the public or defending our actions to the public, I was doing so in fro</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">nt </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">of Congress. There was constant barrage and it was difficult to commu</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">nicate because by this time the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">environmental support groups were springing up to put </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">pressure on DOE to perform and to clean up and to </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">accelerate. And, of course, you control certain things, but you don't control your</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> budget. Congress controls your </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">budget. And so it was difficult a</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">t best, and it was contentious. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">It's constantly contentious because it was like I was speaking in English and t</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">hey were listening in Greek. We </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">couldn't communicate</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> because they were just totally upset with what the gove</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">rnment had done to end the war. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">They forg</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ot that what </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">was the end result</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> was stop the war and save millions of lives in the invasion of Japan. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">they had forgotten that. And it was just on the bad things that have been done to the environment. And I'd be the</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">first to agree to that--I don't think that in </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">hindsight</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> i</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">f you went back and re-ran it ten</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> ti</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">mes in hindsight, I don't think </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">anything would have changed</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">. B</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ecause the same pressure to beat the Germ</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ans to the nuclear bomb and the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">same pressure to end the war in the Pacific would not change. And so you'd only</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> have the capability to do what </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">your technology was advanced enough to do at that time and place.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">I wonder if there's anything that you haven't talked about, o</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">r I haven't asked about yet, either in terms of </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">your years growing up here as a young child, or your father</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">'s work, or your work at Hanford, that you'd like to talk </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">about, or think it would be important to talk about.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">I would just simply say that I think that the people and the contractors in the gove</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">rnment, as well as contractors, </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">have always given 100% to do the right thing. And they don't get much praise. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">nd they are constantly vilified </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">because they're missing milestones and stuff like that. But there is just some ex</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">tremely technically challenging </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">work to be done out there. It's been a flywheel for this site since 1943, and it's go</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ing to continue out probably to 2075. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">But they'll never clean the site up, and they'll never walk away from it. They'll h</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ave some 25-square-</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">mile pad out </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">there that has all kinds of markings on it, don't drill here. But they're making tremen</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">dous strides in cleaning up the </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">groundwater and removing the stuff along the river. I never dreamed in my wilde</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">st dreams that they could clean </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">up all the burial grounds and trenches alo</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">ng the river and the buildings. </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Each one of those reactors had the facilities enough to run a small city, and now all that's </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">left is a cube. You could </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">paint dots on it or something like rolling dice across the prairie. But I just thin</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">k it's been remarkable how much </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">they've cleaned up and how safely they've done it. You don't ever read of anybo</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">dy getting killed out there, or </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">maimed out there, and they're still using a lot of heavy equipment. The safety s</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">tandards are extremely high and </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">it</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">’</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">s part of the reward, the carrot in front of the donkey. If you're safe and have a </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">good safety record and you make </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">progress, you get your fee.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Well</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> I</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> want to</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"> thank you very much</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">—</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: Sure.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: --</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">for coming and talking to us today and sharing y</span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">our memories and experiences. I </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">appreciate it.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX78204124"><span class="TextRun SCX78204124"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Rhoades</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX78204124">Great, thank you very much.</span><span class="EOP SCX78204124"> </span></p>
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Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
01:09:30
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
180 kbps
Hanford Sites
Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview
200 Area
300 Area
100 Area
Z Plant
N Reactor
Plutonium Uranium Extraction Plant (PUREX)
Fast Flux Test Facility
B Reactor
234-5 Building
222-S Laboratory
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1967-2013
Years on Hanford Site
Years on the Hanford Site, if any.
1967-1988
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Rhoades, Paul
Cotner, Wanda
Ray, Dixy
Lawrence, Mike
Fremling, Alex
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Jack Rhoades
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Jack Rhoades conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Subject
The topic of the resource
Richland (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Pasco (Wash.)
Hanford (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Nuclear weapons plants--Waste disposal--Environmental aspects--Washington (State)--Hanford Site.
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
10/16/2016
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Format
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video/mp4
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
2016-07-22: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
100 Area
200 Area
222-S Laboratory
234-5 building
300 Area
B Reactor
Fast Flux Test Facility
Hanford (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.
Kennewick (Wash.)
N Reactor
Pasco (Wash.)
Plutonium Uranium Extraction Plant (PUREX
Richland (Wash.)
Z Plant
-
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F3e4aaec73e6f6c9ba18a36475c893e05.jpg
bde01b50c49fdd19de9845aaa9a2a017
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fab86fcd9bafe1ad87121451929b5f8b0.mp4
bf4cb3c2a0e804cfdad85f1d48db7166
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Post-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Laura Arata
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Leonard Peters
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237872738">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><strong><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Northwest Public Television | </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"><span class="SpellingError SCX237872738">Peters_Leonard</span></span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></strong></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Leonard </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Leonard Peters. L-E-O-N-A-R-D P-E-T-E-R-</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">S.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Thank you. My name's Laura Arata. It's November 19</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"><span class="NormalTextRun SCX237872738">th</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">already</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--2013, and we're </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">conducting this interview on the campus of Washington State Uni</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">versity Tri-Cities. So I wonder </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">if we could start, if you could tell us a little bit about how </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">your family came to Hanford and where you were from.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I was born in Denver in August of '43. My father came out in June or July of '43 from Denver.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And so my mom, myself, and my brother were there in Denver, and when I was two months</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">old we</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> came out with another family, t</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">he Carl Eckert family. And it was my mom, Mrs. Eckert,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">their daughter</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--who was </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">about my age</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">and my brothers. So five of us came out in a car in</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">October of '43. And my dad was working out here. And so that's how we came out, was in an</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">old car.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And what was your father doing at Ha</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">nford?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">He was a truck driver. He drove for Remington Arms in Denver, who was DuPont, and he also</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">worked for Bechtel up in Alaska. And he came down and went back to Denver and was driving,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">heard about this place. And if you'd like a very interesting story--</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Always.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237872738">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">He was driving for an Army officer. A colonel or something, I'm not sure. Kind of a</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I'll say</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">chauffeur, but it wasn't really a chauffeur. But my dad had heard about this place. And he</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">asked his</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I'll say colonel</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">about it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And very few people knew about it. But this colonel says,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> well,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> I can't tell you anything about it, but if</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">you've heard of heavy water, it has something to do with heavy water.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Of course my dad, heavy water didn't mean anything to him. But you know, hindsight. It's kind</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">of interesting to me this colonel knew a little bit about what was going on here. As big a secret</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">as it was, not that many people knew. But he had some idea of what was going on. I found</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">that very interesting.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Yeah. </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And how long d</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">id your father work at the Hanford site?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237872738">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">From '43 until he retired in '73.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237872738">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Okay, well, w</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">e'll come back to that. I want to ask you just a few questions about the area. Obviously you</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">were very, very young</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">—</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">:</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I'm sorry. He passed away in '73. He retired in '67.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">. I'll have more questions for you.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> Do you remember, growin</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">g up, what sort of housing </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">you lived i</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">n, what the situation was like?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">My first memory was an A house, 1520 Thayer. We moved in there about 1945. So that's my</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">first memory, though we lived many places before that, as my dad's Q clearance bears out.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But my memory goes back to the A house in 1945.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Did yo</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">u live there for quite a while?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Lived there until around '56, '57.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And could you describe that house a little bit, for anyone w</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ho doesn't know what an A house is?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">An A house is a duplex, two-story. You have neighbors literally right next door to you. It was a</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">three-bedroom, all upstairs. And of course back then there was no air conditioning, and it</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">would get hot in the summertime. I can literally remember s</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ummers, 109 to </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">110, </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">112 degrees. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">the only air conditioning was a swamp cooler. So it was pretty miserable, but yet you </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">didn't </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">think about it beca</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">use that's just the way it was. </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">The government literally furnished everything, from throw rugs to</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> table, chairs. I mean literally </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">everything. Coal. We had a coal-burning furnace, and like on</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ce a month or so on, they would </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">deliver coal. And you had to make sure there was a coal bin that </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">had slats in it, and you had to </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">make sure that the slats were in, because if you forgot to put t</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">he slats in you'd have coal all over the basement floor. </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And so that was kind of interesting. My dad, every morning,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> would have to get up and stoke </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">the fire and get it going in wintertime, because we used </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">to have some pretty bad winters </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">compared to today. And so that was, again, ju</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">st part of living in this area. </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Dust storms. You've heard of the termination w</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">inds. The wind would blow and the </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">curtains would go back and forth and just wave in the breeze, w</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ith all the windows closed. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">you'd have a quarter of an inch of dust on the windowsills a</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">nd everything. But there again, </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">that's just the way it w</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">as. </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I can remember one story</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">my wife tells that w</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">hen her m</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">other came out with her and her </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">brother, met at the train station, and the father was the</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">re to pick them up. There was a </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">windstorm right then. And her first words were "Sherman, get me a ticket bac</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">k home." And </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">they ended up dying here, and buried here. And I know my dad, he swore he would never</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">—he </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">wanted to go back to Colorado, but again, he was buried here and</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> lived here all the rest of his life. </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But what e</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">lse can I say on the government?</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> Everyth</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ing—y</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ou know, I've heard of people</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">—we </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">never did do it, but people get tired of a chair or something, they</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">'d break it, call housing. They </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">would need another chair, and they'd come out and replace the chair. And if you had</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">—back </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">then they had fuses, as opposed to breakers. Blow a fus</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">e, call housing, they'd send an </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">electrician out to change the fuse for you. I mean, it was pretty amazing, really. And it was</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">good quality furniture.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Cool. </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">So I'm wondering if you could talk a little bit about growing up in</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> Richland in the '40s and '50s, </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">sort of what the </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">community was like at that time?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">It was a fairly small town, of course. I think</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">and this is just my memory</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">it was about</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">probably maybe 23,000 people, was all. Something like that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And it was truly a </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Leave It t</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">o Beaver</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> era. People laugh at that, but that's exactly what it was,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">because if you stop and think about it</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">in order to live in Richland, you had to work out in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">area. In order to work out in the area, you needed clearance. And it was not unusual to have</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">someone knock at the door and be an FBI agent investigating someone or something. I mean,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">it was very controlled.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And so there was no crime to speak of. Nickel and dime stuff. But there was one murder, in all</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">those years. They never did find the killer. But no, we'd play out all night and folks wouldn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">think a thing about it. That’</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">s just the way it was. And in the summertime, like I said, as hot</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">as it was, all the windows</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> and doors would be wide open and w</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ouldn't think a thing about it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And people kind of knew one another. Not that you knew everybody, but that small a town and</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">everyone working out there. Everyone rode the bus, so there was a camaraderie with not only</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">where you worked but also on the buses. And people I think really did try and watch out for</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">one another. But no, growing up, it was great.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">One</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> kind of</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> fun story. We used to hooky-bob. You know what that is?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I don't.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Okay, w</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">hat we'd do in the wintertime when the roads were snowy and icy. You'd hide behind a bush,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">and as a car went by</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> you ran out and grabbed the bumper and had them drag you around.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And that was a lot of fun. That was one of the winter sports.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But it was kind of interesting. I can remember, newspaper front page showed a bus with a</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">glove on it. The story was, it was a hooky-bobber and his hand was wet and it froze to the</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">bumper, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">make a long story short, it was on the dangers of hooky-bobbing. But it just</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">happens that the guy that that glove belonged to graduated a couple years ahead of me.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Name was Jim Crum, who is now an attorney for the US government.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But no, it was a fun time. I mea</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">n, Friday night shows </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">was wall-to-wall kids. Very seldom</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">was there a fight or anything. We'd hang out at the Spudnut Shop, or there was another place</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">called Tim's.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Someone that ha</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">d a car would drive around the U</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ptown area about 30 times, just looking for</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">gals or whatever. I mean, it was an </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">American Graffiti </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">time. Have you seen American Graffiti?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Yes, sir.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">You see that, and every person in there</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Hey, that was so-and-so;</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> that was so-and-so. I</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">mean, it was so accurate to our high school days. It was a good time to grow up.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Wintertime, of course, we had Christmas tree forts, and if there was snow on the ground we'd</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">have snow forts and choose up sides and have snowball fights hiding behind our snow forts.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">We would, if there was no snow</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">or even if there was </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">snow after Christmas</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">build Christmas</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">tree forts. Stack them up and have a roof on it, even sleep out in it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But if a neighbor down the street</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">you know, if they had a Christmas tree fort, about one or</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">two in the morning we'd sneak down and steal all their trees. An</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">d we'd have a bigger fort then. </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">We would sleep out a lot in the summertime, because it was hot. I can reme</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">mber we would </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">sleep out maybe 10 o'clock at night or so. There were still orchards, cherry orchards in town.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Up on Van Giesen. We lived just around the corner on Thayer.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">We'd get up, go down there and steal cherries. We'd steal quite a few cherries. Then the next</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">day we'd sell them house to house.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">What else was there? The buses were a big part. The buses were fun, because there was two</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">groups. They were both run by the government, but there was what they called the city local,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">which took people from point A to point B as far as downtown and uptown, different places.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Then there was the outer area buses that took workers to work and brought them home. But</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">there was two different</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">not bus companies, but groups of drivers that drove for each group.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But not only hooky-bobbing, but it was always fun to</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">as buses passed</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">snowball th</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">em, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">throw snowballs at th</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">em. Just fun things.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Some good winter sports.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Could you talk a little bit more about these</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">you mentioned Fr</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">iday night shows, and also the </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Spudnut </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Shop. Could you describe those</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> a little bit</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I mean, everyone went to them. All the kids went to them. And you know, you're talking</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">the '50s, where rock and roll was just coming in. I wrote a piece one time on</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I really think that</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">we were born at a nice time, because we can remember big bands, we can remember that</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">type of music and how rock and roll came in.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And of course parents didn't like rock and roll at all. It was evil, and all this. But a lot of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">movies, some of the movi</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">es, had rock and roll stars.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> I can remember people</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">dancing in the aisles while the movie was on. Things like that. I can remember one gal was</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">dancing what they used to call a dirty bop. They ended up kicking her out.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> But no, there was</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">dancing and hooting and hollering.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Before the Uptown Theater opened was the Village Theater. And that was when we were</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">younger, but that's when they showed the serials, whether it be Superman or Whip Wilson or</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">whomever. But every Saturday we'd go to the show. There'd be a cartoon as well as one or</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">two double feature.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">That's back</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">we were young, but a fun thing then, I guess, was to have your popcorn boxes.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">They were boxes at the time</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">. You'd flatten them and throw th</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">em and make a shadow on the</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">screen. That was the</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> big deal.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But the Village Theater was so strange because it was all kids, basically. Because the Richland</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Theater, which is now The Players, was more the adults. The Village Theater was for little</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">kids. But you would walk down the aisles, and was a kind of carpeting, and you'd stick,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">stick, stick, stick. I </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">don't think they ever cleaned it. Pop spilled on it, candy bars, and everything</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">else. That was fun.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Then they did build the Uptown Theater, and that was more adult movies. But on Friday night,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">it was lot of science fiction. That's where you saw Frankenstein, Dracula, The </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"><span class="SpellingError SCX237872738">Wolfman</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">, and all</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">that. Then the midnight shows had really neat</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">they'd have a midnight show, and we wouldn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">get home until three in the morning, but no big </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">deal. Y</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ou'd walk home. No big deal.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I don't know if you can do it today, but there'd be half a dozen of your friends walking home</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">with you, just having a good time.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But the Friday night shows</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I started smoking quite early. I don't smoke now. But I can</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">remember, for mowing the lawn and peeling t</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">he taters and things that, I’d get</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> $1 a week</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">allowance. And with that dollar I could buy a pack of cigarettes, which would last me a week,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">get into the show, and have like a dime left over. So I mean, a dollar, I was in fat city.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Do you remember how much a movie cost, about that time?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">First ones I can remember was $0.11 or $0.12, and then it went to $0.20. And I think during</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">my high school days, if I remember right, it was probably $0.35, something like that. I'm not</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">sure.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">All right. </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I'm fascinated by the Spudnut Shop and Tim's. C</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">an you describe those a little?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Well, Tim's was where Dr. </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"><span class="SpellingError SCX237872738">Chavla</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> placed his</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">it's</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> kind of cadd</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">y-cornered from the graveyard,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">the old graveyard. And it was a nice place. A fireplace in it and everything. That's where the</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">kids hung out. And it wasn't really a pizza parlor, but it was kind of a pizza parlor sandwich</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">place.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">It was our high school days, and it closed, I'm not sure exactly when, but became Einan's</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Funeral Home. It went from the restaurant to Einan's Funeral Home. And then Einan's, of</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">course, moved out on the bypass.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But the Spudnut shop, it's bigger now than it was. It used to just be just a few booths. But I can</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">remember Spudnuts were, let's say</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">, $0.10. And for a Spudnut ala mode</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">that was a Spudnut</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">with soft ice cream on it</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">that was $0.15. And if you had $0.15 for that, you was in pretty good</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">shape, because we didn't have money like that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And there was another place just two doors down from that that was the Fission Chips. But it</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">was interesting the way they spelled fission. It was fission, like nuclear. It was Fission Chips.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">You can see some old pictures of the Spudnut shop, and just a couple doors down, you'll see</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">the Fission Chips. But we'd hang out in the Spudnut Shop before the movie, and then maybe</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">go there after the movie. And that's just where everyone hung out.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">When we had a car later, more in our high school years, we hung out at a place called Skip's.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">It was where Les Schwab is now. That was kind of the hangout there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I don't know if you want this on there. It's not very nice. But Skip's, there was a young girl</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">worked there with a cleft palate. One the guys that we kind of ran with, he had a cleft palate</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">also. He was about three years older than me. But he pulled in there, him and friends, and she</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">said in her cleft palate</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> way</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">, ,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ay</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> I help you? He said yeah, give me a such and such. And she got</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">mad, y</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ou don't have to </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">make fun of me!</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> Because she though he was just making fun of her.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Kind of a sad story, but kind of humorous also.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">The movies was a big part of life. Of course, swimming. We used to swim in the Yakima a lot.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And the old pool, what we used to call the big pool, down in what's now Howard Amon Park</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">it</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">used to be Riverside Park</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">there was a swimming pool there. And the flood of '48, '47-'48, it</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">flooded the park. And so they done away with that pool and built the present one.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">That flood was quite a deal. I can remember going</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">the b</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ridge</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> was out</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">going out of</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Richland, </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">and </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">they had a pontoon bridge. And that causeway wasn't there then. It was just flat. But</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I thought that was so neat. We was going across the bridge, and you see pontoons all the way</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">across it with lumber to drive on. And that always impressed me.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Down around </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"><span class="SpellingError SCX237872738">Gowen</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> and things, I can remember the basements flooded from that flood. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">it was quite a flood. That's when they built the dam or dike around Richland and Kennewick</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">and so on.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> The—</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I was thinking of something else, and lost it. But no, the flood was quite an event. I worked with</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">a guy named Ralph Schafer, who had a private pilot's license, and they hired him as a bus</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">driver. But they let him go from bus driving long enough, because the only way to the airport at</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">the time was to fly from Richland to Pasco. So they hired him to ferry people to the Pasco</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">airport in his private plane, because basically there was no way out of Richland</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> until they put</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">that pontoon bridge in.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I wonder if you could talk about</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">obviously you went through school here. D</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">o you have any </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">memories</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">there were also some residents that were here pr</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ior to 1943, that were still in </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">school here, that were moved off of their family lands. Did yo</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">u go to school with anybody who had memories of </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">that, that</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> you recall?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Not to my knowledge. You hear all kinds of stories and things that I don't know. I know I've</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">heard that one family</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">or some people, I'll say</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">whe</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">n they were, quote, kicked out</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> of White</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Bluff</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">s</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> Hanford area, they moved to Prosser, Sunnyside, somewhere up there, and swore they'd</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">never set foot in Richland. And whether that's true or not, I don't know. But I know there's hard</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">feelings over it, rightfully so.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But no, I don't know of anyone. I know we had a</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> lot of construction workers in</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> trailer parks in</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">north Richland. There was a big trailer park, and they had an elementary school out there,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">John Ball. And once they got all the houses built that they were going to build, I guess, they</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">closed the trailer park and closed John Ball and had them all into town.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But I can remember living on Thayer, going to school at Old </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"><span class="SpellingError SCX237872738">Sacky</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Sacaj</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">awea, the Old</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"><span class="SpellingError SCX237872738">Sacky</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">that for some reason, for two-three days they sent me to Spalding. I had to walk to</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">school, which was maybe three, </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">four blocks, five blocks. I can remember big piles of dirt,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">having to climb over them to get to school. And the reason for that was they were building the</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ranch houses at that time. So I was probably first grade, I'm guessing.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">So they were still building in the lat</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">e </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">'40s, early '50s. In fact, Bauer</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> Days and the Richland</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Village came later, after the letter houses. But school</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">no, I honestly can't remember any kids</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">there.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">No problem. We're here to get your memories, so. A bunch of </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">other things I want to ask you. </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">One thing, you said your fathe</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">r worked in Hanford until '67.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">He retired.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">He retired in '67. So he was working in the area when Pres</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ident Kennedy came, in 1963. Do </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">you h</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ave any memories of that event?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">No. I was in the Navy then, so no. I know my wife said that she went out to see him. And there</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">were so many people you could hardly see him, but she went out to it. But no, I got out of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Navy in October</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> '63. I was on a train back to Denver to visit relatives.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">It's kind of sad. I was sitting in the club car playing cards with strangers, and the porter came</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">in</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">a black fella</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">says,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> [EMOTIONAL]</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> the President's been shot. And we all</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">aww, go on, he's pulling</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> our leg,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">he's joking</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">. Then I says, you don't joke about something like that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">We were somewhere around Wyoming on the train, and then they was able to get a radio</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">station over the PA or whatever it was. Sure enough, a little bit later</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">that he had died. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">that's how I learned of it. I'll never forget that train ride. Got to Denver, and it was just strange.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Of course. </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And we're righ</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">t on the anniversary of it now.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Yeah. Yeah. But my dad, I don't know if he went to see him or not. I mean, he was a dyed-in</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">-</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">the-wool Democrat. He came out of the Depression. He was born in '03, so he'd been through</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">a lot. I can remember him saying that he'd vote for a yellow dog before he'd vote for a</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Republican. He was the old Democrat.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But he did vote for on</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">e Republican. That was John Dam</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">, who was running for county</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">commissioner. They were personal friends. He said that's the only Republican he'd ever voted</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">for.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">One exception.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">So </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">did you work at Hanford at all?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">You did. So could y</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ou start filling us in on that a little?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">:</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I worked 40 years out there. Hired on '65. And luckily </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">my dad was still working, so we </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">overlapped. We were both drivers. And I started out as a l</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">aborer, though they called them </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">servicemen</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">basically a laborer. And I got set up to bus driver. And in '61, </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">had a layoff. And I </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">could have stayed, but I thought, man, le</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">t's see what else is out there. </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And I went and worked for Battelle. I was with Battelle f</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">or about 13 years in inhalation </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">toxicology. Long-term study. Plutonium, curium, americium studies on dogs. And in about '84 I</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">quit Battelle and went back to transportation, because money.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> You know that all your </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">college </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">folks know that biology is not real high-paying, unless you're </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">a PhD or something. But a BS in biology's not much. </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But no, I really enjoyed that. In fact, when McCluskey's glo</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ve box blew up, about 200</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> A</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">reas </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">were exposed to</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I forget if it was curium or americium, but the</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">re hadn't been a lot of studies </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">on those. And like I said, I was working in inhalation toxicolo</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">gy, and we got two or three big </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">contracts right after that to study the health effects </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">of curium and americium through inhalation. </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">He was an amazing man, because I worked with </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">PhDs. Immunologists, veterinaries,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">hematologists. You name it, we had the discipline there. Pathologists. And they </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">didn't give him </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">six months to live, with what he got. And he ended up living pro</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">bably 20 years or better. It is </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">quite an amazing story. You can go on the internet and look up</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> Atomic Man, and his story's in </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">there.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">We</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> actually interviewed the gentleman who was in charge </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">of the cleanup, cleaning up his hospital room.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Yeah. I don't know if it was this guy I worked with, what we called a radiation monitor. Now</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">they're HPTs or something. But he was with him, scrubbing him and things. His name was</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Larry Belt. He'd be a good interview for you.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I worked with Larry for a number of years. He was our radiation monitor when we exposed</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">dogs and so on. But he said, you can't believe the pain this man was in. He said, we had to</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">literally scrub him with brushes, because he had stuff embedded in his face and so on.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Terrible. He says, submerge him and</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> scrub him. No, Larry Belt could tell some stories about it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But back to my job. I quit Battelle for financial reasons and went back to driving. Drove a bus</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">for a lot of years. They shut the bus system down, and I went and worked driving a truck, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">drove ERDF trucks hau</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ling the solid waste from out around</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> the river and so on. Did that for a</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">number of years and retired. I taught HAZMAT classes for the last abou</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">t ten</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> years.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But buses were the fun job. A lot of stories there. One of our drivers named Carl Adcock was</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">driving down Delafield, taking the day shift home</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">so </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">it was </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">about four or five in the afternoon</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">and</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">a little girl was standing out in the middle of the street playing. About five, six years old.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Stopped his bus, pulled the brake,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> got out and spanked her butt, get out of here!</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> Got back in</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">the bus, and the passengers were just</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">what are you doing? You could get in trouble for that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And it was his daughter.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But no, we've had people have epileptic seizures on the bus. And there's all sorts of things like</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">that. A lot of stories.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">You must </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">see a little bit of everything.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Oh, yeah. We had poker games, bridge games, on the buses. They had cardboard</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">tables. Four people would sit down, put</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> their table between the aisles and</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> play cards. They had a</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">bridge game going from 100F, which was where the animals were before they built 300</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">the</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">animal life sciences 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">rea</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">but they had a bridge game that was going steady for at least</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">30, 35 years.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I mean, it was different </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">people. You know, someone would retire, someone else would take</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">their place. But it started out at 100F at lunch break and then on the bus, and it continued.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">When we were at 300 they were still playing. Again, it was different players, but it was the</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">same game.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Wow. There's something I wanted to ask you</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> about</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">. Returning back to when you worked in</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">inhalation toxicology at Battelle, did you work with the smoking beagles?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">:</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Yes. That was my first job, was smoking.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">We just interviewed Vanis Daniels--</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">:</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Oh, yeah. I know Vanis.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--last week, who worked with the smoking beagles. Can you describe for us the process of</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">getting the beagles to smoke two packs a day?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">:</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Well, the hard part's lighting '</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"><span class="SpellingError SCX237872738">em</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">. No, the reason for the study</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> as I understood it</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> was uranium</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">miners were dying early, and they wanted to know why. Because it could be cigarette smoke--because most of them were smokers</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">uranium ore dust or it could be radon daughters.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And so we had a group of</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I forget now. 70 dogs, 60. Something like that. And 10 of would</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">receive smoke only, cigarette smoke only. They had a table, kind of a horseshoe. The mask fit</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">over their muzzle with a cigarette in there, and like every seventh or tenth breath</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> a little gadget</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">would open and their breath would suck in the smoke.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But then ten</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> of them would receive uranium ore dust and radon daughters. There was a large</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">chamber that held ten</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> dogs around it, and up in the top there was a grinder thing that would</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">grind the ore dust and sprinkle it down in. I mean, it wasn't noticeable, it wasn't thick, but it was</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">in there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And then we</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> had radon. I think it was water bubbled through it that would give the radon gas,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">and it would get into the cha</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">mber. And then we had another ten</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> that would receive cig</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">arette</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">and the radon.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And then a control group that didn't receive anything. They were called sham. You'd bring</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">them in, go through all the same routine, but they wouldn't receive anything. And just see what</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">the effects were.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And it was a lifespan study, so you'd look at the dosage and how long they lived and what</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">affected them the most. So that's basically what it was.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">One story I heard</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">probably true</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">was that the Russians said that our limits were too high,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">should be lower. So that maybe prompted it, I don't know. Then after that when we got to 300</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">A</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">rea, 100</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">-F moved into 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">rea, and they closed 100</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">-</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">F down. And then they had a group of</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">just smoking dogs.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And it was more difficult in the sense that we had a mask that fit over their muzzle, and they</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">could trick it. They could breathe o</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ut of the side of their mouth. When they did it at</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> one area they </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"><span class="SpellingError SCX237872738">trached</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> them,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">and there was no cheating that</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">. It was direct. There was no getting around that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I learned a lot. I mean, that was one of the most exciting jobs. And the learning curve was just</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">like that. I really learned a lot about physiology and biology and chemistry. You work there that</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">long, and you learn a lot.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Because part of my job was necropsy</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">or what they call autopsy, but </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"><span class="SpellingError SCX237872738">necropsing</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> the dogs.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And we always said we took everything but the bark. I mean we literally disarticulated them</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">and took every piece that they had. Every organ, every bone, separated it. The reason for that</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">we wanted to know where the plutonium or curium or whatever went to in the body.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Where was the body burden? Was it in</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> the lungs, was it in the bones?</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And interestingly enough, we exposed Pu-238 and 239, and the 238 would be a bone-seeker.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">The bones would have high doses. But in 239, the bones hardly got anything. It was all soft</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">tissue. So they learned a lot from that, as far as where these elements</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">what they seek. The</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">target organs, if you will. I don't know if all that should go in this.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Fascinating. I really love hearing about it. Could you talk a little bit about</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">obviously, during</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">those times, security and secrecy was still very much a part of working at Hanford. Did that</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> impact</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> your work at all?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">:</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Oh, a lot. You know, being raised</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">from my oldest memories, it was secure.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And I can remember when I was probably about 10, 11, 12 years old I went in for a library</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">card here in Richland. They asked who my dad worked for, and I was scared to tell them.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Because the security</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">my dad never told me what was going on out there. And I knew security</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">was a big deal. And I says, I don't kno</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">w. I kind of knew, but I--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And she says, well, what does he do?</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And I says, well, he drives. So then she wrote down General Electric.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But no, I mean, it was paramount </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">even as a kid. I can remember—and</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> this </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">is </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">kind of funny</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">hindsight</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">but kind of put yourself in that t</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">imeframe--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I can remember calling my brother who</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">was seven, eight, nine years old</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">would have been in the early '50s, McCarthy era</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I can</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">remember calling my brother a dirty communist. And my dad just came unglued. He would</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">rather have me call him S.O.B. than that, because that wasn't something you messed with in</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">the early '50s, with</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> the FBI and everything else.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But I mean, security was bred into you, I guess. And when I hired on, it was still, but not like it</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">was. But many of us still had that same mentality. I can remember when they started releasing</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">things to the public. That always bothered me, because this is secure, and people don't have</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">the need to know a lot of this stuff.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Security was a big deal. I mean, you didn't go anyplace without a security badge. They could</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">stop you, search your car, and everything else. So it was a high priority.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">There was seclusion areas within the area. You might get out in the area, but you might not be</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ab</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">le to get into a certain area. When you</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> got in that area, you couldn't get into another area, like</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">dash-5 or Z-Plant or </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">RE</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">DOX or PUREX</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">. You needed extra security on your badge to get in these</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">places. So security was very tough.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Could you talk a little bit about how Hanford was overall as a place to work? Anything you</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">found particularly challenging or very rewarding about your time in the area?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">:</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I think it was great. You know, let's face it,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> it</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> was great for a lot of people that worked here. I</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">mean, good pay—</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">relatively good pay, and a lot of people raised their families and sent them to</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">school on this pay out here. And as far as working out there, we really had fun in the early</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">days.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And by the early days, I mean when I hired on. Because I felt very lucky that when I hired on,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">most of the old-timers were still working. And by old-timers I mean them that hired in the '40s.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">So a lot of the stories, a lot of things that they knew and interesting things that they talked</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">about, I was privy to. And that was great.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And it was, to me, really a fun place to work. I really enjoyed it. Later I can remember saying</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">more</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> than once in the '80s or '90s</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">, this isn't fun like it used to be. And it wasn't. But</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">you know, I was younger then, and that made a difference. I was about 21, 22 when I hired</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">on. And so times changed.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I think in the </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">early days</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">by that</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> my early days</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">there was what we call maybe some dead</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">wood. And they might have five people to do a job for two people. But I mean, it was good, it</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">was job security. Well, then came the cuts and so on.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I think that made it a little </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">different, because</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">one thing that's bothered me over the years,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">there's been layoffs. But you can check the records. Many times after these layoffs, within six</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">months they're calling them back, because work has to be done. We might cut 500 people, but</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">that job is still there, so they called a portion of them back. Which</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> to me</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> doesn't make sense.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But I don't think there's the fat out there that there was at one time.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Is there anything I haven't asked you about that you'd like to talk about? Any other stories that</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">stand out?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">:</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I think the racial thing was a big story in the early days because there wasn't that many black</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">people working out there. And I can remember us</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I mentioned earlier that Richland didn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">have hardly any blacks. We had one black I'm aware of. He was a shoeshine guy at the</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"><span class="SpellingError SCX237872738">Ganzel's</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> barbershop. His picture is still in there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But I can remember</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I must</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> have</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> been six, seven years old</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I saw my first black person. I was in a</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">car downtown with my mom. And I saw him, and I just saw his hands and face. And I can</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">remember wondering, I wond</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">er if his whole body is that way—</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">we just didn't see them.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">We had two black guys in high </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">school. C.W. and Norris Brown, who was t</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">errific basketball players. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">the main reason their family moved was because of those two boys. It was a different time</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">then.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I don't know it should go on record, because I don't know if it's true or not, but talking about</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">the early people that</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> worked there, one of the stories that I heard</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">and like I say, whether it's</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">true, I have no idea. But they were out working, and they had a burn barrel. It was very cold. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">barrel full of wood and so on, a burn barrel. The construction workers were huddled around it,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">and this one colored individual this kind of bulled his way in. He wanted to get up to the front.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And the story goes</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">whether, again, true or not</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> I don't know</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">a carpenter took his hammer</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">and ended it. And that wouldn't surprise me, though I don't know if it's true or not. Because</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">there was prejudice. A lot of the people that came here were from the South, and it was a</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">different lifestyle. I know that they had separate camps for the blacks and the whites. And it</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">was segregated.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">So I can remember when I was driving the bus here, we only had</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">to my recollection</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">one</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">black in all of transportation. There may have been more, but I think only one. And it wasn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">until probably '63 or '64 that they really started recruiting blacks.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I understand there were labor organizers and people who came in with the NAACP and that</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">sort of thing to sort of assess conditions, which would have been about the time you were</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">working in the 100 and 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">reas. Do you have any recollections of that?</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">:</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Well, the one black that I told you about was a service</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">man—l</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">abor. Same group I was in. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">he was the head of the local NAACP. His name was McGee. And the way you became a driver</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">was seniority. In other words, if this driver retired and you were next in seniority, you'd get that</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">job.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Well, he was the next one up, as a laborer, for a driving job. They wouldn't give it to him, for</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">obvious reasons. Well, he fought it through the NAACP and he ended up becoming a driver.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But they was not going to give him that job because of his race.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Battelle, to their credit, </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">was</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> the first ones to make an overt effort to hire black people. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">that's where</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">gentlema</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">n you mentioned earlier. And Battelle had</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">not overwhelming, but a</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">number of blacks working for them. And in inhalation toxicology we had a number in animal</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">care as well as in the crafts. So I would say from '63 on, it started changing.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">So this is</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> kind of my last question</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">we'll have students accessing these interviews. Most of my</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">students now are too young to have remembered the Cold War. It's sort of an older--</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">:</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">So maybe if you could just talk a little bit about what it was like being part of this Cold War</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">effort, and what you'd like students or future generations to know about contributions to that</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">process.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">:</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> Yeah. </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I know there's different views on this, but I feel very strongly about</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">because I knew a lot of</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">GIs from that time frame—</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">had two uncles that were in the war. And you know, the atomic</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">bombs, and we made the plutonium here for the bomb, literally ended the war.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> am a firm believer</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">had we had to invade, there'd been hundreds of thousands on</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">both sides killed. And they talk about the badness, rightfully so, of the atomic bomb. But you</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">look at the conventional bombing of Germany, and it was as bad or worse as the atomic</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">bombs. The firebombing of Tokyo. Things like that. So as bad as the atomic bomb was, it did</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">end the war. You'd had to live through it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Now, as far as the Cold War goes, you know</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> the place wasn't supposed to last much more</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">than ten</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> years. And that's what everyone thought. Well, then the Russians got the bomb. That</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">changed things a little bit.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And it was scary. I mean, like I said </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">earlier, me calling my brother</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> communist. I wasn't old</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">enough to really realize what was going on, but I can remember</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">would've been during the</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Korean War</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">my dad came to my brother and I and said, I want to know where you guys are</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">all the time, because we might have </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">to leave town in a hurry. T</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">hat was the mentality of</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">that time.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">We had air-raid sirens throughout the town. I can remember every</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I believe it was Monday at</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ten</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> o'clock, they would go off to test. But there was one right behind Jason Lee, where I was</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">going at the time, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> it was loud. Every</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I think </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">it was Monday or Tuesday, at ten </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">o'clock</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">they'd go off. Because we literally were on standby. We didn't know what was going to happen.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And the Korean War and then the McCarthy era, it was a scary time for adults. You know, as a</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">kid, you didn't notice it, other than watching others. But I think Hanford had a lot to do with</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ending the war.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Which ushered in the Cold War, because of the </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">proliferation</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> of the weapons. And you have to</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">give credit to whomever for tearing down the wall, for bringing somewhat of a peace in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">world—</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I say somewhat.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I think it was our spending billions of dollars building up our</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">you know the old saying, peace</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">through streng</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">th. That's what Reagan did. H</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">e was a big spender, but he got the job</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">done.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">But Hanford was unique, because I can still remember there was anti-aircraft placements out</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">there. When I hired on, all the old track houses were still there. I worked on a fuel truck, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">we </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">would fuel here and there and then we'd go out into the desert area, if you will, and look</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">at these old houses that were still standing. And the old icehouse was still there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">And a lot of these buildings were still there in the '60s. And why they had the need to tear them</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">all down, I don't know. I think it was a shame. But they tore them all down other than the bank</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">and the school. I believe about all that's left.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">N</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">o, it was a different time. Like I say, I can still remember my dad telling us both, I want to</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">know where you are in case we have to leave town. I mentioned earlier, the FBI</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">it was not</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">unusual to have an FBI agent knock at the door and talk to my folks about so-and-so. We had</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">neighbors that lived in the same house</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">—i</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">n our A house, our neighbors there</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">was there one day and gone the next. It wasn't unusual to</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">you're out of here.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237872738">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">:</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> Certainly a different time.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">I want to thank you so much for coming in and sharing your memories with us. I really</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">appreciate it. We'll film all these good</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">ies you brought us, if that's okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Peters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">:</span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Yep.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237872738">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237872738"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">Arata</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX237872738">--before we have to go.</span><span class="EOP SCX237872738"> </span></p>
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Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
00:57:05
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
194 kbps
Hanford Sites
Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview
Reduction-Oxidation Plant (REDOX)
Plutonium Uranium Extraction Plant (PUREX
100 Area
200 Area
300 Area
100 F Area
Z Plant
Dash 5 Plant
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1945-2013
Years on Hanford Site
Years on the Hanford Site, if any.
1965-2005
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Belt, Larry
Daniels, Vanis
Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Leonard Peters
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Leonard Peters conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
2016-06-21: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
11/19/2013
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Format
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video/mp4
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
100 Area
100 F Area
200 Area
300 Area
Dash 5 Plant
Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963
Kennewick (Wash.)
Pasco (Wash.)
Richland (Wash.)
swimming
Z Plant
-
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F0a5f95a067cc15c8bfd7705114ca6269.jpg
9e12f751613b211e66d587db18607e0a
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F99406b7ecf1307fceba5c8061e9a614a.mp4
c229c9e2af641822b5c55f7020ad8681
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Post-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Robert Bauman
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Myles Pasch
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX32632438">
<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><strong><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Northwest Public Television | </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span class="SpellingError SCX32632438">Pasch_Myles</span></span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></strong></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Robert Bauman</span>: Okay. All right. My name's Robert Bauman. And I'm conducting an oral history interview with Mr. Myles Pasch, today June 11</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span class="NormalTextRun SCX32632438">th</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">, 2013 and we are conducting this interview on the campus of Washington State University, Tri-Cities, and I'll be talking to Mr. Pasch about his experiences working at the Hanford site. So good morning, and thank you for being willing to have me talk to you today and be our first subject in this project. Appreciate it.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Myles Pasch</span>: Welcome.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: So what if start by just having you tell me how and why you ended up coming to the Tri-Cities area to work at the Hanford site. How did that come about?</span><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: Well I come about, my mother was working here when I got out of the Army in '45. Why, she already had a job lined up for me out here, and so come out here to take that job that they</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">the job act</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ually didn't materialize, but I </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">start working with the electrical distribution as a lineman's helper, because</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> of the experience in the Army. </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">I was a communications system in the Army, and so I started out in the line distr</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ibution as a ground man for the </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">line gang, and about six months later why the Corps of Engineers turned the </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">telephone system over to DuPont and</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> with the telephone experience I had, they</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">I mean if you put me in th</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">e telephone system and I worked </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">in there then until I</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">until my retirement. And various jobs from cable splicer helper, to cable sp</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">licer, to lineman </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">and supervisor of the installation and maintenance</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> crews, and then supervisor's office. Finally end up in </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">engineering section by the time I retired.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">So you worked in a lot of different places, but mostly on electrical and phone.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Just about all of it on phones. Phones, phones, and phone lines.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">And what sort of</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> job did your mother have when you arrived?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: She was in the T Plant, 221-T P</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">lant </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">cleaning instruments and that </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">from the separations group when </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">they</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">vessels that they had to use for transferring mater</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ials and so forth and she was clean</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">up on that.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Oh, okay. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">nd when had she begun work here?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">She began work there when they went into production. She worked at Hanford </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">during construction in the mess </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">hall, and then she transfer</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">red</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> to DuPont and started working soon as</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">right after they </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">went into production instead of </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">construction. My dad also worked there. Both in construction and in</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">and he went </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">into patrol, the Hanford patrol, </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">when they went into production.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">And do you know how your parents ended up coming here for work?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">I really don't. I was in the Army at the time that they did come out here, and so I'm not sure how</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">other than I</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">know they were living in northern Wisconsin. There wasn't much going on there, and so I know that they tried to</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">find something in the war industry to</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">work on, so they applied for and came out here to Hanford.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX32632438">
<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">And did both of your parents continue working at Hanford after the war also?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: Yes. Fact is,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> I think my dad retired in '52. My mother retired when DuP</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ont phased out and they went to </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">General Electric. She phased out with DuPont, but Dad stayed in until 1951</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> actually, when he retired.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Right. </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">So you said you initially worked for the Army Corps of Engineers and then DuPont?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">No. I worked for DuPont when I hired on in July of '45, but the Corps of Engi</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">neers was running the telephone </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">systems at that time rather than DuPont, and they turned the telephone systems ov</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">er to DuPont in January of '46, </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">and at that time I transferred right over to the telephone section and worked there until retirement.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay. </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">So what might a typical work day have bee</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">n for you back in the late 1940s early 1950s? What sorts of things </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">might you have done in a typical workday? Where might you</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> have gone on the Hanford site?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Well, we had to go wherever they needed telephone service</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> and it was installation</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> of the wiring, telephones, and </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">maintenance of them. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> so wherever</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> they needed telephones, we went. I worked in</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> the outer </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">areas all th</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">e time, very little in the 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">rea. Most of my work was in the two Eas</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">t-West, and the 100 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">reas, </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">wherever they needed a telephone repaired or put in, why</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> there's where we worked.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">How large of a crew or group did you work with usually, would be out there doing telephone repairs?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Usu</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ally there was about eight or ten</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> men on the telephone installation and repai</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">r group, and there was anywhere </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">from</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> one to four cable splicer crew</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">s going splicing cable. </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Especially when they really </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">start opening up in the late '40s early '50s, and they start increasing the size and that of the telephone systems.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">So I imagine over the 37 years</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">is that how long?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Yes, 37.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Imagine over the course of those 37 years the telephone systems changed quite a bit.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Yes, we started out with</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">when the Corps of Engineers had it, they </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">started out with common battery </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">switchboards with operators on them in each area, and each area had a 100 or</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> 200 line switchboard, whatever </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">they n</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">eeded. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">nd when they turned it over to DuPont</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> though</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> they'd already had </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">installed </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">a</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> automatic switching </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">station. So right after they turned it over to DuPont, why it switched over to autom</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">atic switching stations and the </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">operators were taken off the project. And then it wasn't many years later they ha</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">d to increase the size of that. </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">They went from a </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span class="SpellingError SCX32632438">Strowger</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> switching system to a North Elect</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ric all relay switching system. </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">And just in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">well not what, in the early '80s or late '70s</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> why</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> they switched over t</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">o a computer-controlled </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">switching system, which is what they are still using out there now is a computer-con</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">trolled. But they went from say </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">100 lines in each area to several thousand lines and now</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">, and the increase in people and buildings </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">that were put in during that time. During that period of time. When I first star</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ted there, there was only three </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">reactors and the East-West A</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">rea each had a separations building, but the only one</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> that was actually in use was the </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">2</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">21-T P</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">lant.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: So</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> were some of those buildings more challenging to work with install or fix phone lines?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Yeah</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> some of them we had to get special permits, special clothing</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> monitor buttons</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">, and pencils, and badges to go </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">into them. Probably only allowed 30 minutes in some spots. They were restricte</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">d to how long you could work in </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">there and so forth, because of the radiation.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Mm-hmm. </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">So did you have a radiation monitor or some sort when you did that?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">We had a radiation monitor. Our badge was a radiation monitor. Whenever we </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">went into an area, why, we got a </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">couple of pencils that you put in your pocket that rated different types of radiation</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">. Some buildings they had to </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">have even another different pencil in your pocket in order to work there. Bec</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ause there was different types, </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">different radiations.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">And, so</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> you mentioned you worked in T-P</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">lant? In there as well?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Oh</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> yes</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> I worked</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">fact is that was </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">one of our most challenging ones. We wen</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">t there to work, and you had to </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">drive dressed in doubl</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">e protective coveralls and </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">boots, and gloves, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> hoods, mask, and then when you went out,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> you had to strip all that and you couldn't drag your tools out with you. Th</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ey stayed, either stayed or got </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">thrown away. So in that one you were very limited on how long you coul</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">d work in the canyon. That was in the </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">canyon itself.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Yeah. </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Now for the site itself, when you first started working at Hanford site</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> given high sec</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">urity and secrecy, did you have </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">to get a</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> special security clearance, or--?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">I had a Q clearance all while I worked there. I</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> had a Q clearance, which allowed you</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> in</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">to everything except top secret </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">buildings. The only thing about Hanford there is a need to know basis. You never </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">learned anything about anything </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">else that was going on except if you were doing it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">When you first started, were you</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">how did you get to Hanford? Were you able to dr</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ive your own vehicle or did you </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">have to take the bus?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">We took a bus out. You could drive your own vehicle off the area, park it outsi</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">de the fence and that, but most </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">people rode the bus out. They had bus transportation to all areas.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">And did that continue for most of the time that you worked at Hanfor</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">d, or did that start to change</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">That continued. Most of the time I worked at Hanford</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> except the last few years and I was man</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ager or supervisor </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">of the business of</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">fice. I was working in the 700 Area in the Federal B</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">uilding. Was </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">then based in there. So at that </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">time I </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">no longer had to ride buses out. B</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ut then the las</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">t three four years I worked, I was back out in the areas </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">again, but of course I was driving company car out for instructing peopl</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">e on the new telephone systems. </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">They'd set up meetings and I'd go out and instruct them on how it worked and what they could</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">what they could </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">use of the communication systems. There was a lot of stuff they weren't allow</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ed to use by DOE because it was </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">expensive and unnecessary. So some of the things that they could have had and u</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">sed, why, they weren't available </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">to the plant operations. Some of the top management had them, but a lot of the s</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ystems was not available to the </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">regular</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">m</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ost of the divisions</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Now because of the security at Hanford, and secrecy, were there any sort of special phone</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">concerns about</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">communication, using telephones. Was there any special security or anything like that, related to telephones?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: They </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">always stressed security. That, talk and sink your ship, and so fort</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">h and that, to keep people from </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">talking, and of course they had monitoring systems that they</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">the FBI had one set u</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">p in one of the buildings there </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">where they could access any phone in the plant if they had the nee</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">d to monitor to see if anything </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">was going on that shou</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ldn't be going on. And they then</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> recorded them on little old</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> spools of wax. Little drums of </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">wax recordings that they used to use way back when.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Really? [LAUGHTER] Wow, t</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">hat's interesting. Did that impact your work at all, the conn</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ections at all, or how you did the telephone lines at all?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">It just gave us more work. I mean we had to</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">and that was top secret, we were n</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ot allowed to discuss that with </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">anyone that this was set up was there</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> available to the government.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: I’m going</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> to shift a little bit now and tal</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">k a little bit about the area, t</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">he Tri-Cities area</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">. When you first arrived where did </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">you live? And what were your first impre</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ssions of Richland or the area </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">here?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Well it was</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">lived in a</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">with my folks. They'd rented a three bedroom prefab,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> because they wanted us to come </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">and live with them while I was there. So we lived in that prefab for the first six mo</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">nths, then we moved into one of the B </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">hou</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ses down the south end of town. </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">And it was pretty desolate, lot of wind, no trees.</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> And I thought every time the wind blew</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">, why, they'd lose about half their—half their employees would terminate—</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">termination winds they used to call them.</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> And of course the</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">none of </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">the cities were any too large at that time, a</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">nd they just grown a lot since. B</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ut Richland was all government owned, all the homes and </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">everything was government owned </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">until about '53 they sold the</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">about '52 or '53 they started selling the houses</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> to the resident who was in the </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">house. An</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">d I moved out just before that. </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">We'd moved out and went to Kennewick, so we didn't buy one of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">one of the plant houses.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Now had you</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">did you know anything about the area before you came here? Had</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> your parents told you anything </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">really about--</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Not a thing. Just come for the job.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">S</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">o what was the community like i</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">n t</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">hose early years in the late ‘40s early ‘50</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">s?</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> Because</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> I would assume mo</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">st people had </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">come from all over the United States to work. What was that like?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: They come all </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">from all over from the United States and they</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">everythin</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">g in town was government owned. </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">So they had a big recreation building. They had two theaters and they had the</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> recreation building where they </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">would contract some major musicians to come in and play, oh</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> probably once a mo</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">nth they'd come in and play for a dance there for the people. </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">About the only other</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">well, we had the bowling alley and one tavern in town.</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> [LAUGHTER] Yeah,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> t</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">he bowling alley and the tavern </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">and two theaters. So a lot of the recreation were just people parading up and</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> down the streets on a </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Sunday when they weren't working.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">So there were theaters to go to. Were there any parades or those sorts of events </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">going on in the summer </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">at all?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Every year they had parades that the government sponsored. Either parades or art in the park and such as that,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> that</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> they got started. So there was quite a bit going on, and like I say, every so often they'd get a big band,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">one of the big bands in </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">to </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">play for the dances. And eac</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">h department would manage to </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">make a</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">couple of parties every year to keep their people happy.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">You mentioned the termination winds and often a lot of people came and went</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">. What made you stay </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">and your family stay there?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Oh, I guess I liked the job.</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> It was just what I had always had been doing was tele</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">phone work. So I liked the job, </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">and </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">the </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">pay wasn't too bad. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">nd we had all—a </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">lot of free time. I mean on the weeke</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">nds and that, and it wasn't too </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">far to go out to find recreation in the areas. Fishing or boating or just sightseeing. So we enjoyed</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">a</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">nd we </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">enjoyed the climate and that here compared to in some other areas we lived in.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Not quite as cold as Wisconsin</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">, I guess</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Yes. That's--</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">I wonder if there were any major events or things that happened while you were wo</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">rking at Hanford that stand out </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">in your memory. I know President Kennedy was here in 1963</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> right, </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">to sort of open the N R</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">eactor. I wonder if you </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">remember anything about that or are there any other events that really stand out?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">That was one time that they even let school out so that school kids could go out there</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">. And our son was in the </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">band, so he was out there playing, </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">and the whole family was out</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> at the N</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> R</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">eactor when President Kennedy </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">was there. Were able to</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> spend the afternoon out there. </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Fact is, th</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ey even got a chance then to take them</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> by the building I was based in at th</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">e time, which is out the old BY </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">telephone building. Got to take the family by there, and so we had a family picnic </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">there at the BY b</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">uilding on the </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">way home from the outing.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">That's probably the</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> first time family members had a chance to be out--</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">That's the first time they were allowed out there at all. I mean</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> if</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> you didn't have a</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> badge you didn't go out there, </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">unless you got special badge to go out into the area. But they had the chec</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">kpoints at 300 are and out at--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">on the highway coming in f</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">rom the Yakima area</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">the highway where that </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">highway 24's junctions with it. </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">They had a gate out there, and one out by the</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">before you </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">got to 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">rea and you had to have a badge to </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">go through there.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay. And w</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ere you able to drive your cars out for that event?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">You could, but they were inspected. Trunks inside and outside as you went through, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">but you could drive </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">your car out. But most people did use the bus.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">I wonder if</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">what would you like future generations to know about Hanford? What it was l</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ike to work there. What it </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">was like living in the Tri-Cities, especially in the 1940s and 195</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">0s and those years in early </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Cold War years.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Well, I don't know.</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> That's </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">a</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">other than the fact, that it was one of the main things that stopped</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> the </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">World War very soon. I mean they saved</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">people worry about them having killed a </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">lot of people, but they saved a </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">lot lives. And if you look at it in the long run, well, they saved one amount of l</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ives with the production at the </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Hanford plant.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">It seems </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">like</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> your work experience in 37 years was generally very good. You liked your job</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> is that right?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: Most of the time i</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">t was good, yes. It was</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">there was </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ups and dow</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ns, but it was as a rule it was </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">pretty good. It was a good job and it was a sure job. I mean as long as you d</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">id your work and kept your nose </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">clean, why</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> you had a job for as long as you wanted to stay. I could've stayed on be</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">yond retirement age if I wanted to,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> but I was ready to go traveling. </span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">And how about the Tri-Cities as a place t</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">o live? You mentioned you moved to Kennewick in the early 1950</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">s?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">We moved to Kennewick in 19</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">52, and lived there until 2011. I moved back into Richland, about four or five blocks </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">away from where we first started out in Richland.</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> So I liked it in Kennewick, but it'</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">s crowded. We found a real nice </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">location out in Richland that we liked and I built a home there, and we</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">I moved out there. </span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Well that's really interesting about your work and seeing the different changes right, with the telephone sys</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">tem </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">and changes at Hanford. So you started wit</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">h DuPont. What other contractor</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">s did you work for over the years?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Well, DuPont, and General Electric, and ARCO, and Westinghouse, and main one</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Rockwell. Fact is, I've spent a lot of time—</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Rockwell was one of the last ones that I just transferred over to </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Westinghouse as Rockwell phased </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">out just about t</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">he time they were phasing out </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">and </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">combining a lot of the companies. Rockwell went out and </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">I've worked with</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">or with Westinghouse for just a short time, then just to carry over until they got it</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">got all their </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">programs going again right. There's a lot of change every five years a</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">t least, why, they were changing </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">contractors, and was always a big change.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Was there a contract you worked for that you really enjoyed working for maybe more than some of the others?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Oh, no. They were all pretty good. I mean they were</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">had a job to do, and I was working in the same </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">telephone department all the time. We just transferred under different managem</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ent, and seems like all of those </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">contractors were nice to work for. I mean</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">, they were all—</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">seemed just one as good as the other.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay. </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Is there anything that I haven't asked you about? Or any memories that you have </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">of either working at Hanford or </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">living in the Tri-Cities that you think</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> i</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">s important to share that I haven't asked you abo</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ut yet, or haven't talked about </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">yet?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Not off hand. I can't think of anything.</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay. </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Well, I really appreciate you coming and sharing your memories and your experien</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ces working at the Hanford site </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">and being a part, especially of those early years at Hanford. I really appreciate it, and thanks very much.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Other than being a little nervous</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">, why,</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> I enjoyed it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX32632438">
<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Thank you.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
</div>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man two</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">T</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">he only thing I can think of—well you--</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX32632438">
<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Woman one</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Last week my daughter came here when we came for the </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">chancellor </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">thing. And she's 15, and they had studied</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">it somewhat in school, but she had some really strange thoughts, and not really </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">posi</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">tive thoughts about things that </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">had happened here. And I was won</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">dering if maybe you, since</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> you lived through it, if you could make that</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">—the </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">reality of life at that time more real to them?</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX32632438">
<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">I don't know, it just</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">there was a lot of restrictions and that, that you had to conside</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">r, going through that. </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">And the security involved with it was very strict, but I can see where it was very nece</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ssary. Any of that restrictions </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">and the production that they </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">made, like I say, saved a lot of lives </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">overall</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">, if you'd have continued </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">with the war as it was going. Why, it brought a stop to it in a hurry. And I think we shou</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">ld be thankful that it did that </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">rather than carry on for invasion of Japan and whatever would have happened after that.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX32632438">
<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">Well </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">again, thank you very much. I really</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> appreciate you being willing to be the first p</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">erson to be interviewed as part of this.</span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"> You get all the little nuances of everything so I really appreciate Mr. Pasch. Thank you very much.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX32632438">
<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Pasch</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX32632438">You're welcome.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX32632438">
<p class="Paragraph SCX32632438"><span class="TextRun SCX32632438"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man one</span>: Okay. Stop the tape.</span><span class="EOP SCX32632438"> </span></p>
</div>
Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
00:26:50
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
249 kbps
Hanford Sites
Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview
300 Area
100 Area
221-T Plant
700 Area
N Reactor
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1947-2013
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Myles Pasch
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Myles Pasch conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Subject
The topic of the resource
Richland (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Hanford (Wash.)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
6/11/2016
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Format
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video/mp4
Date Modified
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2016-07-22: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
100 Area
221-T Plant
300 Area
700 Area
Hanford (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963
Kennewick (Wash.)
N Reactor
Richland (Wash.)
-
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F1e70e5f6902f36a8dce5b5ec4f9229c3.jpg
2299143b7462e91e44a8263168c065d0
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F668060df69888e4182ac2a6dd4aa0020.mp4
1c1a7cedc234e0082608686d3d8c0ae2
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Post-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Robert Bauman
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Samuel Moore
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><strong><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Northwest Public Television | </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span class="SpellingError SCX100368582">Moore_Samuel</span></span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></strong></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Robert Bauman</span>: My name is Robert Bauman, and I am conducting an oral history interview with Samuel Moore, correct?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Samuel Moore</span>: Right, Samuel--</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: This date is July 9, 2013. And the interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington State University, Tri-Cities. And I'll be talking with Mr. Moore about his experiences working at Hanford site, living in Richland and so forth. So maybe let's start actually from the beginning, if you want, could you tell me how and why you came to Hanford, how you heard about it, how you got here?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: Okay, I'm going to tell you how I got here. My father was working at a cook in the mental section of Camp Chaffee, Arkansas. And he came home, and he says, there's a better job at Hanford, Washington. So he left and came out. Then he told them that I can't be here without my family. So they put us on, I think it was a troop train, and it stopped in Pasco and set us off.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Could you--where is Camp Chaffee, Arkansas?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">It's</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> east of Ft. Smith and that, so.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And how old were you at the time?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: About eight. And then we come in--put us off of this I'll call it a troop train, because there was a zillion soldiers on it. And it picks up and they took us to Kennewick to a place called Naval Housing. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">that's where they put the people coming in for Hanford workers to stay until a house was available. And we stayed there, and then from there we moved to this nice little square building which had a flat top, set up on stilts. And it was called a prefab at 1300 Totten Street. And that means that we lived at the end house. The telephones were on the telephone poles at the end of the block. So when the phone would ring you were told to answer the phone and go get whoever it wanted who. So that's the way we started in Richland. And we lived there for I don't know how long. And then we moved to different houses around Richland until I graduated from Columbia High School, which was Columbia High School in Richland at that time. Now it's Richland High. And then after that I did a short job with a construction company. And then I went to work for General Electric, running one of their blueprint machines when they were ge</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">tting ready to build the REDOX Building and the PUREX B</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">uilding. So I'd go, I was the first one in to warm up the machines and run them for </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">a while. And then after while I </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">got </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span class="SpellingError SCX100368582">uplined</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> and I could deliver those suckers out into the area. So that was my starting with General Electric then.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">, so let me go back a little bit. So what year did your family arrive then?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">19--it was either 1943 or '44.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">. And your father, was he a cook here also?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">No, no. He'd come out and he was a, as we call them today, rent-a-cop. He wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">s a patrolman out there. And he worked as a patrolman ‘ti</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">l he retired.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And you said that your first job was with General Electric, and what year would that have been?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">About 1953 or 4. Then I went from there, like I say I was in the blueprint sections</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> and all that. And then I had a job—</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">I got a chance to become an engineer's assistant. And then when they were g</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">oing out and building different </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">things</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> so that helped me get into the other sections</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> of General Electric and so on. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And when that one cut, I transferred into radiation monitoring. And that was when</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> they had the Hanford labs, and </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">the old animal</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> farm was at</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> 100 F A</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">rea</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">. So I worked in that group until--I f</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">orget what year it was. I'm not </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">good on years and dates. But when they decided they were going to re-tube all of </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">those reactors out there in the </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">hundred areas and so they could put bigger slugs in them and all that stuff, I worke</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">d on that until about 1957. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">they said, guess what? We're not going to pay you anymore. So I left</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> here. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">But I stayed with the government job. I went to the Nevada test site and blew all </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">the plutonium up that they made </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">out here. So then I came back to Hanford in 1960. So then I was still in radiation </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">monitoring and worked all kinds </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">of different places, tank farms and everywhere else out there that I could think about.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">So it sounds like you worked all over the Hanford site.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">All over the Hanford site, that's right, yes, everywhere. And I worked a lot of the tim</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">es at the burial grounds in 200 </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">W</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">est</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> A</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">rea. When they would tak</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">e the </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">big wooden boxes to PUREX and RE</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">DOX </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">and th</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ey'd fill them. And then they'd </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">pull them up, and they'd put a big long cable on the whole string of cars, and that </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">box was way down that string of </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">cars. And then when they get up to the burial ground, the train and it would coordinat</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">e, and they'd pull it back. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">as the cable would come around, and when the box got to the trench, the train would stop. And they'd just spin it</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">around and down in a trench. And then we get the honor of riding the bulldozers to set those freights so they</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">could cover them up.</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">That was one of the deals. And the other times I worked in a lot of the tank farm</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">s and pulling </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">pumps and putting </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">new bearings in those pumps and all that kind of stuff. It was an experience, believe me.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Yeah, I'm sure it was. So a lot of this was</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> with</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> radiation monitoring?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: It was r</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">adiation monitoring. And I was in radiation monitoring until 1980-something. And I </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">had a little problem out there, </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">and they wanted me to release some stuff. And I said</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">, uh-uh, not me, it </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span class="SpellingError SCX100368582">ain't</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> mine. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">So they said, well we've got this other section over here that you should be in, so I g</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ot into the safety part </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">with respiratory protection. And I was trained to repair the breathing air things, like the firemen use</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">. I was trained </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">to do that, fix the PAPRs, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> the</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> escape packs, and all that stuff so. And check over places for where they</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">—oxygen </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">levels to where they could go in and work and all that, so that was my last eig</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ht years of Hanford, was in the </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">respiratory section I'll call it.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And so when did you retire then?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">In 1994.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">So almost 40 years minus the years that you were with--</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Yeah, yeah. Well as the way I said, when I came back to Hanford in 1960, they tol</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">d me it was a temporary job, it would probably only last six, eight</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> months. Well, I found out that at Hanford a temporary j</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ob is pretty permanent. It only </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">lasted 33 and 1/2 years. It's a temporary job there, so I guess at all turned out pretty good.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: I guess you could</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> consider that temporary.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Temporary, yeah. Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">So many interesting things that you've worked on. So let's go back to the early yea</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">rs. First, in the 1950s and you </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">talked about radiation monitoring, something with radiation, you did blueprin</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">t and stuff, but then radiation </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">monitoring?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And then radiation monitoring, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">, and some of that was with animals? Is that right?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Well, I went into the animal farm on some certain times, but I wasn't assigned th</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ere for anything. The big one I </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">was assigned to was what they called the 558 project, which is when they re-tubed al</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">l of the old reactors. And that </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">was, you'd go in and set dose rates for all the people when they're</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> working. And so it was a deal. </span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And now Hanford, of course, is a highly secure site, right, lots of security, secrecy to</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> a certain extent. Can you talk </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">about that at all? I mean, in terms of getting to work or at work, how did that impact you?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Most of the places where I was, the secure part of it wasn't that strict. But other p</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">laces like, some of those </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">buildings, yeah</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> they were really a strict situation. And when I go back a ways, when my dad and we lived in this</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">—I </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">call it the slum house on Totten Street--nobody knew what was happening. Nobody knew. I didn't know what the</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">guy next door was doing, and they didn't know what my dad did. Until I think it was 1944 or '45 when they</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">announced what they were really doing here. And it was kind of a </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">shock, that</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> deal, so. That was my deals of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">secrecy out there.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Now, did you have to have special security clearance?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Yes, yes, I did. I had special clearances, yes. I had everything but the very to</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">p secret one. And that was real </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">handy because when I left here, I went to the Nevada test site. I had to use the</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> same secret pass. And then the same thing when I come back. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">It was very, very--what am I trying to say here? I mean, I'm an old guy. I'm just abo</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ut at the end of the road here. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Most of my work, like I say, was the tank farms, and those places, where secrecy was not involved in that. An</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">d it </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">was like times when you'd have a spill, you dig it up and prepare it to the burial gro</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">und. A lot of that was the work </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">that we did.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And you said your first job was at General Electric. Obviously, there are different contractors.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Now, who all did you work for over the years?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Well, we went to General Electric. Then it went to there was one called Isochem</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> Ro</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ckwell, oh there's a whole slug </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">of them, I can't remember all of them. So it seemed like every time you'd turn a</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">round, they were turned over to </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">somebody new. But it was Westinghouse when I decided I would better leave before I had a real problem.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">So can you talk about what was happening there toward the end that made you want to leave?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Well, I was, like I say, I was working on the PAPRs and all that kind of stuff. It got t</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">o be a real drag, you know. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ev</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">erybody was doing that then. It</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> got to the point where every time you tur</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">n</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ed</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> around, everybody was wanting </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">this, and wanting this, and wanting this. You're only one person. And I was a guy that did </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">most all the fixing. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">So I decided--to my wife, I said--I call her the voice from the other side. She said,</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> what's the matter? And I says, </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">well, before I mess up on one of these pieces of equipment and kill somebody, I th</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ink I better retire. So we just decided, okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And she worked for the Hanford P</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">roject</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> too</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">nd of course she was </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">much better off than I was. She </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">worked for one of t</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">he big managers as a secretary. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">So we just decided that was it. And we had our</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> nest eggs saved up and said, okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">, it's retired an</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">d we're going to </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">see the world. And we did that until my one eye decides to go bad. Then we ha</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">d to stop. Other than that, I'd </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">probably been in who knows where.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: While you we</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">re working at Hanford were there any significant events, or sort of, things that have </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">happened that sort </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">of stand out in your mind specifically?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: Yeah, and I was</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> tryin</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">g to think. It was about 1962, g</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">raveyard shift, 233-</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">S, it caught on</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> fire and it burned. And it was </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">a big mess. That's where I wound up with my shot of plutonium in my bones, as I'</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ll say, from that fire. And, of </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">course, back in those days you didn't know what was what, so they </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">worked on it and cleaned it up. And but t</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">here's a couple of contamination things that sticks out in my mind. One </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">of them is, we used to bury the </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">material from 300</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> A</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">rea which is, I guess you would c</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">all a Westinghouse, Battelle or somebody. And we used to </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">dump them into caissons in the backside of the 234</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">-</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">5 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">rea. And we had one of those that kind of brok</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">e open and </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">messed us up a little bit. Took</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> us maybe six</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> eight</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">, hours to get cleaned up so we we</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">re able to go on our merry way. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">But those are the only two that really stick out in my mind.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Did you miss any amount of work as a result the exposures when you had those?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Nope. Nope. They just cleaned you up and said go back to work. You all have</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> to remember that back in those </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">days</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> all of the things that happened in a lot of places</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> we didn't know. We didn't </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">know what the repercussions was </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">going to be. We didn't know that. Now, this is why we're paying for a lot of stuff r</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ight now is because we didn't know how to do all that stuff. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">But like I say, there's a lot more people that know a lot more about that Hanford stu</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ff than I do. Like I said, it's </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">been many a year since I worked some of those places, too, that I can't remember some of the stuff.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Sure, sure. The radiation monitoring group, how large of a group was that</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">? And how many employees do you </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">know, have an idea who worked--</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">There was probably about 60 or better. But each company, I think, had a group of their own. The 2</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">00 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">reas had </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">one big group. The 100 Areas had a group. And then 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">rea had a group, so </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">you put them all together there </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">was probably more than 60-some.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay, and just to—</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">you said there was a fire in, you think about, 19</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">62. Was it the 200 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">rea?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: Yep, in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> 200</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">, down behind the RE</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">DOX</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> B</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">uilding. That just, poof, was it and it w</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ent, so. And I think the reason </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">they had the fire was because somebody had some greasy coveralls and stuff a</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">nd didn't take care of them the </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">proper way, and the first thing you know, poof, they were on fire.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And this was where there was radioactive material?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Yeah, it was back in the radioactive area, so everything got messed up.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And at the time you probably didn't know necessarily everything, but you've had some health problems </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">since </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">then?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Oh, yeah. Oh, yeah. Yeah, but I won't say that my health problem is caused by </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">the contamination that I had or was dumped</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> with. I've had quite a few of those. I've had a melanoma cance</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">r in this ear, and I had a very </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">large contamination that got in that ear and area. So I've had to have some surg</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ery done there, skin grafts and </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">that kind of stuff. But so far it hasn't slowed me up.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">I'm going to shift gears a little bit here. Were you working here in 1963 then when President Kennedy came to?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Yeah, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And do you remember at all? Were you there that day?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">No. Well, I was on a project that day, but I was not out where he was. I was one </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">of the, I guess how would I say </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">this, the lower steel, so I took care of the work over while everybody went to tha</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">t. But yeah, I was here. I came </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">back from Nevada on September 13, 1960, and I worked till '94.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And then I wanted to a</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">sk you a little about Richland. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">So other than when you first got here, it sounds like you lived in Richland most of the time?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">How would you describe Richland as a community at the time, as a place to live?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">It was very good</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> because at that time, when you we</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">re there, you didn't even have </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">to worry about locking doors. I </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">mean, everybody was—it </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">just one big thing. It was a government town and every</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">thing would deal like that. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">nobody really did</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">didn't have the vandalism or anything like that around town. An</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">d as you probably know that, if </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">you're familiar with Fred M</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">e</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">yer</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">’s on</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Wellsian </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Way down there, that was</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> a swamp deal, because that was </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">where Ric</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">hland got their drinking water. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Like I said</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> I lived in 1303 Totten the very first time and then we move</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">d from there down to on Benham Street. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">I don't know how to say this, other than the way I normally say that, but that was down where we call</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ed the turd </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">churn. That was the sewage plant down there. Then from </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">there I moved back up to Swift. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And then in--I was trying to think when it was, 1963 or so, they did away with the</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> old irrigation ditch that came </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">through Richland and goes underneath Carmichael, because that's where they</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> flooded the cattail place down </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">there for the drinking water in Richland, and l</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">et it seep down and pump it up. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And they busted everything up and back about then I was reading the Villager, I th</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ink it was, the Tri-City paper, a</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">nd ther</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">e was a lot for sale on Totten S</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">treet. So I bought it and went out and looked a</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">t it. It was the old irrigation </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ditch. And I built a house over the old irrigation ditch, and I still live there.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And you—</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">when you first arrived you were a child.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">What was it like going to school? I'm assuming that there were people from sort of all over</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">, right?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">All over. Yeah. And you just walk to school. And it was, like I say, there was no bu</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ses or anything, you could walk </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">to school. And everybody just seemed to fit right in</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> you know. Nobody ha</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">d any qualms whether I was from Arkansas or anywhere else. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">But like I say when the </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">first house there in Richland, Wr</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ight Avenue was the last </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">street in town. And beyond that </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">was one of the most fabulous cherry orchards that there was. And when you we</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">re a kid you'd slip over in the </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">cherry orchard and get cherries and take them home to your mother. And she co</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">uld make you some jams, jellies, or </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">whatever pie, </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">or whatever. But it was a deal. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">There was quite a group of kids that came from all over the country. And they just</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> seemed to fit in, none of this </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">gang thing or anything like that. They were just, everybody was all buddy-buddy, you know?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">You me</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ntioned you went to, what was then </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Columbia High School.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">How about elementary and middle school?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And in elementary school when we moved the one that I really remember was Le</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">wis and Clark down on the south </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">end of town. And I went ther</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">e until one of the,</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> I'll call them students decided to burn </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">it down. And they </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">burnt Lewis and Clark down. And so a lot of us were told to go up to Marcus Whi</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">tman and finish off the year up there. So we did that. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And then them from there on Carm</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ichael, the junior high, was </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">being built and I think they opened it u</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">p at about </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">a mid-year. And I was one of the ones I went there the mid-year into Carmichael a</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">nd then over to the high school </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">after that.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And so what year was that the Lewis and Clark burned down? Was that like in the late '40s then?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Yeah. But the funny part of it is, not too many years ago they arrested a fell</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ow down in Portland. And he was </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">laughing about burning the building down. So I guess they couldn't do anything</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> to him, but they found out who burned it down now. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Yeah. Well, there was Lewis and Clark, Marcus Whitman, Sacajawea which wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">s right there by Central United </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Protestant Church was the old Sacajawea school. And then there's Jefferson which i</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">s still going. And our fabulous </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">people are trying to shut it down, move it, and do something else with it. But w</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ho knows what's going to happen</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Do you remember when you were growing up and going to school and living </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">here at that time any community </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">events, parades?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Oh, yeah!</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> Atomic Frontier Days was a big—the</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> big, big thing. I have breakfas</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">t with a group of Columbia High </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">graduates and I can't remember what her name is, but she was one of them th</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">at used to run for the Queen of </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Frontier Days. And there was a couple othe</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">rs. But that was the big thing. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">they used to take—</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Howard</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> Amon </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Park turned into booths</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">, and just like a big fair down </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">there. So it was things, and then all a sudden they decided to move everything around to the Tri-Cities.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And was that in the summer?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Yeah, that was always in the summer, you know. And then the big hydroplane rac</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">es, they would come in, but they </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">were the old ones that had the 1</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">2</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">00</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> or 1,300 horse-powered gasoline engines in t</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">hem, the noise makers. But that </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">was </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">about the extent of the things. And if we</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> go back I can remember the floods came through and when they b</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">uild all the dikes that they're </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">tearing down now. But I don't</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> think they</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> got to worry about that, being as the dams are still functioning.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Do you remember some of the floods?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: Oh yeah, I can remember</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> the flood deals, when they built the road up to going </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">to the Y. They had to build all </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">that </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">up because you didn't get to</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> Kennewick when the flood was on. Well</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">, it was right up to the George Washington Way r</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">oad there by wherever the guy that has the petrified stumps down there. The water was j</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ust </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">across the street from his house, was right up to the edge there.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">So </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">I want to go back now to H</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">anford itself and your work experienc</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">es there. You talked about some </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">specific things you did and some specific things. How would you describe</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> Hanford as a </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">place to work?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Hanford was a real good place to work. It was really good work, and good place </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">to work. Mainly I think because </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">you didn't know everything that was going on. So you knew that you had your se</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ction, what you were doing, and </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">you didn't want to make waves or something like that. But to me, Ha</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">nford was a good place to work. </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">There was a lot of--I had a lot of good friends that came up through the, I call th</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">em the ranks. They were, like I </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">worked in the blueprint and there was guys that drove the mail trucks. We wound up</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> as a real knit group of people </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">there</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">. They work out of the old 703 B</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">uilding, which part of </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">it's</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> still there. And we used to have Cok</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">e breaks and go </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">back there. And everybody put a quarter in the pot and then get your Coke </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">bottle. When it was all through </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">whoever had the bottle that was from farthest away got the kitty. So it was a good place to work</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> really.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And I guess is there anything you would like future generations to know about working at Hanford site?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Well, I would like everybody to know that where this country really screwed u</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">p was when we dropped that bomb </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">and blew up everything. We kept everything too secret. They should have let e</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">verybody know what that was and </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">what was happening. Today we would have had a better deal of doing what they're </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">doing today if they'd done that, </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">I think. Now that's my opinion and no one else's, but if they would have just let t</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">hem know what was going on, and </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">what happened, it would have been a lot better.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And then is there anything that I haven't asked you about in terms of either your </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">job at Hanford—or jobs, I should </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">say</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> at Hanford?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">No.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Or living in Richland? That I haven't asked you about, that you'd like to talk about?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">No. Like I say, Richland was a good place to live, though, and Hanford was a goo</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">d place to work. I mean you did </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">your job, and everybody else did theirs, and everything worked out just fine. There's a lot of th</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ings that I'm not too </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">sure of what happened. But a lot of those places they did have things when they</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> were doing experiments for the </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Navy and all kind of stuff out there. But I didn't get in on any of that stuff at all. It was one of those deals, you go in</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">and you dress out, and most the time the monitors were </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">the first ones and the last ones out. So that was the deal.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">When you did that, did you wear a badge?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Yeah, TLD, the</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">rmoluminescent dosimeter. So y</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ou always had a badge on. I understan</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">d that </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">some of the guys used to take theirs and set them aside so they wouldn't get too m</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">uch radiation, so they would be </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">eligible for overtime. But I wasn't into that overtime route.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And so how would you know? How did it register that you had too much exposure?</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> How was that read?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Well they put it into a meter that would read what the </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span class="SpellingError SCX100368582">thermo</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> was. And the original ones were--</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">what am I trying to </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">say? Film, there was a film. And they would read the film of what, how much had b</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">een exposed to that. And that's how they got your </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">dose rates there, how much you took.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And did that change at some point to some other method?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Yeah, they used the film badges to start with. Then they flipped over and they </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">found out they could use these, </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">what did</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> I call them, thermoluminescent</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> detectors, which is you put at charge on </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">them. And I guess the radiation </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">would discharge</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> the charge. So they'll know how much was used off of it. An</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">d then you had pencils that you </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">read, that would tell you, that would read if you were supposed to take, let's say, </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">50 MR. Well you'd set that when </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">you come out, you'd be there and there was always time keepers. There was a tim</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">e keeper in that group that was </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">taking how much your exposure was, and how long you had been there, and calcul</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ating it to when you should get your</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">self out.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And they would let you know that?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And then they'd tap you on the shoulder and say, go. So then they</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">’d</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> go out. And then there would be somebody out</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">there that would get them undressed and check them, clean them, and make sure they were all, no contamination</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">on them and either send them to lunch or home.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">And that sort of procedure--</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">That procedure.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">--throughout the time--</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Throughout the whole time I was there, yeah. Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">All right. Well thank you ver</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">y much. I really appreciate</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> you</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">r</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> being willing to c</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">ome in and talk to us. And very </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">interesting--</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Yeah, like to say, there's things out there that my mind just doesn't pick up on the</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">m right now. So probably middle </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">of the night at one o'clock, I'll wake up and say, golly, I should have told him this. But n</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">o, that's the deal. But really, </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">Hanford was a good place to work and to me, it's been real good to me. I got a good retirement off of it.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">All right. Well, thank you very much.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">You bet.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">I really appreciate it.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">You bet. And seeing now that he's got the shut off</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> I'll tell you about my week. I took</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> my motor home and went to </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span class="SpellingError SCX100368582">Ilwaco</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">. You know where </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span class="SpellingError SCX100368582">Ilwaco</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"> is on the Columbia River?</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man three</span>: Yeah, okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX100368582">
<p class="Paragraph SCX100368582"><span class="TextRun SCX100368582"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Moore</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX100368582">On the way over there.</span><span class="EOP SCX100368582"> </span></p>
</div>
Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
00:35:10
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
250kbps
Hanford Sites
Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview
Reduction-Oxidation Plant (REDOX
Plutonium Uranium Extraction Plant (PUREX)
703 Building
100 F Area
200 West Area
300 Area
234-5 Area
200 Area
100 Area
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1953-2013
Years on Hanford Site
Years on the Hanford Site, if any.
1953-1994
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Samuel Moore
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Samuel Moore conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
2016-06-16: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
7/9/2013
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Format
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video/mp4
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Richland (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Hanford (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Nuclear weapons plants--Health aspects--Washington (State)--Hanford Site Region
100 Area
100 F Area
200 Area
200 West Area
234-5 Area
300 Area
703 Building
Hanford (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963
Kennewick (Wash.)
Plutonium Uranium Extraction Plant (PUREX
Reduction-Oxidation Plant (REDOX)
Richland (Wash.)
-
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F91bc830435e20ab2f167731f6753a29d.jpg
07c79fb937ae0c69b708d6ee69024c9f
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F44d03d7ad701c05fcea08001a735079b.mp4
a1c266e40348c4f877dd5bfacbd661ab
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Pre-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area prior to the Manhattan Project
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area prior to the Manhattan Project
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Robert Bauman
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Madeleine Gilles
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX120208943">
<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Northwest Public Television | </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span class="SpellingError SCX120208943">Gilles</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span class="SpellingError SCX120208943">_Madeleine</span></span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX120208943">
<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Robert </span><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">My name's Robert Bau</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">man, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">I'm conducting an oral history interview with Madeleine </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Gilles</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">. And this is July 2nd of 2013.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">The interview's being conducted on the campus of Washington State University Tri-Cities. And I'll be talking with</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Madeleine </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Gilles</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> about her family's history, her years growing up in Richland.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">So let's start with that</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">, if we could. If you could</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> tell me about how and when, why your family came to Richland. Anything about</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">when and why they came here.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX120208943">
<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Madeleine </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Gilles</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Well, they came from Montana--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Butte. I was about a year and a half old I think.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And I guess they wanted to change from a miner to a farmer</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">. And he was from--</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX120208943">
<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Croatia it looked like.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Croatia, yes. And my mother was American.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">What were your parents' names?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">What?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">What were your parents' names?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Mr. Patricia and John </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span class="SpellingError SCX120208943">Serdar</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> S-E-R-D-A-R.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And did you have any brothers or sisters?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">I had two sisters which are a year and eight or nine months between the three of, you know.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> Mm-</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span class="SpellingError SCX120208943">hm</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">, okay.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And so when you came t</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">o Richland, did you have a farm?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">I don't know how he came by a farm, but I know that he had 10 acres on a flat. And my mother's father, my</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">grandfather, lived up on a little hill above us. It's now</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> out at,</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> behind that Richland airport.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">. That's where the land was?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yes. It's still fe</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">nced off. There's nothing on it. [LAUGHTER] A</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">nd it was by the irrigation ditch where we lived on the hill part. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">th</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">e irrigation ditch had that flume</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> across the little bitty gully onto downtown Richland.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And you used irrigation water on farm?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">From</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> that. Yes. They had weirs</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> that went out to the fields and filled up. And you could water from there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">They built little wooden waterways to where they wanted it, and then they'd have rails. And they'd flood the rails</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">and then move it on to the next part of the field until they got it watered.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And the </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">ditch riders came by and kept watch on wherever it come out from the irrigation ditch. I forgot what they</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">called those.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">What kind of crops did you have?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">We had alfalfa and a big garden and strawberries and grapes and raspberries. So we were busy.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> did you have any animal</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">s</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> on the farm?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh, yes. We had about ten</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> cows. And they pastured over where the golf course is now. Oh, I forget the name of it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">It's a pony.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUTHER]</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [INAUDIBLE]</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> Horse name.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Anyway there's a golf course down there</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> now.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> Where the pastures were?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> Wh</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">ere the</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> pastures were, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And so, the alfalfa, was that a crop you grew and sold? Or was that used for your animals?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">, it's to feed the animals in the winter. You cut it and stacked it and put it on a wagon and hauled it over and</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">threw it up on a haystack.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">One way or another, in the barns, they used to take the horses and somehow off of the hay wagon. They wrapped</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">it up, and then the horses went ahead and drew it up into the loft. That way.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And so, what other buildings were on your pr</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">operty besides the house itself?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">The barn. And we had a</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> cellar, a</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> ground cellar, and it was covered with dirt and had to open up.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">What was stored in there?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh, canned fruit and things that--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">sauerkraut in the barrel and anything like that. And then we had where we kept the</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">potatoes and the turnips and all that stu</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">ff in another building. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> we had chickens. Of course, they</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">harvested the turkeys in the fall.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">I don't know where they sold them</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> down to the butcher or somebody. And then we had the barn down the hill</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">farther in front </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">of the haystack, and that was--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">and there was a barnyard of course.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Growing up, did you have jobs that were yours on the farm?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh, y</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">es. Worked all day outside and in the sun.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> Hoeing weeds and picking strawberries early in the morning.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">We worked for people who had lots of asparagus. We cut asparagus early in the morning. In the spring, you</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">know? And my mother worked in the packing shed, and they packed the asparagus ready for market.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Was this someone else in Richland?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">I don't know. I think they shipped it. They shipped it in wooden crates. Not too big because they'd get smashed.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And the strawberries, the same way. We pick</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">ed</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> strawberries. We picked apples. We picked pears. We did those kind</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">of things for other people, plus we picked our own fru</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">it so our mother </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">could can them. And w</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">e was busy. We had to bring the cows from the pasture home in the morning after cutting asparagus</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">about</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">3:00 in the morning, you get up, cut asparagus, bring the </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">cows</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> home and milk them and take them back. Get</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">ready for school. It was busy.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">That's a lot of work.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">, but it didn't hurt me.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Did y</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">ou have time to do fun things--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">swimming or--</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh, yeah. We went down the irrigation ditch down to where it kind of stops down at where there's land and it kind</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">of opened up a little space where kids could come</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">nd we'd go swimming and take a bath </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">[LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">with soap.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Didn't do much good because you ha</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">d to run back up the flume</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> home.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER] Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Gilles:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> But anyway it was--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">and well, at school, we did our sports, softball and basketball and went to different little towns</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">for competition games. And see who'd go to Spokane.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">We </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">went one year, but we lost by--for basketball--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">lost by one point.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah. I saw a picture of a basketball team--</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah, I was in it. </span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> In the picture, right.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">What position did you play on the basketball team?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Pardon?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">What position did </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">you play on the basketball team?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Guard. </span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Do you remember any of the other young women who were on the team?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">John Dam’s</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> daughter was. She was forward. And I forget her name, but Margaret somebody was center.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And I don't remember them all.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">You must've been a good athlete then.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Well, I guess I was.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Well, there's also in that book, a note that you had won a race.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">A race. Yes.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">At a picnic?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah. At the end of the year, they'd have school competition between the grades and stuff. And that was for my</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">running. Because we did a lot of running in soft sand. So when you go on hard surface, you could really go.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">How did you get to school? Did you walk to school?</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> A bus?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">No, no</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">. A bus came, and we could see it when we lived on the little hill above the flat surface where we were</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> at</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> first.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">We could see it. Then we'd take off and run down to the corner and catch the bus.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And then he'd pick up all the rest of the kids and go down to Richland. The school was behind John Day and</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Nelson's mercantile store there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">There</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> was a gas station there and</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> a church where we had baccalaureate and all that stuff there from the</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">grade school. And the high school was down the road from the grade school. Richland High.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Right. Do you remember any of your teachers from?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh, Carmichael and—oh, </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">I don't remember.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Any idea how big, how many--</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Kids?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Kids there were. Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Well, I think there was about 500 people. So they must have had at least three or four kids. So multiply that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER] Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> We</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">had a lot of kids.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">I want go back. You mentioned your parents earlier. And your father was an immigrant from Croatia. Did he speak</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">English?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Not very well. There was nobody for me to talk to but the animals.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> Because my mother didn't converse with him.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Because she didn't know his language.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And how had they met?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh, at a dance in Montana--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Butte. And he knew her father in the mines.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> I see.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And they got married and moved out--</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah. However, they were adverti</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">sing at that time for homesteading</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> in the '20s, you know. I was born in 1920.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">How they got there, I don't know. Because they never talked, and I didn't know what to ask them anyway.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Now, did you have electricity at all in your home?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">No. Kerosene light, lamp, and lantern to go to the barn and milk in the winter and stuff like that. Had kerosene.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> And did you have--how did you get from--d</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">id you have a car at any time</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">, or was it horse and wagon</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">First of all, it was </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">a wagon with a bed in it. We ro</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">d</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">e it in the back, and they rode </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">in the front of course. And took a</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">long time to get there</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">, [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> wherever we was going.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">They belonged to the grange. And we'd go there for their meetings and dances. And my mother played piano, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">she played for the drill team and for the dances along with other musicians.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And they used to have house parties in the wintertime. They'd clear the floor, and whoever could come to play--and if there was a piano there, my mother played. And they d</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">anced or they played cards or--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">that was their</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">entertainment, so to speak. Go from house to house to play cards.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Do you remember any other events? Were there 4th of July--</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh, yes. We'd go to the park. What is that park cal</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">led? Where the golf course is--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">on the river. </span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Howard Amon</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Park?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">No, n</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">o. It's a golf course on the river.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Columbia Park?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah. They'd go along there, and people would come. And they'd make homemade ice cream, and they'd do their</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">wieners or whatever—</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">chicken</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">, it usually was--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">a lot of fried chicken and pies and cakes, and they had a good</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">time.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And then, as I remembered, they used to shoot firecrackers off of the old green bridge and do their fireworks</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">there. So everybody'd go down by the river there and watch them.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">The fireworks there. </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">There was a ferry that would take people across the river.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yes.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Did you do that very often? Take the ferry across the river?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">No, we didn't. But we did go down to the Columbia, down to the boom where they caught wood and trees and stuff</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">and get our wood for the winter, or if you happen</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">ed</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> to be lucky, get a part of a tree or something. They'd saw it up</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">and have some wood to build something.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Did you interact with any Native Americans in the area very often?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh, yes. When the fishing season was on, the</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">y used to go up to the Yakima</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> someplace where there was a little</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">dam</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">. But they put their tents out across the ditch from us, and they'd have little tents. And then they'd have a</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">three-sided tent where they'd have their fires out there and cook their fish and dry it and stuff like that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">We had to drive the cows by the trail, went right by their camping site.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And my mother used to say to my little sister, "Rosie, if you don't be good, I'm going to give you to the Indians</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">.” [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">What about any neighbors or were there children from other families--</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh, yes.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> --there a</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> lot?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah, </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span class="SpellingError SCX120208943">Arstolds</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">and-- t</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">hey didn't live close. They had</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> their own acreage and stuff. And we used to go to</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">their house a lot. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span class="SpellingError SCX120208943">Bumgarn</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span class="SpellingError SCX120208943">ters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> and--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">gee, I can't think of their names now.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">That's okay. So in terms of the weather here--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">it can get pretty darn hot as we know today</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">—</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> Yeah!</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">in the summer and pretty cold at times</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">in the winter with no electricity. What was that like? Do you have any memories of the heat or the wind or the</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">winter weather?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Well, we just made do. We had wood for fire. In the cook stove was the heater of the room. We only had two</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">rooms on the hill, and the one house we lived on in the flat was a big one room thing.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And my grandfather, after he died, we moved up there. And the cook stove kept us warm, but it didn't go all night.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER] Y</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">ou had to get up in the morning and put the kindling in and light it and get it going.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And in the summer, you just stopped. And again, in the shade, that's all you could do. And it got really hot</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">because there was no trees. No trees. And now you have green and trees. It makes it cooler.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Did you get many dust storms? Do you remember many dust storms?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh, yes. Lots of hard sand would blow against your legs when you was going back and forth to the pasture. Ooh.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">That really stung.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">How about any w</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">ild animals? Were there coyotes?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> coyotes</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> and rabbits. They used to have rabbit drives. A lot of men would get together so far apart and they'd</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">drive the rabbits in front of them and then shoot them. Because they were a real menace. They get into your</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">garden and eat everything up.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah, I've heard about those before. Eating the crops were the problem, or the gardens, yeah. So I understand</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">that you had a little bit of an accident.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yes, I found a blasting cap that my dad had brought from Butte to blow up the sagebrush. It was big and tough to</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">make more land, you know. And so I found an old one, and I thought it was full of dirt, picked at it and it blew up.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Took my fingers off. But I made it.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">How old were you?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">I was 16 and very upset about it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And so did you have to go to a doctor or a hospital?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh, went to Lourde</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">s, and Dr. Spalding took care of my hand.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">s that the only hospital?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Only one. And it was 13 miles, and the neigh</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">bors that had bought the flat--one room shack--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">took me over there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">It was 13 miles or something. And I had to wait for a baby to be born before they could take care of me.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> But they</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">decided to keep my hand and not cut it off because it looked so bad. So I have a hand, just not the digits.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">How long did you have to stay at the hospital? How long did it take to recover?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Well, I stayed there longer than I need to do because I didn't have any place to go. My mother and father got a</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">divorce, and she was</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> very ill with arthritis. It's the kind that just comes over</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">night, and I forget the name of it. But it's</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">a bad one.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> And so she and I were in the hospital</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> the same time.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> So they kept me there, and then I went t</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">o work--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">for three</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">months they kept me, and I worked folding bandages and stuff before </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">they</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> autoclaved them or sterilized them.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And then I worked at </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">the doctor's home for his son--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">to take care of his baby son. Then I got to go down and eat</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">at their restaurant in the evening. So I was just the daytime stuff, and I stayed there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And I was there till I decided that I needed to go to school and learn to work over. So I went to the Catholic school</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">in Spokane--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">the House of Good Shepherd it was at that time. And they took wayward girls, but they decided my</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">sisters and I would be a help at the place to do other things. But to mind the rules the same as they had to, which</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">was okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> with me.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">So how long were there?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh about two and a half</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> years. My sister Mary was there 13 years, and Rosie was there 10 or so. But they did like</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Mary. She run the movie machine and helped the nuns. And I worked in the kitchen, and of course I learned to</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">work. And worked in the where we ate in the cafeteria. And I got to go with the nuns when they went soliciting.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">So did you grow up Catholic then?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yes.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Was there a Catholic church in the area anywhere?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">No, we had to come to Kennewick.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> My mother brought a few children, and my sisters over in the summer for us to</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">take our catechism.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">So Kennewick</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> was the place to go?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah. So we got our proper papers to be a Catholic.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Do you remember what the name</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> of the church was in Kennewick?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">St. Joseph's as far as I know. That was the first church, and I think it was on</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">—I don’t know--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">down by the canal. Now I don't</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">know where it is for sure.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah. I think it's on Clearwater now, but it used to be on--</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And now I think it's on--</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh, yes. I know where that one is now, but I don't know where they moved the old church. Yeah, it's on Garfield--the new church, St. Joseph.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">So after you were in Spokane for about two and half years. What happened to you at that point? Where did you</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">go from there?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Pardon?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Where did you go after you were in Spokane?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh, I worked at a home and took care of invalid fellow and his baby when the family was gone. And I worked in</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">the kitchen and fed the baby and all this. And they rang a bell for me</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> to come and wait on the table and stuff.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">A</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">nd then they split up the families</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">. The mother and father and the husband and wife moved out. So then I came out</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">to--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">where did I go? Oh. I have to think. Where did I go? Oh, I went back to Richland, and I lived with a family that-</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">-</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">he worked on the freeways and highways building, and she was home with two or three kids. And so I stayed</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">there.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And in the summertime, we'd get to go to up in the mountains where they built highways. I forget the name of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">one we was that one summer. Anyway.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Remember the name of the family that you were--</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah, </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span class="SpellingError SCX120208943">Drieslers</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">. Jack </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span class="SpellingError SCX120208943">Driesler</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">, and Nellie.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And then you said your parents got a divorce around the time you were 16</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> also. Is that right?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And so what happened to the family farm</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> when your parents got divorced?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">The government bought it.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And so did that happen when you were in Spokane that the government bought--</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">No.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Or later?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">No. I was at 16, and I was born in 1920. So that was what?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">That was 1936.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And the government came in '43. So it would've been later. So did both your parents stay in Richland after they</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> got divorced?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">No. He went back to mining up in </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span class="SpellingError SCX120208943">Metaline</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> Falls where his brother lived.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> And how about your mother?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">She stayed here and married a guy that he lived out there by our school teacher. But when Hanford bought them</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">out, they moved to Prosser and had a mint farm.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And then my mother, she died young. She was 53. She died in '55. She had like emphysema and kidney</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">problems.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">You mentioned that your grandfather had some land them on the hill above you.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Now, did he stay there until '43?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">No. He passed away before we moved up there. So that's how come we moved up there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Some of this is mixed up, I know. But I think it's off.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> Been a long time ago.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Is there anything that I</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> haven't asked you about, any--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">either events that really stand out in your mind or really</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">special memories or anything like that I haven't asked you about that you'd like to talk about?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Not that I can think of at the moment.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Off-camera man</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">There was a continual--</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Speak up. I can't--</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Off-camera man</span>: --r</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">elationship between Rosie who was the youngest girl and--</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">We were raised together.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Off-camera man</span>: --</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Mary. And they ganged up against Mary and pulled all kind of pranks like</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">—</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Off-camera man</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">chucking cow patties at her and stuff like</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">that.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">So a little sibling rivalry?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh, she wanted to boss everything</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">. [LAUGHTER] When she hears that, she'll--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">she's still alive.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And Rosie wasn't going to have that.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And Rosie was the youngest.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah. She was feisty. She passed away.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And all three of you were in Spokane for a while.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">So what happened--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">your sisters, when they left Spokane, where did they go?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Rosie went with my cousin Tony to Waukegan, Illinois and got a job there where they made pills-- filled pills. I don't</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">know what you call it. But anyway, she got a job there and lived there about five years and came back out and met</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">her husband out at the area.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">He was a--he drew--</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">what do you call it?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Draftsman.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Draftsman. And she was a secretary. And they met and married and moved back to Wenatchee where he was</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">from</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> up there</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">nd lived till they both passed away. Mary is still here with her husband Jim.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And then how about yourself? When the war came, did you move out of the area? Where else did you live</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">besides</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">--</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Oh, I was up in Seattle working at the Swedish hospital. And for a</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">while, I worked at the Bon Marche, downtown</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Seattle and helped the baker in the morning and cleaned the steam table. They had a little restaurant at that time,</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">the Bon Marche did.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">I helped the baker make pies and cakes and stuff.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">And when did you come back to Richland or to the Tri-Cities?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">1986. 50 years later.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Changed quite a bit probably since you've been last living there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah, I'm lost yet! [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">I was wondering what you would think would be important for people to understand about the community of</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Richland that you grew up in? To understand sort of what it was like to grow up there.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">I think it was a great life. And children worked and there wasn't so much vandalism. And of course, there wasn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">that many people, but they were good people.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">I can't really think of anything.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Well, thank you very much for coming in here.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">This was terrific. Some really good stories and memories, and I really appreciate you being willing to come and</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">talk with us.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">There's probably a lot more, but I'm sorry I don't remember it all.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Well, what you remembered is great. Thank you very much.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">Okay. </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">You're welcome.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> It wasn’t too bad, was it?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> No, I just wish I knew more.</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> </span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> No, well, what you remembered is really—</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX120208943">
<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">You did a terrific job, I’m proud of you. You obviously knew a ton of it.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX120208943">
<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> Good, good, good. As I said, some of those memories are great—</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX120208943">
<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Camera man</span>: Can I take a picture before you go?</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX120208943">
<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> --because people now don’t know—</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX120208943">
<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man</span>: They had no electricity, they had no water, </span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943">I</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> mean you had to pump it out—</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX120208943">
<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> It’ll go along with your information.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX120208943">
<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man</span>: When we put together all the stuff.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX120208943">
<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> I hope it’s a good one! I don’t take good pictures anymore.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX120208943">
<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man</span>: Oh, well, we all say that.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX120208943">
<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gilles</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"> All right.</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX120208943">
<p class="Paragraph SCX120208943"><span class="TextRun SCX120208943"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man</span>: [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX120208943"> </span></p>
</div>
Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
00:37:27
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1920-2013
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Serdar, John; Gilles, Mary; Gilles, Rosie
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
250 kbps
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Madeleine Gilles
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Madeleine Gilles conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Creator
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Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
7/2/2013
Rights
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Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Format
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video/mp4
Date Modified
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2016-05-30: Metadata v1 created – [ J.G.]
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Richland (Wash.)
Kennewick(Wash,)
Richland (Wash.). Public Schools
Hanford (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Richland (Wash.)
swimming
-
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F481704163b47c34d27908164c1fdc660.jpg
8a2e3bfe1edb0794b3cd9318e0e310fc
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fedbf9aa4f2660aeda91b37fc51893caf.mp4
c40bdc18fe18a007a6e57a94ccfefe2c
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Pre-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area prior to the Manhattan Project
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area prior to the Manhattan Project
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Robert Bauman
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Robert Fletcher
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><strong><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Northwest Public Television | </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Fletcher_Robert</span></span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></strong></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I'm Robert Fletcher. R-O-B-E-R-T F-L-E-T-C-H-E-R.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Than</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">k you. And my name is Robert Bau</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">man, and today is August 20</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">th</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> of 2013. And this interview is being</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">conducted on the campus of Washington State University, Tri-Cities.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So let's start, if we could, by maybe having you talk about your family and h</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ow they came to this area, what </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">brought them here, when they came-- that sort of thing.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">My</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> folks--my mother and father--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">grew up in Wisconsin. They knew each othe</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">r in high school, and my father </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">came out w</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">est, because my mother had relatives in Idaho, and after she grad</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">uated she came out here to stay </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">with them and go to business college in Spokane.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So my dad was fond of her and he f</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ollowed her by working his way w</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">est. He was</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> an expert </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">milker</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">, and he could </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">always get a job in a dairy. B</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ecause when you worked in a dairy milking cows y</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ou had to get up at 3:00 in the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">morning.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And so when he'd work his way from Wisconsin</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> to maybe South Dakota, and he</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> would see-</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">-</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">in the depot, in the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">train depot--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">he would look on the bulletin board for openings for </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">milkers</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> and he </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">always found work. And he could </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">stay there for several weeks till he got enough money to move on.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So he wound up in Lewiston, Idaho, I believe it was. And eventually he and my m</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">other got together and they got </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">married in Coeur d'Alene, 1912. And I had a sister born in 1915 in Coeur d'Ale</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ne, Idaho, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Francille</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">. And another </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">sister was born in 1918.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">In the meantime, during World War I, m</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">y dad had been working in a, what</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">'s called</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> electrical substation in Coeur </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">d'Alene. And during the war then he went over to Bremerton and worked in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> shipyards at Bremerton, wiring </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">electrical wiring</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> on the ships. And my mother eventually followed.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">My mother became a secretary and could do the office work. But after kids were born, she didn't do much of that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And then after the war was over, Bremerton jobs closed up and he went to the b</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ack to work at another electric </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">substation down by Walla Walla, Milton-</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Freewater</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">. And he had been raised on a</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> farm and he had a desire to be </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">independent.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So at that time there were developments in Kennewick and then whole Tri-City area. They were developed</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">because irrigation water was being made available from the rivers.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And in Richland, there were private develo</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">pers and they would get bonds that</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> were backed by just state. The </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">state government wanted to support the development to get started, and that was in late 1918s, '20s.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And I'm</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> sure my dad--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">well, my dad told me that there were brochures that these</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> companies would advertise that</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">come to Kennewick or Richland, that water was available, the climate was ideal, an</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">d there soil was great, and you </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">could make a living on just a few acres if you knew how to farm.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So my dad travelled out here. His name was Francis, and C.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">F. Fletcher was </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">his-- And he bought 20 acres of </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">sag</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ebrush. It was what is now on--what did I say?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Spangler?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Spangler Road. He bought 20 acres there out there at the top of the hill. It was a</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ll sagebrush. And then later he </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">bought 10 acres down below the hill where there now is a trailer park or mobile homes.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">He had to arrange to get the teams of horses to pull out the sagebrush and leve</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">l the ground. My mother and—I </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">believe that sh</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">e had two children then, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Francille</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">, and </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Medo</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> is my other sister's name, born in 1918.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">They came out by train from Walla Walla to Kennewick. And Morton Hess </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">met them at-- Morton Hess had </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">a</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">improvised old pickup that dad said that they met them at the depot in Kennewick,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> and he brought them out to the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">farmhouse he'd</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> rented.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Before that, my dad had a team of horses, and he brought all his possessions i</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">n a wagon from Milton-</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Freewater</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">to Richland that took him three days</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> he said</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> to make that trip with the team of horses.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And so after he got the house rented, then he sent for my mother, had my mother </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">come out with the children. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">they lived in this rented farmhouse about a quarter of a mile away. And there</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> were a few other houses, a few </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">other farms being developed at the same time.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So that took a lot of effort. It was 1920</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> and he told me that he had to put in the irri</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">gation. T</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">he company brought </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">water to the edge of your property and then you had to put in the pipe yourself</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">. They were cement pipes, about </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">three feet long, 40 pounds, eight inches in diameter.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And he said he put in several hundred feet of this pipe and he thought he'd do</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ne a pretty good job. He worked </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">hard. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Turned the water on and it just leaked all over, so he had to do it all over again. He was pretty persistent.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And then they had a hard time the first few years because he was small, a small</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> person, and a greenhorn. About </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">the only income work you could get then was to work for the irrigation com</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">pany if you wanted to earn some </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">money. And usually that was when the water was shut off and they had to clean and </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">repair the ditches, open </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ditches.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And he said they wouldn't hire him for a year or two because they thought well, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">he was a greenhorn. He wouldn't </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">last anyway, and he was kind of small. But he stuck it out.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And what happened was they had to put in some new pumps for the irrigation system, and these were larger</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">pumps. They were three-phase motors, and there wasn't anybody immediately ar</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ound that knew how to fix them, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">how to hook them up.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Excuse me, I get very emotional</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">. So he told them he thought he thought he could do it. He wasn't too s</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ure. He said he could do it. He </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">told them he could do it. He said he, p</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ersonally, he said he wasn't too sure. But anyway,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> he went ahead with it and they </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">worked fine. And after that, he said he didn't have any trouble getting a job for the irrigation district.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And later on, several years after he got the farm started and everything, he did b</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ecome manager of the irrigation </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">district. When I talk about the irrigation district, it wasn't a huge one, but there was about 5,000 acres under water.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And most of the farms were like ours, 20, 30 acres. And because you had to have</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> a team of horses. You couldn't </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">farm like you can nowadays with everything mechanized like it is. Lots of hand labor.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So I was born in 1922, and I believe that they were still in this rented house. Bu</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">t in the meantime, they'd begun </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">work on a basement, which was about half underground and hal</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">f above ground with concrete side walls. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And so it was above the ground enough, it had had fairly good sized windows. And there were just two ro</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">oms. The </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">total probably wasn't more than 40 feet long and 20 feet wide.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And above that they put a temporary sort of a shelter that was more of a te</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">nt house with a wooden roof and </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">canvas with a wooden frame with canvas around it. And that was our bedroom. T</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">hat was where we had our </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">bedrooms.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And it was cold in the winter and hot in the summer, but in the summertime you c</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ould roll the canvas up and the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">evening breeze would cool it off. In the wintertime we had feather beds and my mother would warm up hot irons</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">on the cook stove, and we'd wrap them in towels and put in our beds. And we mana</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ged, thought we were living all </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">right.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">There wasn't any bathr</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">oom--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">there was no indoor bathroom, no indoor water s</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">upply. He dug a well down below </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">the hill. Had to do it by hand, about 20 feet deep. And the way to get water up t</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">o the house, he had</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> a,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> we called </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">it </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">a </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">stone boat, it was a sled.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">He hooked the horses to it, the sled, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> to pretty good sized barrels, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">suppose 40 gallon barrels or something.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">He'd fill them with water from the hand pump down below the hill. And he'd circle around it, bring that sled up.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">That was the water supply for a few days.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">But of course, it didn't always last long enough. And I can remember my mother carrying two buckets</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">[EMOTIONAL] of water up the hill.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Excuse me.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> It was a hard life for women, especially, carrying water up the hill, and all the</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">other work they had to do then.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">She was in charge of the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">garden. Of course, we had our</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> weekly bath by a copper tub on a cook stove. And the tub,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">and that's where we took</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> our weekly bath</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">, and shared the affair.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">The two rooms in the house were the kitchen and then where we ate. The other room was the living quarters and</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">where somebody might sleep if they were not feeling well, otherwise we slept upstairs in the tent house.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So those were the early days. It took them quite a little while for my dad to get established, and also get some</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">crops down that they could pay for their living expenses. And they had </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Fresnos</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">then that the team of horses</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">would pull, and they'd scoop the dirt and dump it in the low places and level it out.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And farmers worked together on that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> I can remember our neighbors--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">as I said, most people lived within a quarter</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">or a half mile of eac</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">h other.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> The </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Barnetts</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> and the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Nickolauses</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">li</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ved close to us and we shared--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">when it was</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">time to put in</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> some of the crops, the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Barnett</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">s</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> would come with their mowing machine and there would be two or</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">three mowing machines and everything going on, and we'd go back and forth and get the job done.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So what sorts of crops did you grow then?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> We--i</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">t was t</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ruck farming. We had to raise--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">we had to have cows. Truck</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> farming was not too reliable. You had to, t</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">o fall back on,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">you had a herd of cow--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">most all farmers had a herd of cattle which they had milk cows and some beef cows. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">you milked the cow--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">you had your own milking and made your own cheese, but you could sell to the creamery in</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Kennewick.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And we had a milk</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">house where we'd separate the cream from the milk. And we had the Twin City Dairy, I thin</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">k</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> it</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">was, would come by once a week and collect the milk. We'd keep the milk in a cool water place or something. I</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">don't remember now in details. We didn't have refrigeration. Maybe they came back twice a week. I'm not sure.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So we had a herd of cattle, and of course you always had a team of work horses. And I had a pony when I got old</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">enough, about third grade I think. In school I g</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ot a pony that had been tamed--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">he had been one of the wild</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">horses from Horse Heaven Hills. And a bunch of horses had been caught.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And we bought it from another fella, and he as a real-- Shorty was his name, and I thought he was the greatest</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">horse, because he could outrun any horse. We had horse races. And a lot of the kids, the only horse they had to</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ride was a work horse. So I was very fortunate.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Anyway, we raised alfalfa for the cattle and the animals. Alfalfa and clover, and o</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">f course you had to mow the hay </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">in the summertime and let it dry and put it up in wagons and carry it and take it into the hay stack for the winter.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">We also raised some acres of corn, of field corn, although we could eat some of th</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">e corn when it was quite young, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">but it was mostly raised for the cattle.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And we had an </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">in-ground silo where we had a—we’d bring in, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">when the corn was mature we'</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">d cut it down with machetes and </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">bring the corn stocks and ears and all and run it through the chopper and made silage</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> out of it. It would ferment in </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">this silo, which was about 20 feet deep and it was dug out near the barnyard. An</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">d about I guess 12 feet wide or </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">so.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">As a kid it looked bigger,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> probably, than it actually was.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> But anyway, that was par</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">t of the barnyard. And with the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">silage and the haystack, we kept the cattle going through the winter. Because you had to have enough ha</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">y to get </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">through and that took quite a load.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And then for field crops, we had a cherry orchard of three or four acres. We raised asparagus three or four acres.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> And that was a job that--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">that was a cash crop that game on early in the year in March.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And the whole family pitched in. We got up early, almost daybreak to cut the aspa</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ragus.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Before school you had to </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">have it cut. And then they'd go ahead and you had to pack it in crates to get it </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ready to market.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So we had the asparagus, and then</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> we had,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> between the trees in the orchard-- on</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">e time my dad experimented with </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">peanuts. And I don't think they turned out too well because I don't remember him having them very </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">long. We </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">planted strawberries. We had strawberries that we picked after the asparagus was done, the strawber</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ries would </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">be get ripe.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And then the cherries would get ripe in June usually. And so it was staggered out.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> And then we always had a field </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">of potatoes that you'd dig with a team or horses and a digger.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">But before you did that, you had to get seed potatoes, and they came whole. The fa</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">mily would--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">we had a cellar in </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">our house. We'd cut those potatoes into quarters, so there's an eye on each o</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ne and that would sprout into a </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">potato plant.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And we spent probably a couple weeks, maybe not that long, cutting the seed po</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">tatoes into where they could be </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">planted in the field.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> And </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I'm trying to think of other crops that we had. I know he tried different ones. We </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">had peas--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">peas</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> in a pod. And I </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">don't think that paid off too well because I don't remember it lasting too long.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Oh, w</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">e had some peaches. Not a big orchard, but we had some peaches and apricot </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">trees. Those were sort of under </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">my mother's domain,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> the garden and the apricots. And she made sure that we a</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ll pitched in and helped do the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">weeding and planting and picking.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And all of that had to be picked and canned for the winter. I can remember my mo</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ther and sisters working hard--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">doing a lot of work canning. An</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">d the cellar was just full of--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">they were quite prou</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">d to display, in those days, to </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">displa</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">y their glass jars of fruit, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">peaches and everything. And took it to the fair to </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">see if they could win some blue </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ribbons.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So we didn't buy too much from the local grocery store, except cooking oil and ban</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">anas--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">fruit that wouldn't grow </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">here. Orange. Those were a treat. Just a few times during the yea</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">r bananas and oranges we got at </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Christmastime or your birthday or something.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And the store was John Dam's, John Dam Plazas down here, named after t</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">he Dam Grocery Store. And there </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">were two men, John Dam and Victor Nelson. They ran the grocery store. And you didn't go looking for your things.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">You handed them a list. You wanted two gallons of kerosene for your lamps a</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">nd lanterns that you needed. No </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">electric lights.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And as I said, cooking oil, and flour and sugar in bulk. And once in a while you'd ge</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">t a treat of candy or something </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">such as that. So I think that covers pretty much what the farm was like.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">The crops that you grew, the cherries, strawberries, did you sell those somewhere?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Yeah. We picked and put them in crates. There w</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">as what they called the Big Y--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">it</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> was in Kennewick. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And it stood </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">for Yakima I think. Yakima--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">there was a branch of Yakima Produce Company.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And later on I worked there</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> nailing,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> making boxes for different kinds of fruit when I was in </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">high school.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Mm-hm.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> In fact, most kids </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">did extra jobs like that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Excuse me. I've got to take a drink.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Sure. </span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">All right. </span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I was going to ask you about your farm. You mentioned some underground silo.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Were there any other buildings </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">on your farm? Any warehouse or barn or any of that sort of thing?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Yeah. There was a barn from the cows, of course. And there are pictures in my b</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ooklet of some of these chicken </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">houses in the yard, a couple of chicken houses. And a milk house.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">We had pigs. The pigs consumed </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">a lot of the excess milk. You could--t</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">hey'd eat most anything you had that was extra.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And that was another thing we shared was when it came time to butcher a cow or </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">a calf or a pig for meat, there </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">was a man that was</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> sort of a local veterinarian--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I don't think he had</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> a degree--Sam </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Sup</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">plee.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> If your</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">horse </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">got sick, he knew what--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">or an animal got his foot caught in the barbed wire, he</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> knew how to treat it. And he'd </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">come by.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And he also knew how to butcher animals quite well. And he would come out. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">nd I can remember that we had a </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">hole, a pit dug out where we could put a fire in there, and it was covered with some kind of bars or metal affair.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And a vat of water would be put in that over the fire at ground level.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And adjacent to that would be a platform where the pig was killed. And after it</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> had been killed and the organs </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">taken out, they'd roll i</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">t into that vat of boiling water and then pull it back out aga</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">in after a few minutes. Then</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> you </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">could scrape the bristles off of the pig.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And Sam </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Supplee</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> then would </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">do the rest of the butchering. They</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">'d hang it up to cure overnight, and th</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">en to cut it </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">up. And for his efforts, he'd get part of the meat, or other people that had help</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ed out, and that's the way </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">that </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">they </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">operated.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And he was a local person they turned to. There were other veterinarians in Pas</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">co or Kennewick, but he was the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">one that they mainly relied on.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Our horses, we had two work horses, Star and Monte. I can remember them we</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ll, and that was one of my jobs </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">when I got home from school, after, was usually to rub them down after a day's wo</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">rk in the field, because they'd </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">be all sweaty.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Or on days when I wasn't at school</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">, too,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> in the summertime</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> to</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">o</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> take them down to the ditch where they'd drink a lot of</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">water. They got real hot and sweaty.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And then take the harnesses off. And there's lots of preparation before you could do too much. And so thos</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">e were </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">s</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ome of my jobs was to take in--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">you got home from school, the first thing to do w</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">as take in the firewood for the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">wood stove or the heating stove.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And there were plenty of other things to do around the barnyard, to clean out the stall, or clean out </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">the barn and </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">see that horses were fed and such things as that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Mm-hm. </span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">The thing was, I think that maybe a little different than nowadays, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">kids</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> knew that t</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">hey were part of the family and </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">that they were an important part of the family. And that they had jobs to do. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">just it was the thing that made </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">families close.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Sure.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I wanted to mention, too, that we did have special family friends. I mentioned the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">B</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">arnetts</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">. And they had kids that </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">were--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Dan Barnett was abo</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ut my age. And my sisters had--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">they had daughters. Any</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">way, they had kids about our </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">same age.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">The Hackneys were another family that lived not very far away and had a farm</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">. And there was Richard Hackney </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">and Dan Barnett and I were always good friends for a long time. And some othe</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">r kids in that area, the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Supplees</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I guess</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> I forgot where I was here. The Hackneys and the Fletcher</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> families and the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Carlsons</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> were </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">particularly close. The </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Carlson</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">s</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> also had children </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">th</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">at were our ages. And we would g</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">et together for family picnics, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">and especially F</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ourth of July we'd make our homemade ice cream and take</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> to Pasco Park where there'd be </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">fireworks.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And then in the summertime, we always had a break in the farm work of about f</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">our or five days where we could </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">get away from the f</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">arm. Usually it was around the Four</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">th of July or a little bit after.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And we would get away because the irrigation ditches were shut down for</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> a few days,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> about fou</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">r or five days in order for the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ditches to dry out and the weeds could be cleaned out. Because they clogged up with moss and other stuff.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> that</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> they would dry out the ditches and we could get away from the farm, as long a</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">s we had a neighbor to take care</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">of the animals that we had. And there were enough other people that would do that. We'd trade off.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So we would manage to get away for about three or four days and go up to a</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">bove Yakima, Naches and up into </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">the woods. And we we'd take our tents.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> One of the, t</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">he Hackneys, Art Hackney was a school bus driver, and school bus driver had </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">to have their own buses. They'd </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">own their own buses. So he could do with the bus whatever he wanted during the summertime.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So he would be </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">the one </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">that we would load up the bus--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">he took a few of the seat</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">s out that could be taken out-</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">with our camping gear in it, and some of the rest of the people would ride in that bus and others would go in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ir </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">car.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">We'd invite some of our friends to go along too. So we'd have quite a group and se</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">veral tents set up there around </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">the lake up at Naches, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Rimrock</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> and up in that area.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">We had a wonderful time up in there with all our friends, and sitting around the ca</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">mpfire at night and hearing the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">stories that the older folks had to tell. So that's--</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Mm-hm. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">A real sense of community there, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Yeah. P</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">art of the community. It was a close-knit community for sure. An</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">d naturally, you had more close </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">friends with some of the people than you did with others. But as I said in my boo</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">k</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> that there was no--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">when you were </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">gone, nobody as I knew, locked their houses or worried about any of that sort of thing.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Mm-hm.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">You mentioned earlier that the house you lived in there was no running water,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> right?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> N</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">o e</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">lectricity. Did you ever have a </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">telephone?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">That's another little story. My mother, her relatives lived in Wallace, Idaho, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> her uncle, aunt and u</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ncle, her </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">u</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ncle was a master carpenter. And they were very close and would come down to visit us and they</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> were very </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">helpful.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">When</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> we were, when</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> my folks were just starting out, they were a backbone to help them out as </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">much as they could. They bought </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">eggs from them and they'd ship them. I have some letters that my mother saved </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">of that period in time. You may </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">be interested in some of those.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Anyway, they woul</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">d come down, and after my dad--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">after he had this basement hou</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">se built, they was able to save </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">u</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">p enough in about 10 years to--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Josh </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Pentabaker</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> was</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> my uncle's granduncle's name--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">was the main carpenter.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And they arranged to buy a load of lumber from a lumber yard or </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">a sawmill</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> up </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">in </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Bickleton</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">, and they rented a </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">truck or got somebody to haul this load of lumber down. And this Josh </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Pentabaker</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> and my dad, and I think he got </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">some local help, to get started on building a hou</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">se above to replace that tent--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ac</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">tually a tent house that we had </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">above the basement house.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And then they enlarged it also. They made the basement twice as large to accommodate a more modern house.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> A</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">nd that was in 1933 or 1934. And I think it was 1934 before we occupied it. An</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">d that included indoor bathroom </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">and running water.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> In the meantime, b</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">efore my dad was able to build a dig a new well up on top of the hill, he had to go down 60 feet for groundwater.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And so that was quite a project. But he finally got it done. And he got an electri</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">c motor then. By that time, s</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ee, there was no </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ele</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ctricity until during Roosevelt</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> got the REA started, rural electricity or whatever the word is, REA.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And you got an electric pump to pump the water up into a tank. And then you had</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> pressure to run the water from </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">the tank into the house--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">had water pressure.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And so we had running water, we had an indoor bathroom, and those were qu</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ite appreciated. I think we got </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">electric stove--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">that was one of the first thing. And that was quite an improvement over a wood stove.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Oh, and then there was</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">. And he didn't have enough money, I don't believe</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">—oh, let me tell you,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> or let me go back just a bit.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Sure.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Josh </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Pentabaker</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> got this house pretty well built, but he had to go back and d</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">o his own work back in Wallace, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Idaho. And my dad negotiated with a carpenter here, a local carpenter, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Vanders</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">ant</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">-- he was a Dutchman. And my </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">dad traded a cow, a milk cow for this fell</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">a to put in a--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">he was a master </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">carpenter, too.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">He put in the kitchen cabinets</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> is what I'm trying to say, and some of the other cabinets in the bathroom a</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">nd things </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">like that in exchange for this cow. Now, there may have been other things involved, but that was the main thing.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> H</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">e told about that in later years, and I can vaguely remember.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">In addition to the basement then, we got a root cellar where we kept most of our </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">things cold. But anyway, before </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">he could get a refrigerator, he cut a hole in the wall of the kitchen and</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> he</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> made a cab</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">inet inside, and hung outside a </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">metal tank or a metal thing that held water.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And then he ran do</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">wn some gunnysack fabric and that</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> wetted enough to evaporate </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">and cool the cabinet inside. It </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">was quite a contraption.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">But it worked enough that it probably wasn't much cooler than the basement, b</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ut anyway, it was up and it was </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">handy. So that was when we--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">in 1934 I think that we occupied the house that's there now.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Did you ever have a telephone during the time you were there?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Yeah, we had a phone. You cranked it. I'm trying to think whether we had i</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">t when we lived in the basement</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">whether we had it there or not. It was a party line, and there would be three or fo</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ur people on the same line. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">you answered according to how many rings. If it was two rings it was yours, or </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">a short and a long or something </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">like that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And of course people listened in on what</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> was going on. We had a crank--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">it was</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> yo</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">u cranked it up in order to </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">make the signal. And there was a main station downtown. We were three mil</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">es from the downtown area up on </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">what is now George Washington Way. And what's the name of that street? I can't</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> remember all those--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">the house </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">was on--</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Spangler?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Spangler, yeah. Spangler</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Road. We had to--you kept up--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Dad kept up with what was available.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Mm-hm.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">How about news? Was there a newspaper, or how did you learn about--</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">There was. There was the Benton County Advocate came out once a week. In fact, I think I stil</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">l have some copies </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">of that somewhere. It was mostly local, of course. Somebody was entertaining a</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> company from Wallace, Idaho or </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">somewhere, or somebody was sick in the hospital.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Ed </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Peddicord</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> was the--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">as I remember, he was older than myself but younger than</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> my parents, and he became the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">first postmaster when the Hanford project took over, and he was the postmaster </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">for quite a few years before he </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">retired from the Richmond Post Office.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I wanted to ask you about the school that you went to. Where was the school? Any memories you have?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Okay,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">t</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">here were, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">in the downtown area of Richland, the--I'm trying to relate it to--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">t</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">he grade school went from grade </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">one through grade eight. And it was two story with four classrooms on the bottom</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> and four on the upper level. I </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">think they had electric lights, as </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I remember. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">The floors were wood floors, and they treated them with oil before school was started and at Christmas vacation.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So w</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">hen you came back from school--they'd wipe them up, the oil--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">they'd treat the wood floors. They</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">'d wipe up </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">the oil before classes started, but there would still be all these spots left on it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And so we had to take our shoes off when we came home at night because we woul</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">d track oil, that oil. That was </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">just for a few weeks or for a week or two.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And the stoves had a jacket around. O</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">f course they were--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I believe they were c</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">oal stove--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">they that coal. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">there would be a jacket around, a metal jacke</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">t around the outside to it,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">a couple of feet from the stove </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">itself so the kids couldn't get up and get burned.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">But the jacket that surrounded them was probably three or four feet high,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> metal jacket. And we would—I </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">remember hanging our white gloves things on that metal jacket to dry them out. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And that was in the back of the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">room of course. That was your heat in the classroom.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">As I said, the bathrooms for boys and girls,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> most of them separate of course,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> were outside where you went out to t</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">he bathroom. And I don't recall </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">any running water or anything in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">The</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> other, the</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> high school was, it wasn't torn do</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">wn when the project started,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Hanford projec</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">t, right away. And it was built </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">more--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">it had indoor bathrooms, was more up-to-date</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">, more than the grade school,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> four l</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">evels. There are pictures of it </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">in my booklet. So that was quite a step up.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Do you remember any of the teachers from either school, or do you have any favorite teachers from that time?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Oh yeah. I remember most of my teachers. My first grade teacher, Ms. Randolp</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">h, older lady. And she was very </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">good. I can remember putting our mittens up around that canopy around the stove in the wintertime, p</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ut your </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">mittens up to dry.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> And</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> I can't offhand remember, but I can visualize most of my teachers.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">There was Mrs.--Miss Mallory--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">she was single then. Taught me in fourth grade. And th</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ere was Bill Ra</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">der, our eighth </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">grade teacher. Kind of he was a pretty good disciplinarian. If people got out of line</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> he had a paddle that he didn't </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">mind using.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> There was--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I can't think of the names, really, offhand. And then of course, in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> high school I remember more of </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">the teachers that I had. The superintendent, he also taught a few classes in</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> b</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ecause the grade school had one </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">class of every grade level.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I started in the first grade, I was five years old, and I became six in November. An</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">d the kids that I started with, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">about half of the 20--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I think there w</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ere 20 in my graduating class--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">about half of </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">them were the ones I started in </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">first grade with. That's how permanent the group was. There was a lot of permanency.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> And we moved onto this--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">where each grade you had the same ones, you knew the people. There would be two</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">or three changes each year. And like I said, of those 20 or so that started, probably</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> about half of those in my high </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">school class were the ones I started first grade with.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And so</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> we knew each other very well. And the o</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">thers I'd known quite well, too. My wife, she came later and </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">joined when </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">she was in about seventh or eighth grade I</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> think, and she graduated two--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I grad</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">uated in 1940 and she graduated </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">in 1942. And in my graduat</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ing class there was 20, and her</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">s there was only 12. I don't know why particularly.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">The high school, it was in freshman year you usually took</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> T</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">yping and it pretty wel</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">l diversified. History classes, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">English classes. I can r</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">emember the teachers, Mrs. Deighton</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> and Mrs. Carmicha</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">el. She's the one that got very </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">emotional when the kids acted up and would carry on.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Mr. Carmichael was the superintendent, and Mr. Whitehead</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">, rather</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">. We had basket</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ball teams. We played against--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Kennewick and Pasco were out o</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">f our league. They were from too</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> big a town. So w</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">e played Benton City. I played--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">even though I'm pretty short, I was on the basketball team.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">We didn't have a football team. We weren't big enough.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> The high school was onl</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">y--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">with four classes, probably </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">only 80 students altogether. And so I was on the basketball team the last couple years anyway.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> And we would go up to--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Hanford was about 20 miles u</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">p</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">river, and White Bluffs. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">They were</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> a</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> comparative size. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">to Benton City, and also to Finley. We used to call it Riverview then. It was a comp</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">arative size to what we were in </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Richland at that time.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So we had a group that we played softball league and basketball. No football that</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> I can remember. We weren't big </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">enough to be in that.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And did you take a school bus to get to and from school then, or how did you--</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Yes. We had--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">as I said, Art Hackney had a school bus that they owned their own scho</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ol bus. They had a contract </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">with the district. And there's a picture of myself and my two sisters in that booklet </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I gave you, waiting for the bus </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">and there's a picture of the bus.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> It was kind of a--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">it looks kind of obsolete now, but that was the way they did things then.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So you graduated high school in 1940.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">1940. Then I went off to Cheney for a year. And decided I</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> wanted to--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">didn't want to continue t</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">here. I wanted to--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I thought I </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">wanted to be an engineer, but I didn't have really the background from the school. At least I could blame it on that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So I transferred to Pullman in my sophomore year. And during beginning of my juni</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">or year, I was taken in--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I was </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">in the ROTC and we signed up for deferm</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ent or whatever you call it, bu</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">t they said we could finish out the year</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> we </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">were in during my sophomore year. No, it must h</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ave been my junior year. That’s</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> the third year.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">But it</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> turned out that they couldn't—they took us,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> they drafted us and I think it was about Januar</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">y of my junior year in Pullman, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">from WSU.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And at that time I was a member of Sigma Chi.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So was that January of 1943 then?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Yeah, it was.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">At some </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">point that year, of course the F</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ederal government started constructing the Hanford site.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Right. I came home before--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">they allowed us, when they called up the ROTC, fellas in Pullman,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> they gave us a </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">couple weeks to come home and see our folks.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So I came home, it must have been th</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">e end of January of 1943. And saw</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> m</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">y folks, and said goodbye to my </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">sweetheart, Betty Kins</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">e</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">y</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> was her name--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">became my wife.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And after I went back then, I went back to Pullman, and they took us shortly by </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">train from Pullman over to Fort </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Lewis. And it was an old, real old train that I mention in my booklet that looked l</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ike it was one from the pioneer </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">days.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> There was a--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I don't need to go into all the detail, but there was a coal-burning stove</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> in the end of this railway car </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">for heat, and we went over there in the first of February to Fort Lewis. We were not</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> in the army until they took us </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">over there and were forced in it at Fort Lewis.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And shortly after that, I got word from my folks that the word had come out that H</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">anford and</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> White Bluffs and </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">even Richland, it was all going to be taken over by the government for this Hanford project.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And that was in, I believe they got word in late February. And the people up at Ha</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">nford, which is, of course, is </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">where the actual reactors were, were notified and given about 30 days to evacuate.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">my folks, of course, we lived--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">my dad was the manager of the irrigation distr</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ict at that time, of </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">the Richland </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">irrigation district. And they had more time because that was where the workers</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> were going to live. But in the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">meantime they built Camp Hanford out here where we are sitting about right now, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">and maybe just a little further </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">n</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">orth.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And you probably have the history of Camp Hanford and all that. But anyway, th</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ey were allowed to stay I think </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">about six months, whereas the others further up where the reactors were being built, they had to get out quick.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And so my folks looke</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">d around. They bought a place. M</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">y dad, by that time, they offered s</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ome of the people </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">work. Most of them were farmers and they wanted to continue farming. And that wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">s my dad. He, by that time, the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">kids were gone. I wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">s the youngest. The other two, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">my sisters</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> were married and off and living on their own.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So he decided he'd go back to farming, and they offered him a job to see to some of</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> the irrigation, the way it was </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">continued. But he decided he didn't want to do that. And a number of people did take jobs here for temporary.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So where was I now?</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So your family had six months you said after they were--</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Yeah, about six months. They found a place in Kennewick</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> then</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">, and my dad then bought some place and he put in a</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">fruit orchard over on what became Blossom Hill in Kennewick.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And we took over </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">the old hous</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">e. When I got out of the Army--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I told you about that </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">in my booklet </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">here</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> that</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> we took </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">over their house, the two-story house that was on what's now where Denny'</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">s is at the corner of Kennewick </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Avenue and the Umatilla Highway.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Do you know how much money your parents were given for their--</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">In those days, at that time, the government was not as benevolent in their takeover o</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">f land. And they did not really </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">offer what the land was worth. So my folks, my dad was one of the leaders of the gr</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">oup that took</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> them</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> to court over </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">the offer.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And this lingered on for quite a while, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">because my dad was one of the--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">as a manager </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">of the irrigation district. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">John Dam that the park</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> is</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> named after, and two or three others, they figured that t</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">hey were being offered what the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">land had sold for in D</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">epression days, which had just been more or less begun to get over in 1943.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And my folks and others were beginning to feel established</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> that here they'd worked </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">most of their working lives for </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">12, 15 years getting to where they felt like they were established and could make </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">a good living. And now they </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">were being offered this, where they had to leave relatively quickly. And not being </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">offered enough to buy something </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">comparable in other areas, where they found they had to pay more than what they had been offered.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So this went to court and drug on for a while. They did get a settlement that my d</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ad was involved in. But it took </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">quite</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> a while and it still did not--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">they were not too happy about it. I'll put it that way. But anyway, they got over it.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And so you heard about this happening when you were at Fort Lewis?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Yeah,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> I was still in the service. I was sent from there to Camp Roberts for infantry </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">training. And I was there until </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">June. See, this happened--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I was taken in up in February I guess it was, a</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">nd we had 13 weeks, almost four </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">months</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> I think it was</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> of infantry training there in Camp Roberts in the desert in California.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And then I was sent back to New Yo</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">rk City. I had an opportunity--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">then they </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">took some people to specialized </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">training or a specialized training program called ASTP and I was able to get </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">into that because of my college </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">background and I passed some tests, I guess, and so forth.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And so I was back there at the time and at Camp Roberts in California at the t</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ime that all this took place in </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Richland, and their dislocation and--</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Do you remember what you thought at the time when you found out?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">What I thought about that? About all this happening you mean?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Well, so much was happening, you didn't have time to think too much about it</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">. Because I was involved in the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">training and we were kept busy night and day pretty much, and then the infant</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ry training camp and being back </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">But I heard about it. They kept me up on it, and there wasn't much you could do about it, and neither could they,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">because that was it. You could appeal, but that was a </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">long process, the appeal was. So they</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> just </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">took </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">a time to get over it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">They got over it eventually.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Are there any events or things from your childhood growing up in Richland </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">that sort of stand out? Special </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">memories that we haven't talked about yet?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Probably quite a few things.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> A number of things I mention </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">in his booklet that I gave you. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">One thing I particularly remember as a kid was I had this pony, and my neighbor ki</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ds had ponies too, or else work </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">horses that did the job.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And so we could roam around quite a bit. We had a lot of freedom. We all had rifle</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">s. We went out hunting. And the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">jackrabbits were quite numerous</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> I remember. Going just about a mile from whe</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">re we are now, there was a sand </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">hill over here off of Stevens Drive, which we call</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ed</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Pol</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">e L</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ine Drive. Those days th</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ere was a sand hill over there. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And there was an irrigation ditch that ran along this sand hill. And we'd go in and </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">the boys--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">take our clothes off </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">and we'd swim in this irrigation canal. There was a flume there, too, and that was kind o</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">f an interesting thing to go </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">through. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And we would take our rifles, and there was one farm that was close to this s</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">and hill called--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I'm trying to </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">remember the name now, Sam's. Anyway,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> he had a--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">his farm was right adjacent to the open sagebrush land and sand hi</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ll. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And if </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">you were there in the evening--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">he had an alfalfa field right along the edge of</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> this sort of a desert area. At </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">certain times in the dusk, there'd be whole bunche</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">s of jackrabbits would come in. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I remember we would go there with our rifles, and my friends, Dan Barnett and </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Richard Hackney and I, and we'd </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">wait for dusk. And you could shoot these rabbits. And of course Mr. Sandberg I </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">think his name-</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> yeah, Sandberg </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">was his name, he welcomed anybody that would get rid of the jackrabbits for him because they</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> were destroying </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">his alfalfa field. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And so we'd shoot a</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> bunch of jackrabbits. And they di</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">d have jackrabbit drives once in</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> a while, and they had pictures </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">of them. I might have s</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ome in some of my folks' stuff. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">But anyway, we had ponies or horses and we'd go out, and sometimes we'd</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> go up the river from here, Dan </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Barnett and Richard Hackney and I. And as I said, I had a pony that had been </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">caught on the open range and he </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">could outru</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">n practically any horse around. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">We would go up there and we'd camp out for a day and we would find some old p</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">rospectors up there. They would </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">be panning for gold. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> I don’t think,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> from the looks of them </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">that</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> they found very much, but they wer</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">e interesting characters that'd </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">tell you stories about their life. And we kind of envied them a little bit, but nob</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ody wanted to do what they were </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">doing. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Anyway, then we would</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> go up there and we'd camp over</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">night. Othe</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">r times, we would go up there--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I said that my</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">folks and the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Barnetts</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> and the Hackneys had-- we had a boom in the river. We'd catch </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">driftwood coming down for </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">our--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">did I tell you about this before?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">No.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">No, o</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">kay</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">. If I ramble, tell me. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">We'd go up, my folks or my dad and the ot</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">her men, we would have wagons--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">w</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">e'd hook the work horses to the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">wagons. And we'd take enough food to last a couple days. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">us</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> boys woul</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">d go along, and some other boys </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">were old enough to help, and some of us were too young to do much, but to </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">tag along and have a good time. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And we'd go up there and we'd set up a camp, and the men would have a log boom up there. They'd att</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ach logs </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">to each other and run them out into the water. And when the water would rise in the s</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">pring</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> it would lift these drift </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">logs from upstream, clear up around where Grand Cooley is now, before Grand</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Cooley was built and any other </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">dams. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And these drift logs would drift down, if you had a log boom out you'd catch them</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">, as the water would--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">the high </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">water from the snow melt. And if your log boom was out far enough, you'd get a w</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">hole bunch of logs in there and </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">that would be--which</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> then we'd go up and the men would take their team of hors</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">es and use their chains to pull </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">these logs out of the water that h</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ad been caught in the log boom. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And then they'd have to cut them up enough to put on their wagons to haul them</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> down home. And this would take </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">two or three days to do. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">In the meantime, us kids, the younger ones, we'd have a great time with shooting</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> rabbits and doing some fishing </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">off what was left of the log boom. And fixing our hot dogs over the campfi</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">re. It was quite an experience. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And we all wanted to go. I think the girls envied us. They couldn't go. I don't r</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">emember any of the women going. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">But when they got the wag</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ons loaded, they had </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">them all--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I remember they had s</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ideboards on them, so that they </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">would be loaded up to the maximum.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And of course the roads weren't too good. The horses would be really worn out</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> by the time we got these loads </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">down to where we lived. And we'd have to wash them off, rinsing the horses off wi</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">th a hose because they'd be all </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">that, and it would be quite late in the </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">evening before we made it home. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So that was quite a big event in our lives, and especially for the young fellas like us,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> we thought that was great. I'm </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">sure the m</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">en folks were glad it was over. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">[LAUGH</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">TER</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">]</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So we had quite a few trips where we went out. I had a friend, Scotty who lived o</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ut in Yakima River, and I would </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">go over--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">he was the one that I think I told you about the time tha</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">t--maybe it was in my booklet. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">About the time that our well--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">the well that we dug up on the top of the hill, the 60 foot well, it had been real cold</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">that winter, and usually the well didn't freeze, but it froze that winter. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> so</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Scotty, my friend, he was the adventurer</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">more so than I was. He said, oh, I can go take a blowtorch down there and thaw i</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">t out. Well, he did. My dad led </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">hi</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">m down this well. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">The well was hand dug and it was only about so big around. And there were iron </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">steps put in the cement as they </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">went down. As I said, it was 60 feet deep. Of course the water stood up in it about 20 </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">feet or so. It would fluctuate. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So Scotty went down with a blowtorch to thaw this pipe out because it had f</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">rozen the pump. And he got down </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">there and I guess the confines of the gas or something, it exploded, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> he was lucky he wasn't killed. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">He made it. Somehow it went upward rather than downward and he was able to get</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> out. But his face was black </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">an</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">d his eyebrows were singed off. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And he was quite a mess from that occasion, but he didn't have to be hospitali</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">zed. They put cream on his face </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">and I don't remember whether they got the pipe thawed out or not. I don't think so. I </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">think it took a few days before </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">it got the water up.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So if someone was to ask you what it was like to grow up in a community like Ric</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">hland, how would you respond to </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">that? What would you say?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">It was an interesting place to grow up because you were involved in all the acti</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">vities. You were important as a </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">member of the family. There were chores to do. You also had interesting experie</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">nces. You had time to play with </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">your neighbors and develop your own activities and s</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ports to a great extent. I guess probably I</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> look back on it more with rose-colored glasses than it actual</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ly was, because I'm sure it was </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">harder for the adults, too. B</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ecause it was kind of touch and go for them many ti</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">mes. There was no WPA or relief </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">organizations. People helped their nei</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ghbors out when they needed it. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I can remember a family that lived not too far from us. The man, the husband</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> died, and they had some fairly </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">young children, the</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Fraz</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">iers</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> the wife was left with these--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I forgot how</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> young </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">they were--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">two or three </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">yo</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ungsters, and their small farm. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And the people of the community just helped out. There was no other organizatio</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">n that they knew of. And later, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Bruce Frasier who was in that family, who was about my age. He wasn't a classmate</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">, but he told me years later at </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">the reunions we used to have, he said, did you know-- [EMOTIONAL] did you </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">know how much help your mom and </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">dad did--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I'm sorry.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">It's all right.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">How much help your mom and dad gave my folks. And I said I had no idea. He </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">told me that my dad and mother, </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">and others--he said it wasn't just them</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">. But they're the ones that made it possible for</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> him to survive. And this, they </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">didn't talk about it at all. Excuse me, cut it o</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ff a minute? Wipe my eyes here. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I'm glad to get this opportunity. Don't take me wrong.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> That’s all right.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> I am glad to get the opportunit</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">y to talk. There's not too many </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">people who want to listen to it.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Can I have a little drink?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Sure. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I think we're just about finished anyway. I think we've covered a lot of the things that I wanted to cover.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">All right.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So I guess is there anything else that we haven't covered that would be important to talk about?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I think we've covered everything pretty well. I've probably gone side-tracked a</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> lot. And it was a role in that </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">community, as I said,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> that</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> they did help each other out in many ways. And that</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> they're very independent, too. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And there aren't too many of us left. We still get to have a reunion. We did-- it's get</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ting down to where there aren't </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">very many of us left. Last year we met at the Old Country Buffet and </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">had a good time. I think there may h</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ave been </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">about 20 of us. But about half of them were descendants, children that brought th</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">eir parents, who needed help to </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">get there.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Oh, okay.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">So this is a reunion of people from Richland?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">The old time Richland,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> yeah, they lived in old time Richland.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">There's another-- the D</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">eranleau, Ray Deranleau</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">, he was quite a storyteller, he stil</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">l lives here, and he was just a </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">year or two younger than myself. And Alice Perkins i</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">s his wife, Alice Perkins-Deranleau.</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> And I kind of think </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">he'd be in the phone book. If not</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">—</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">And Price Colley. George Colley his name was, but there's a Colley family that h</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">e was there last year, and he's </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">quite a storyteller.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">About</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> w</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">hat time of year do you usually get together?</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Usually in the middle of September.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Oh,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">o</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">kay</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>: Middle to late September. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Edith--</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I used to be the one that was in charge of getting the literature out and th</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">e reunion</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">s</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> set up. Anyway, Edith </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">Wie</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">d</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">l</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span class="SpellingError SCX24634405">e</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">-H</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">ansen,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> H-A-N-S-E-N</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> is the one that is doing it now. She was in my </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">wife's class two or three years </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">behind me in graduating from hig</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">h school. And she's still here. </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I could maybe give you some more information on that later, if you wanted to cal</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">l me.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> I don't know, if you have </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">trouble.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I just want to thank you very much for coming in today and being willing--</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">I enjoyed it.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">--to</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> have</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> me asking questions.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Fletcher</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">. I hope that some of </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">it</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">’</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">s</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> good use.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX24634405">
<p class="Paragraph SCX24634405"><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX24634405">You've been very helpful. Thank you very much.</span><span class="EOP SCX24634405"> </span></p>
</div>
Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
01:22:15
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1922-2013
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Hess, Morton
Dam, John
Nelson, Victor
Supplee, Sam
Barnett, Dan
Pentabaker, Josh
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945
Peddicord, Ed
Hackney, Art
Hackney, Richard
Kinsey, Betty
Frasier, Bruce
Ray Deranleau
George Colley
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
171 kbps
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Robert Fletcher
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Robert Fletcher conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
7/20/2013
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Format
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video/mp4
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
2016-05-25: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Richland (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Pasco (Wash.)
White Bluffs (Wash.)
Richland (Wash.). Public Schools
Hunting
Kennewick (Wash.)
Pasco (Wash.)
Richland (Wash.)
swimming
-
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F0679822ca9a8d5569e80be87de0ba644.jpg
fafae55dc6d92c14429447cdc4838c1e
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F60f5c824efd8721582df5663210be323.mp4
92c5db41aace0c6b2629087ff6826582
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Pre-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area prior to the Manhattan Project
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area prior to the Manhattan Project
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Robert Bauman
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Emma Kleinknecht
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX99502551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><strong><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Northwest Public Television | </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="SpellingError SCX99502551">Kleinknec</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="SpellingError SCX99502551">h</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="SpellingError SCX99502551">t_Emma</span></span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></strong></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX99502551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Robert Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> I'm conducting an oral history interview with</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Emma Larson Kleinknec</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">h</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">t if I have the name right, correct?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX99502551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Emma Kleinknecht</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Right. </span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX99502551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And the spelling is K-L-E-I-N-K-N-E-C-H-T?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX99502551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Correct.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX99502551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Excellent All right. Make sure we have the spelling right.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX99502551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yep.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX99502551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And today's date is June 12, 2013 and we're conducting the interview on the campus of Washington State</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">University, Tri-Cities. And I'll be talking with Ms. Kleinknecht about her family's history, her experiences growing up</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> in Richland, i</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">n that community. So let's just start, if I could, by asking you about your family. How, and why, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">when did they come to this area? What brought them here, and any information about your family and why they</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">came here would be great.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX99502551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Well, m</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">y dad came from Denmark. And he went up to Alaska and worked in the mines. And then he came down to</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Seattle, and after a while, he got interested in working with the cattle. So somehow or another he came over to</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Richland and met my mother over there, and she was single. And then he married her, and I was born 1918.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX99502551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And your mother, was your mother born and raised in Richland or--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX99502551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">No. She was born and raised on the coast. But she had relatives that lived over that way.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Do you know when your parents married?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Oh, a</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> couple years before I was born.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And how about any siblings? Are there any brothers or sisters?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh yes. There were six, three girls and three boys. And then when I was eight years old, my dad came in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">house, he says, "Emma</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> you've got to learn to milk cows." Because the girls were first, you know. So I went out</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">and helped milk cows, or learned how. And from then on, I milked cows. But all of us had to go out and pitch hay</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">to make hay for the cattle, and we put it on a big haystack. And there's a picture of that here.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">So you had a place with lots of cattle? Do you have any idea how many cattle?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> we had eight cows, two horses. Because in them days, you never had tractors, so you had to have horses,</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">to do all the outdoor work like that.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And did you grow any crops?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh yes! We raised everything by hand. We had corn, and tomatoes, and you name it. All the vegetables there</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">were.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And were those primarily for your family?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> And then the cream, we separated and sent it down to Kennewick to the creamery where they made butter.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And, course you got paid for it. And, let's see, what else--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">How big was the place that you had</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I think we had about 20 acres. We had a lot of asparagus, and </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">us</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> kids had to cut asparagus before the school bus</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">came, or we didn't get to go to school. But we went to an old country school, where was one teacher, five grades.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">There's a picture of me in one of them pictures.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">[LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> was this in Richland or?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Old Richland, up north. </span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">We never got downtown for a while. It was really something</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">So you said five grades and--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Five grades and one teacher.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And do you have any idea of around how many students that would've been?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I used to know, but I forgot</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">. [LAUGHTER</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">]</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">That was back when.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah. And h</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">ow long did you go to school there, then?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I think I was in the fifth grade and then, about that time, we had a school bus that would take us downtown to the</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">old schools. I called them old, because they're so different</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> now. </span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">You have a photo you wanted me to show?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh, yeah. This is the country school.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Okay, g</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">reat. So it looks like there's maybe, what, 20 or 30?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> C</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">ould be.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Is there something like that?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">It could be.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">1925? </span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">That's about right.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I wrote it down there.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Yeah, 1925. Fruitvale S</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">chool.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And this school was used for a church, and a dance hall, and a grange hall. Because, see, all the farmers were</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> gra</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">ngers. So that was in the good old days.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> so--that's a great photo--</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">After that, after, say, fifth grade, where did you go to school?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Downtown. </span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">There was a grade school and a high school down</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> t</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">here.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I think you sent us some photos of you play</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">ing</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> basketball, maybe?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Oh yeah! That was downtown. T</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">hat was a different kind of basketball</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">. </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I was a side center. I'm the second one there. The tallest girl was the center, and then I was a side center</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">because I was shortest. Then there were two guards, and two forwards.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Oh, okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And now they play just like the boys do.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah, it says champion basketball.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah, that one is.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah, 1935, '36. That's great. Do you remember how long you played? Did you play throughout high school then?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Kleinknecht</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh yeah. That's what this is.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Do you remember if there were other sports for girls to play in high school besides basketball?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">That's all we played, anyway.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span>Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span></span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">So I assume the schools in downtown Richland were a little bigger?</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> yeah. There were five grades in one building. Then we went over to the high school. And right by the high</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">school was a Methodist Church and a Seven Day Adventist. Catholics all had to go downtown because there were</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">no church. And so my dad found some building, and had to make a Lutheran church, because all Scandinavians</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">were Lutherans. And that's where he came from. So we all became Lutherans.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">So</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> you talked about that early school building, in Fruitvale, being used as a school building, a church, a grange. I</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">was wondering about other social activities, or community activities that </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">you might remember growing up. Were</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> there F</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">ourth of July celebrations, or community picnics or any of those sorts of things?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh, I've kind of forgot, but I think that it could've been used for anyt</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">hing. But those other things we</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">re always the</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">big things.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Them</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> were the days. And I had to run from our house, across the sagebrush to the school.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">So</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> what sorts of things growing up did you do for fun? Did you do fishing, or did you go swimming in the river, or</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">any of those sorts of things?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Well, my dad, when we were little, would take us down at the river and get us swimming to get cleaned up, so we</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">could go to church.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> See, we weren't too far from that Columbia River where we used to l</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">ive. But t</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">hat was in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">summertime.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> So we were tickled to death to get to go down there and swim.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Did the river ever freeze over when you were--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Not when we went down there. This was only in the summer.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah, sure.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">So the place where you grew up, in addition into a house, did you have a barn? Was there other buildings like an</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">outhouse, anything like that?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Kleinknecht:</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh yeah. We had outdoor toilets. Pumped our water out of wells, and when we milked the cow we had a</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">separator, and had to separate the milk and get the cream.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yep, we had all </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">them</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> old things. Had to pump water for washing clothes, taking baths, and put water in big tea</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">kettles so you could wash dishes. It was a different world then.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Did you have electricity at all?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">No. Not for years.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">How long did you live there in that place?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Gosh, I don't remember. It seems like my dad passed away, and my mom sold our house. And we moved over</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">next to that school house. There was an old building there. And she still kept a few cows, and just had a garden,</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">and like an orchard out in the fields. So after that, we were catching school buses.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">When you were growing up, what might a typical day have been like for you as a young girl?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">The what? </span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">What might a typical day have been for you as a young girl</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">The things you might have done on a typical day as a young girl, growing up.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Yeah. Well, I joined the</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> 4H group. For one thing, and we really had a lot of fun. Learned how to sew, and cook, that's what</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">4Hs were in them days. I don't know if they still have them or not.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I believe they do, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Do they? Yeah, t</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">hose were the days. Then there's times we'd, a few of us neighbor kid</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">s, get together and walk down </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">the river, and walk back up, and swing on swings. That was about the size of it.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I won</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">der if you remember anything--t</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">he Great Depression came along in 1929 or so, and I wonder if you</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> remember, with t</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">he Depression, anything specific that had impacted your family, or the community in any </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">way?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">No. I think because we raised everything we ate, my mom canned everything. And everything we had was from</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">the ground. And none of us suffered from it. Because we had our own m</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">ilk and those kind of things. Nope</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">, </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">them</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">were the days.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And so where were you living in 1943 during World War II, when the federal government came and created the</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Hanford site? Were you still</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh, I was married then. I got married in '38.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> That was a bad thing. The government gave everybody a check.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">They didn't even know this was coming. And told them to</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> get out, take everything you</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> got and leave. So my</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">mom went to Grandview. Some of them went up there, some went to Prosser, and a couple of them stayed there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">But they all had to leave town and they went to Kennewick.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">So your mother was still living on the same place at that time and she left and to Grandview?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah. <br /><br /><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman:</span> Were any of your younger siblings still living with her, or--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span>Kleinknecht</span></span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah, I think they were, because I was the oldest one.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> And s</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">o you said you got married in 1938?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">'38, yeah. <br /><br /><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman:</span> And who was your husband? How did you meet?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Umm, h</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">e was a friend of my sister's boyfriend.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">]</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">That's how I met him. In fact, his folks they didn't live too far from where we built a big house and lived in there, on</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Westhood Avenue.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> So y</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">ou said that you moved to Kennewick, right?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah. </span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">What was Kennewick like in 1938</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">It was real small. Just a small town, and it was just groceries and a couple drugstores. It's not pool halls like you</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">go down there now.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> what did y</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">our husband do? </span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> He was just a--</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">oh, he was a farmer but afterwards, he worked out in Hanford in</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">the fire department.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Do you know how long he was there or worked at the fire department?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I'm trying to think. They let him go, and then he got sick and passed away. It was probably something from out in</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">that area. But that's been several years ago.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Now, you mentioned going back to talking about the place where you grew up, that you had a well for water--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah, we pumped our water out of the well. For even the cows and the horses. And we had to bring the horses up</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> to the pump, because that's okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">. But he carried the water in a big wheelbarrow, in buckets, to put in a barrel down</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> for the cows. Bec</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">ause he wasn't about to, I'm sure, drag them up there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And did you have irrigation at all?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh yes! Oh, yes, not for the house, but for the fields. Oh yeah, we had K.I.D., just like they got now.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Were</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> there any other photos, Gary, that you wanted to talk about, or any other--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Well sure. We've g</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">ot her graduating class. Just--</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I'll hold it.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">What year is-- You said you graduated high school in what year is that?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">'38, or '36.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">1936. Graduating class of how many is that?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Graduating class of 15.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah. </span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Was that Columbia high school?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">No. Richland.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">The old Richland, right, sure. Richland, H</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">igh. Then it became Columbia, the</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Columbia High, you're right.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yep. Two, four, five boys, and the rest are girls.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">[L</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">AUGHTER</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">]</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Did you stay in contact with a lot of your high school friends after?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh after I graduated a</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">nd got married we all kind of--</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">then several years ago we had picnic lunches together, but</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">that's been a while back. But not many of them are here anymore.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Do you remember any of your teachers from the high school?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Oh, y</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">eah</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">. T</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">hat basketball player, oh that guy there. In the middle, up there, Mr. Carmichael.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> is that Mr. Carmichael?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Isn't that who the school was named after?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Mm-hm.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Was he a principal?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Yep. He was</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> a good guy.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> There was</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> a grade school and a high school in downtown Richland. And that was-- I</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> can't see the—193-</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">what?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Five.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah. Both are in 1935. Do</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> you know where in Richland that</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> would have been?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> You know where John Dam's grocery store used to be?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">No, is it--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">On Kennewick Avenue.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">[INAUDIBLE]</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">You don't know either, huh?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">That's all right.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I know where to pick them out.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: I know where the Amon B</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">uilding is.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Well, just back there a ways.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> But see, that's all that was around those buildings, just little--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Mm-hm. </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah, not a whole lot of other buildings there.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">No. I think there's a toilet in the back out there.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah, I would hope so.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Are there any things that you remember growing up or that</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> really stand out to you that--</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">memories you have, or</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">things that you think would be really important for people to know about this place where you grew up that we</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">haven't talked about yet?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Well, they would never have realized how we made our living off the ground.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Kids nowadays won't do that. Okay, h</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">ere is us kids driving the horses. Because we had no tractors.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And that's you and a couple of your siblings?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yep, a couple boys. Yep. That's old Prince and Henry.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And did you have the horses then the whole time you were growing up? You never got tractors?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Well, when my dad was alive, we never had a tractor. And t</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">here's that one with the hay. Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">, that's how</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Show</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">them. Show them how the haystacks were.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Can you talk about it?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah. I know us kids would get the hay in big stacks. Then we'd throw it up on this wagon. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">nd then tie--</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">they had</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">a rope here and here, and then time we got down to the haystack, they'd tie that rope up above in there, and then</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">pull it over. Roll it, that's how they got the hay in a big stack.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Sounds like a lot of work.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">It was. In the winter time, they'd take a great big canvas and cover the top of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> hay, so it wouldn't get wet </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">and ruined. That's how they fed the cattle and the horse.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> I was going to</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> ask you about any neighbors. Who were your closest neighbors, or did you have any really good</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">friends when you were growing up that you remember?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Oh, yeah. These are all--</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">were my neighbors when I grew up. First grade.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Oh. </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Who are they?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Tell them about them.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Oh, okay. That's, the Kaa</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">s boy, I can't think of his name right now. He lived right down a ways.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Is that Gordon?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">No.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">It's at the bottom, Mom.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh, </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">did I write it there? Oh, Ed Kaa</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">s, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> And then Phillip </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="SpellingError SCX99502551">He</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="SpellingError SCX99502551">mpcry</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">, right there and me, oh, and C</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">arol Hansen. He's</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">the little guy. But they're no relation. Yep. They all live not too far apart.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Right. In fact, I just talked</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> to Gordon Kaa</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">s this morning.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh did you?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">See, and then there was also anot</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">her one. Started with an F. Oh, ph</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">ooey. He lived down the Pol</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">e L</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">ine Road. There</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">was an irrigation canal between the school and the other families' farms.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And so you lived close enough to those families where you could--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">We played all the time, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">That's fun.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Gee, I can't think of that name, and I know it like I do even mine. I'll think of it.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">That's all right.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh! Yeah, my dad wanted to be baker. This is in Denmark. And his dad didn't want him to be a baker, so he and</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">his cousin jumped something and come to the United States from Denmark. And that's how come he met my mom</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">and that's how come I'm here.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">So, did he come to the United States-- do you know why the United States, was it just for opportunity?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Well, to get a good job. He wanted to maybe get to be a baker here. But he and his cousin, they went to Alaska.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Then they come to Seattle and worked on a farm. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> that's what got him interested</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">That</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">'s interesting because Gordon Kaas said that--</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I was just tal</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">king to him this morning--</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">his father is</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">from Denmark.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah. So two families from Denmark living very close.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Well, I'll be darned!</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">What was his name?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Kaas. His first name was--</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">well, Gordon </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Kaas</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> was the man I talked to this morning, but I think you're talking about</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">his older brother--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Harold. I'll be darned.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah, their father was from Denmark. </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Ini</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">tially, they went to Oregon somewhere--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> So, I’m trying to think of any--</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I guess one other question to ask you is, So you were married in '38 and moved to Kennewick, and I was just</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="SpellingError SCX99502551">gonna</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> ask you about when--</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">do you remember finding out about, for instance, about World War II? The Japanese</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">attack on Pearl Harbor, do you remember any of that? Any memories about hearing about that?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Pearl Harbor.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> I knew about it, and forgot about it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Who do I know about it?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">It's what started World War II.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Pearl Harbor?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">That's all right. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">nother question, </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Did</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> you have--</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">How did you get news? Was there a newspaper or anything?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Oh, yeah. </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Newspaper. When we were married, we had a little radio for a while, and then we got a TV.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">But when you were growing up, it was a newspaper?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Always. And a radio.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh when I grew up, you never had televisions. I don't think anybody did.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Do you </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="SpellingError SCX99502551">wanna</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> tell them about that?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh. Well, this is my mother, and sisters and brothers, and there's the horse.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">]</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> See, t</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">hat's how we heated up our house, with wood.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Yeah, sure, right.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Everybody did.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">What was the horse's name again?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Prince, one was Prince and one was Henry. I think that was probably Henry, because Prince was a little fussier.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And I don't think they would carry him out.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">So the horses were obviously very important.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> yes.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">For doing a lot of the work on your place.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Yep. </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Because we never had tractors. In fact, you couldn't afford to buy one if you did, if you would want one. Nope.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Them</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> were the days. Oh, yes, and here's my momma and my papa, and my two sisters. One of </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="SpellingError SCX99502551">them's</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> me.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">You're the oldest?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Second.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Oh, you're the second? Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">That's a great photo.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah, my dad--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">So that would've been some time in the 1920s, huh?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Early.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah. He's from Denmark. And he--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Do you know where-- You said she was living in Richland, right?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah. </span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Do you know where her family came from?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh, like, over on the coast. I was trying to think of the little name. Yelm.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Oh, Yelm, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Is that what you said, she had relatives here and that's why--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">That's why she came o</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">ver. I think she had a sister o</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">r an aunt or something. Nope, but I'll never forget our school</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">days.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">We're getting </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="SpellingError SCX99502551">kinda</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> low on them.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> That's Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: Do you </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="SpellingError SCX99502551">wanna</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> talk about--</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">well,</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> you've seen--</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">No, that's the little kids.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh, the grade school.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Let me hold it, Mom.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Just a minute, I </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="SpellingError SCX99502551">gotta</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> look at them. Oh, this is everybody in that school.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Gary</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">That's your first grade.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah. 1925. That's my first grade, yeah, but that's the five grades. They all dressed alike in them days.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">[LAUGHING]</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">We were all poor people.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">So if someone is to you, like, what sort of place Richland was like </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">to grow up in, what would you--</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">how would you</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">describe it? What would you say to them?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">In them</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> days?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah. When you were growing up.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Well, I'd been in that place for so long. I don't know. Because there was an irriga</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">tion ditch from the school to—</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">you</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">cross the bridge, then we'd go home. We used to stop and go swimming. Oh, I </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="SpellingError SCX99502551">kinda</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> liked where I lived. And then,</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">of course, after I got married my mom went to Grandview. But that wasn't my cup of tea.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Did your brothers and sisters, stay in the area?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I'm trying to think.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Or did they move elsewhere?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I think they moved elsewhere. I know one went down to Oregon, and the other went up north further. And then my</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">oldest brother was a heavy smoker. And he had to go pass away. I don't know where he ever got money to buy</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">cigarettes, but he did.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Anything else about growing up here in Richland that you want to make sure we know about, or?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Well, I just like the town, Old Richland. And then w</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">h</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">ere there is a yellow building</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> like before you go down to the</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">park, brick </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">building, that</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> used to be a two story building. And now it's only one. There was a John Dam store, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">a Murray Hardware, and--oh, what do you call them? It'll come to me.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">That's all right.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Name some names, quick.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Describe</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> what? Describe it.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">The store.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah, describe it. What did they do there?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh, like the shave and cut your hair.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Barbershop.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Barbershop? Yeah. Was there a movie theater down at all?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Not in Richland.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> No?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> You had to come to Kennewick to go to a movie.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> And they were cheap, ten cents. Cheap now, I</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">don't know if it was cheap then.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> My dad did take us kids to a movie once for a dime but it had to be a special.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Right, sure.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">No, </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">them</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> old days. Right now they're good old days.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">All right, well--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Would you like me to prompt her?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Sure</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> if there's something that you think--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I can probably pull a story or two out.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Sure, that's fine.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">. Did you guys have dances?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh yeah. </span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">. Did--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">In that school house.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And did your parents participate?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh, heavens, yes. This is the grange hall, after the meetings. My dad danced with every lady. But my mom wasn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">dancing. So I asked he</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">r why? She said, "I'm a Sunday s</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">chool girl." But she never learned to dance.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">So she wasn't </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="SpellingError SCX99502551">gonna</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> dance.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> No. She's a Sunday s</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">chool girl.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Did your dad ever help you gals, or your brothers and sisters get out to go to dances?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">With him.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: Oh, okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah, we all went to the dances.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">But your mom didn't approve?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">She went along, but she didn't dance. But I'd learned to dance all kinds of dances.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Do you remember when the last time you danced was?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I do.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">At your wedding?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">No.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">[LAUGHTER</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">]</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">You did there too.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">We out danced every--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">It was your 90th birthday.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Oh, yeah!</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah. You danced with me.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">That's a couple years ago.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">It was.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I forgot.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah, I love to dance.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">So the dances were in that same building as the school and the church grange meetings, or were they different?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">As we grew up, they were in there. But as we got older and the bigger schools they didn't do it anymore.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Oh, okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">We all went downtown to the schools</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> because they were much better schools. More new, indoor toilets, drinking</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">water, everything.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Do you remember when your dad got sick eventually and died, do you remember any of the stories that go along</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">with that?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">No. I know he passed away at home</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Do you remember what he died of?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I think it was his heart.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">It was hepatitis.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">It was what?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Hepatitis.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Hepatitis.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: It was, you called it, the yellow j</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">aundice.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh, I'd forgotten that. Yeah. That's been a</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">while back.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah, it was.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Yeah, h</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">epatitis.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> I was </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="SpellingError SCX99502551">gonna</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> ask you, y</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">ou and your siblings, were you all born at home?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Mm-hm.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">All at home?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah. Nope, doctors never come to your house in them days. You</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> had to deliver them yourself. Nope, </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">t</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">hem</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> were</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">different days.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Any other stories you think we should talk about?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: If you g</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">ive me a minute. Earlier there was a question about the river freezing over. It certainly wasn't when you guys</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">went swimming--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> no.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Did it freeze in the winter?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Was it common?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [Nods] </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">When</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> it froze.</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Did you ever go ice skating on it?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">No. We stayed away from it.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I was also </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="SpellingError SCX99502551">gonna</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> ask</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> you, I understand there was a f</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">erry that would transport people across the river</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> is that</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">right?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yep.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Somewhere--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Down south at</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Kennewick. It crossed over to Pasco.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">And that's how people could get across. There weren't any bridges at the time?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Yeah there was, but it was way down, like where it is now. But if you wanted to take the ferry over from Richland,</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">you wouldn't have to drive clear down there. And we did.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">How about the Timmerman ferry? Do you remember that one?</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> That</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> name sounds familiar. That was</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> the one across the Yakima? </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span class="SpellingError SCX99502551">‘Cause</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> the other one--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I think it was near the mouth of the Yakima, but I think it crossed the Columbia.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Could be. I've heard the name.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I'm not sure, it was before my time.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">I think that might be right. I think that's what I heard.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Well, that's the way the cookie crumbles.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Well, I want to thank you for coming in today and sharing your memories. And the photos are great as well, </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">those are terrific</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> photos.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Sure, I hope I give you some good</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">—</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Oh yeah!</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">It's very interesting stuff to hear about from people who lived here. Who know what was going </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">on.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">People would n</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">ever done what we did. [LAUGHTER</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">]</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">God.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Well thank you very much, I really appreciate you coming--</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> Imagine, milking cows? [LAUGHTER</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">] </span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: They still do.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX99502551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">Well some places. </span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX99502551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gary</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">With machines. </span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX99502551">
<p class="Paragraph SCX99502551"><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kleinknecht</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551"> With machines, y</span><span class="TextRun SCX99502551">eah.</span><span class="EOP SCX99502551"> </span></p>
</div>
Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
00:35:20
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
240kbps
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1918-2013
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Kass, Ed
Hempcry, Philip
Hansen, Carol
Kaas, Gordon
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Emma Kleinknecht
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Emma Kleinknecht conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
2016-06-13: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
6/12/2013
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Format
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video/mp4
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Richland (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Richland (Wash.)
swimming
-
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fd35964aec193b1b7fd28948c24cf64e1.jpg
ffbf5469442b4c402cf5a627b074bd5d
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fd33967aae97ba9a6a5cefd32188558af.mp4
492460847de1bc4edcc96e8b10af6349
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Post-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Robert Bauman
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Sally Slate
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">Robert Bau</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">man</span>: S</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">ay your name and spell your last name for us?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Sally Slate</span>: Okay. Sally Slate. S-L-A-T-E.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay. My name’s Robert Bauman and today’s date is August 5</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span class="NormalTextRun SCX184015053">th</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> of 2015. We’re conducting this interview at Sally Slate’s home in Richland, Washington. So let’s—if we could, start by having you give us some background information on when</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> you came to the Tri-Cities</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">, what brought you here?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Well, I was a new graduate from the University of Idaho in June of 1955. I guess I was attracted to this area because I was going with a young man that still had a couple of years of schooling, and I wanted to be kind of close to the Univers</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">ity of Idaho for him.</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> Unfortunately, we broke up. [LAUGHTER] But I came as a tech grad for GE. These were three-month assignments where we rotated different assignments. My first assignment was to open up the chemistry lab at PUREX building that was still under construction. </span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And were you familiar with Hanford before you came here? Did you know much about the place?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Yes, I was, because we have an atomic energy site near southern Idaho, and my father was working there. So I was quite well-informed. In fact, I’d taken some classes in nuclear energy. </span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">B</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">a</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">uman</span>: And had you been to Richland or the Tri-Cities before?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: No.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And did you have a first impression when you arrived?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Well, everybody had told me that I was going to hate it, that it was d</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">esolate, sagebrush. I came here and</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> I thought, gee, I’m at home! Snake River’s just around the corner. And [LAUGHTER] sagebrush, I’m well-acquainted with. Potato fields? Yes. And also, I felt very comfortable.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: So you said your first job was opening up the chem lab at PUREX.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Can you describe what that was like? What that work was like?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: It was doing a lot of dish-washing. Because everything had to be taken out of the boxes, we had to figure out where to put it in the lab, we had to get the equipment set up and tested. There were two</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> or three of us doing that job.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And can you maybe explain what PUREX </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">was, for [INAUDIBLE]?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: PUREX i</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">s the separatio</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">ns plant that was—the fuel</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> went in on one end of the building and made a continuous run and we got the p</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">lutonium and uranium separated at the end. The REDOX Plant, you had to do it in batches. But this was a continuous process, so it was going to be a little more efficient. As I say, it had not been—they were still under construction at the time that I was out there. And unfortunately, when we got here, nobody had Q clearances, and they thought that we needed Q clearances. So they set us in the unclassified library until they finally figured out that, oh, our clearances are all sitting on somebody’s desk and he’s on vacation, and you don’t need a Q clearance anyways, so put them to work! [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: So that was your first job. Where did you go from there?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Oh. The next job was at the REDOX Plant. It was not really a happy experience. I wanted to be in the lab. As a woman chemist, I don’t think they appreciated women chemists in the lab at that time. It was trying to put together a compilation of all of the procedures that were being done, and trying to classify them so that if we got some kind of an assignment, you had to—okay, we need this analysis done. What procedures do we have available to do it? And it was well before the capabilities of our computer systems and everything now. I just didn’t appreciate that assignment. Then I went into the classified library as an abstractor. Where I had to read all of the classified—we were one of four—reading classified materials that came in. Everything from books to reports and anything generated that came into the library. We had to write a small paragraph about what the—without saying anything classified. We did bibliographies, computer searches. Except it wasn’t a computer search, it was a search of the index cards and made up answered questions that would come in. That was an interesting job. But it wasn’t as fun as being in the lab.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And how long did you work there in the classified library?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Well, that was pretty much—well</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> that was a permanent position.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: I worked there until I had been married and was expecting a child. And then they required me to quit.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay. So you talked about being a woman chemist and </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">it didn’t seem like you were really welcome in the lab, or that they wanted—were there other women chemists around at the time?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: There were a few. There was a couple of others. Actually—let’s see. I’m thinking as the abstractors, the other chemist who was an abstractor was a mathematician. And the other woman was a mathematician. They were drawing the abstractors from the scientific fields, because you could teach somebody to be an abstractor, but you couldn’t teach the scientific part of it as easily.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Right. So was it a GE policy that when you were married and—</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Yes.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: --y</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">ou had to quit?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Yes. Five months, period.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Oh, you had five months after you—</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: After you got pregnant.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: After you got pregnant, that you could work and then you had to quit.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: That was routine. When I got to working in Idaho for Argonne National Lab, they said I could I work as long as I wanted. As long as I could do the job. Phi</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">l</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">lips Petroleum says, we think you’re pregnant. Prove it that you’re</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> not. Otherwise, you’re gone. There’s d</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">efinite bias there.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Oh</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: They didn’t want us riding the bus.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: And I was riding a bus 75 miles each way. Twice a day.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Do you know when that policy changed?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: I don’t. Because my next experience out here was in the ‘70s. And by that time, the policy had changed.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Sometime in between there.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Sometime in between.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Yeah, it changed. So let’s talk about transportation. You said you had to ride a bus out?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Pretty much every</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">day?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Here in Richland, we had the buses. They would pick up at specified places along the—in town. Or you could drive your car out to the big bus lot, and leave your car there and transfer to the bus that you were going to be going out into the Area on.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay. And where was the lot at?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Oh, go out Stevens, on the left-hand side as you go out Stevens.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: They’ve transformed it into—part of it was an area where the police are doing training. After they had just redone the parking lot and spent millions doing the parking </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">lot, then they decided, oh</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">, we’ll close the buses down. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: I wanted to ask you about housing when you arrived in Richland. What sort of housing was available, or wasn’t available?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">Sla</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">te</span>: Well, when you first come, </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">you check into the Desert Inn, which was the only hotel in town. </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">Then you check with the Housing Authority, and the housing office assigns you housing according to your job, and your status—your marital status. And being single, I was assigned to one of the dormitories. And we still see the dormitories around. W-5 was just off of Lee—Lee and Knight. It was definitely a dormitory. It had a house mother. Doors were closed on the weekdays at 10:00 at night. The doors were locked. It was later than that for the weekends. But you had a little room, furnished. If you took the furniture out and put your own furniture in, you couldn’t get their furniture back if you changed your mind. It was cheap.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Do you remember how much it cost?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: I don’t. But something--$20 a month or less.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And so how long did you stay in the dorm then?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: I stayed in the dorm until—well, I went into a private apartment with a friend. And then we got married and went into a two-bedroom prefab down here.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Oh, okay, sure.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: In the south end of town. When those houses went up for sale, we could have bought that house for $1,875. [LAUGHTER] Yeah. We thought it was too small for us, because by then we had two small children. We bought a pre-cut. Three-bedroom pre-cut from a friend. They didn’t want the house, but if they had just moved into the house that they were going to buy, they would have had to remove all of the improvements that they’d put into the house, which included the wall-to-wall carpeting, drapes, electrical for a dryer, a fenced-in backyard. All of that would have had to have been removed. And they would have lost all of that investment. So they bought the house and sold it immediately to us at a slightly higher price to accommodate for their investments.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: How would you describe Richland in the ‘50s? I know it was a government town, still, when you—</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: It was government town, yeah. Everything. The schools were—GE ran it all for the government. Police department, schools—just about all of the—anything that had to do with the town.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And did that change significantly when it </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">sort</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> of became its own city, then?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: It was very gradual. They</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> started selling the houses—</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">we became a town in October of </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">’</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">5</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">7? ’57. And th</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">e houses were being sold in ’58. E</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">arly ’58, we bought our house on Smith.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: I know one of the events from the community happenings or things was when President Kennedy came to visit in 1963. Were you here then?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: ’63</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> we were not.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Oh, had you—</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: We had left. Took a while to wander around to Idaho and Washington, but kept coming closer and closer, and finally said, we got to go home.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: You talked about having to get a—well,</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> you thought you had to get</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> your Q clearance, then didn’t have to get a Q clearance. What was security like at Hanford at the time? Would that impact your work—I mean you were </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">working in classified libraries, so that part--</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Yeah. You could get into—up to the 300 Area. But there was a barrier there. You couldn’t go through the bar</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">rier without a clearance. You </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">had to have at least a Q clearance—or </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">not a Q clearance, a N</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">il clearance is what they called it, was the beginning clearance. But then to get into the 200 Area, and to get into Two West, you had to have a Q clearance. That was just—you had a badge and it had your type of clearance on it. If you were working around the areas where there was a lot of radiation or po</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">tential radiation, then you’d wear</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> pencils, and you might wear a ring. The ring would be checked weekly, and if it showed anything, then they would check your badge. Badges were changed ou</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">t, I think, on a monthly basis.</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> I never was in a situation where I accumulated anything. You had hand and shoe counters that you had to check into the building</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> and check out of the building—</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">using the hand and shoe counters to make sure you weren’t carrying anything there. Because those would be the two areas that would be most apt to pick up something. </span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: So where was the classified library located?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: In the 300 Area. The building is still there. I don’t remember the building number. It was across from 319.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And you mentioned—so you got married in—</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: In March of ’56.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay, and did your husband also work at Hanford then?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And what area did he work in?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: He was at Three West Area. The REDOX area.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: We happened to be riding the same bus together.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Is that how you met?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">Sla</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">te</span>: Actually, we met at the Mart</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> cafeteria. That building on Lee and Knight that has Sirs and Hers Barbershop and had a gun shop in there. But at that time it was a 24-hour cafeteria. There was a drugstore in part of it. And there was a jewelry store up front and a little lounge area, the Evergreen Lounge, in the back. We’d just—I’d just gotten off of my first day of swing shift.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Oh.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: And he had just gotten off work. We were in there having coffee. The girl I was with knew him, and knew the other fellow that he was with. But then I discovered that we rode the same bus. Or, rather, I made sure we rode the same bus. [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">So how was Hanford as a place to work, then? I know you talked about not really being able to work as a chemist [INAUDIBLE]</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Well, I don’t think it was any different than working anywhere else at that time. Because there were restrictions everywhere. My origi</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">nal plan when going to college—</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">I wanted to be a veterinarian. And after one year of pre-vet being the only girl in the School of Agriculture, I was told there was no way in hell that a woman would be accepted into the School—</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Oh.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: --of Veterinary Science. And that I needed to choose something else. So, I went into chemistry, which is another love that I had. I was one of two women—first two that had graduated in chemistry in five years from the University of Idaho. And now, you know what percentage of women are. Far more women than men. And the same veterinary school now.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">[PHONE CHIMES]</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Sorry about that. Talking about Richland, I was going to ask you one other question about the town. In terms of entertainment or things to do for fun, what was there in the area in 1955, ’56?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Well, pretty much the same things that we have now. </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">The </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">Richland Players was a movie house at that time. The roller skating rink was there. We could ride horses—we could rent horses out on Van Giesen. Boating. Pretty much the same mix of things that we have now. At that time, we had the symphony, we had Richland Players, although they were having their plays in the schools at that time. But those were the things—and bowling. </span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: So when did you move away from Richland, and when did you come back then?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Oh. We left in ’58, ’59. We left in ’59—June of ’59. And we came back for good in ’71.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Had the place changed a lot in that time?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Grown! Yes. Not so much Richland. Although it was beginning to grow. But the areas between Richland and Kennewick that used to be grapev</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">ines and all kinds of farmland where </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">Columbia Center was getting started and it just—I didn’t know my way around.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: [LAUGHTER] Are there any things I haven’t asked you, or anything you’d like to talk about that you haven’t had a chance to talk abo</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">ut yet, in terms of your work</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> at Hanford, or--?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: At Hanford? Of the early years?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Yeah!</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: I don’t know. I enjoyed it very much. It was very mentally stimulating. And even the recreational things that were here were—because we had the symphony, we had the Richland Players. And it’s good to see that they are growing. If we’d only get our performing arts center.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: I’m with you on that. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">Man three: We’re with you.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: And they’re saying 20, 30 years, and I don’t have that many years left, I’m afraid.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Well, I want to thank you very much for letting us come to your home and interview you, talk to you. I appreciate your sharing your experiences with us very much.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Well, it’s been kind of interesting, thinking back to those days.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man three</span>: I had a quick question, comment.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Yeah?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man three</span>: So when you were in the labs—</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man three</span>: What would you do? What were you doing in, like the PUREX or the—what sort of thing would you do?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Oh. Well, the laboratory was an analytical lab. And they were divided into hot sections and cold sections. The hot section would receive the really radioactive materials that had to be handled in big glass-enclosed, with lead—a glass so wide. But I was never involved in that real high level. By the time I got things, it was down to the very low level radioactive materials that we could handle in a hood with ventilation. We wore just a lab coat. I’m trying to think if we even, in those days—I don’t think even at REDOX that I was involved with anything higher than just very low level materials. And we would separate out the plutonium or the uranium out of the fraction that we got, and would pipette it onto steel planchets. Little steel discs. And then the discs would go downstairs to the counting lab, and would be put into the counting lab and they would determine how many counts per minute were coming off of that. That would tell them the amount of radiation that there was, the amount of material that there was in that. We did everything in duplicates and triplicates, to make sure that we hadn’t made a mistake.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">Most everything was done triplicates</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man three</span>: So you didn’t work in the hot cells because of gender?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: No, no. I didn’t work in the hot cells because I didn’t work in the—I was never assigned to it.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man three</span>: But that wasn’t a gender-based—</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: No.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man three</span>: I was trying to—</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: No, I don’t think it was gender-based at all.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man three</span>: The other question I had was—so, GE and stuff, if you</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> we</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">re five months pregnant, then that was the time to separate.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: Yep.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man three</span>: Did you have a job to come back to, or that was terminated?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: [LAUGHTER] You had a job to come back to if there was a job available. That was part of the reasoning, they said, </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">oh, that </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">going into the classified laboratory was perfect for you, because there’ll always be a job available. Little did they know that computers were coming along, and computers were going to do all the abstracting and all the bibliography. You’d punch in a question and they’d come out with all the answers of here’s the materials that we have available on that subject. So computers did away with that job.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Right. </span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">Had your old job been available, would you have had it, or would you have had to reapply?</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>: I would have had to reapply.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Yeah, that’s what I was thinking.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> Yeah, it wasn’t an automatic thing.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX184015053">
<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Slate</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"> You were expected, as a young married mother, to stay home with your children. At least until they got into school. That wasn’t to say that there weren’t people who went back to work right away. But it was not the usual thing. Of course, I wanted to be able to stay home with the kids. By the time I had three, I had to go to work. [LAUGHTER] By that time, I started looking around and thinking, well, what can I do? I can go back to school and get a job as a teacher. So I got my teaching degree. And I taught school for five years until we decided we got to go home, we got to come back here to Richland. And that’s when I got back into the chemistry.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: All right, w</span><span class="TextRun SCX184015053">ell, thank you again very much.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man three</span>: Thanks.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: I really appreciate your time and letting us come in here. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX184015053"><span class="TextRun SCX184015053"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man one</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX184015053"> </span></p>
</div>
Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
00:30:46
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
223 kbps
Hanford Sites
Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview
300 Area
200 Area
Reduction-Oxidation Plant (REDOX)
Plutonium Uranium Extraction Plant (PUREX)
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
Sally Slate passed away on July 26, 2017.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Sally Slate
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Sally Slate conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Creator
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Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
2016-07-19: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Subject
The topic of the resource
Richland (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Hanford (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Nuclear weapons plants--Health aspects--Washington (State)--Hanford Site Region
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
8/5/2015
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Format
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video/mp4
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
200 Area
300 Area
Hanford (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963
Kennewick (Wash.)
Plutonium Uranium Extraction Plant (PUREX)
Reduction-Oxidation Plant (REDOX)
Richland (Wash.)
-
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ffe043af3846776e389ff8a8681a88431.jpg
1d9746b2f7feed8074166fc471965977
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F36e58cb630d8fbdedc6ee21db97c8258.mp4
06e803929dbc9370d6cde92f8b1e162e
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Pre-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area prior to the Manhattan Project
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area prior to the Manhattan Project
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><strong><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Northwest Public Television | </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span class="SpellingError SCX30075691">Kaas_Gordon</span></span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></strong></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Robert Bauman:</span> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So just for official purposes, my name is Robert Bauman and I'm conducting an oral history interview with Mr.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Gordon Kaas. Is it Kaa</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">s?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Gordon Kaas:</span> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yes.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Ok</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ay</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">. On June 12, 2013. And the interviews are being conducted on the campus of Washington State University Tri</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">-</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Cities. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And I'll be talking with Mr. Kaa</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">s about his family's history and memories about their experiences in Richland</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">growing up in that community.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> So maybe, Mr. Kaa</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">s, you can tell me, first of all, a little bit about your family and maybe how your family came to</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">the Richland area.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well my father was an immigrant from Denmark and he came here right after the turn of century. Lived in Madras,</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Oregon for a while and his brothe</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">r was up here in Richland. He co</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">me up here and he was a farmer. He bought</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">some ground here in what's North Richland and planted the majority of the acreage to apples.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">His brother took care of the orchard for about the first three years while he lived in Madras, Oregon. That's where</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">he met my mother and they were married. And they moved up here I think it wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">s 1915, after the orchard began to bear</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">My oldest brother was born in Madras, and then I've got two older brothers, Nelson and George, that were born</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">here, plus my only sister, and then myself and my twin brother. The three older brothers are deceased now but</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">my sister and my twin brother are still living.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And do they live in the area here?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">My sister lives in Kennewick. That's Alice Chapman, her husband James, live in Kennewick. And my twin brother</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">and I married sisters, but they live in Kenai, Alaska. And he was a plumber.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">When I got out of high school, we had moved to Kennewick in 1943, because the government said to pack your</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">belongings and go, you've got 30 days. However, we lived far enough north that they gave permission for those</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">that lived up on from here, there's a little rise in the contour, that area they let farm their crop that year. So instead</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">of moving in February or March, we didn't move until November of 1943. That's where the remaining five of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">six children were born.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So you'd mentioned your father came from Denmark.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yes.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I wonder if you could talk a little bit about what you know about why he came to the United States, and maybe the</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">same for your mother.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well, my </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">mother was an immigrant also, e</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">migrated from Prince Edward Island, Canada. And I had the pleasure</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">of visiting back there this past summer. First time I'd ever been there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">My father came over because of the opportunities that were in the US, and there was a lot of people moving to the</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> New W</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">orld. His background was farming. I think I mentioned he was the youngest of 12 children, and two brothers</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">and a sister had immigrated over here ahead of him. So he had a little forewarning of what was here.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And at that time, this area here in Hanford and White Bluffs was a fairly new irrigation area and was attracting</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">people from around the coun</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">try</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">, and around the world, I guess you could say. Because there was other Danes</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">and Norwegians and Swedes here. When I was small, when I grew up, we had an apple orchard. But during the</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Depression in the ‘30s</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">, apples was one thing that people didn't have to have and consequently, the market</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">went away. And at that time, peppermint was coming in and he </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">hired a county bulldozer to come in and bulldoze</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">the trees out and planted peppermint. And raised peppermint, as long as we was on the farm.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I should clarify that in 1949 I lost my father, and I and my twin brother were between our sophomore and junior</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">year in high school, so we became the farmers. And that was after we had moved from Richland to Kennewick.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">We had a 40 acre farm here in Richland and the war took my three oldest brothers. My father had the option of</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">keeping one of them at home to help on the farm, but he wouldn't do that. My sister, and my twin brother and</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">myself</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> became farmers fairly quick. And then we moved to Kennewick in 1943, and in 1948 he had come down</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">with cancer. And in '49, he passed away in the middle of August of '49.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">By that time my twin brother and I was the only ones still in school and we became students and farmers both.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And then after we graduated from high school, my mother leased the place out. And I ended up taking a job out in</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Hanford. I worked out there for 21 years, but</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> never got the thought of the fa</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">rm out of my head. In 1972 my wife</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">and I and </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">we had two children at that time, a son and a daughter. And we bought a farm six miles north of Pasco. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">that's been our home ever since.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So you returned to your farming roots?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yes.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yeah</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> What about your mother? You said your father passed away, unfortunately, in 1949. How about your</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">mother?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">My mother lived for some years later. I think she died in-- I can't remember the da</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">te on it like I can my father—</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">but</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">in the mid '70s. I think it was '78 that she passed away. And at that time the farm was being sold for plots for</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">houses</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> and now it's all houses.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So how many so how many children were there in your family then? How many siblings did you have?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">There were six.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Six, okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I had three older brothers. Then my sister come along. And then to finish out the six was my twin brother and I.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">You and your twin brother. And you and your twin brothe</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">r were born in hospital</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">We were the only ones that were born in the hospital. Because thought there might be some complications. So we</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">were born in the Pasco Lady of Lourdes Hospital. The rest were all at home.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And you talked about how the primary crop was apples for quite a wh</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ile until at some point in the D</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">epression you</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">shifted to peppermint. Is that right?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yes.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And were there other crops that you grew as well?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well, we had of course, alfalfa because we had a few livestock. We had asparagus. And that was up early and</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">that was the asparagus fields. My three older brothers were in t</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">he service. Two of them in the A</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">rmy and one in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Navy. We'd get up early and go cut asparagus.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And when we were left on our farm through the summer we'd see everything booming out here, trucks going by.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">We lived right on </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">George Washington Way. And we'd be out in the field and watching the trucks headed north</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">where</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> the construction was going on. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And we had strawberries. We had a few potatoes. Then, of course, peppermin</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">t. And all that ground was real </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">irrigated.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">How was that irrigated?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Real irrigated where you had corrugates that the water ran down. And so I was </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">changing water twice a day. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">my father worked from daybreak to dawn. But as t</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ime went on, we were more help. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">After the military took my three brothers my dad bought a tractor. And he didn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> like the tractor. He liked the </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">horses. So my twin brother and I, we got a lot of practice on the tractor. He put</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> us out on the field and get us </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">started an</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">d he'd go do some other chores. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">We, my twin brother and I, we continued to farm the Kennewick farm. Which, was d</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ownsized. It was only 20 acres. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">At that time though, you could mak</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">e a living on a farm that size. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">But I lost my oldest brother in the war. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">the next oldest one was in the A</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">r</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">my and over in Germany. And the </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">third from the top was in th</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">e Navy and over in the Pacific. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And after the war was over they came home and took jobs out at Hanford, my rem</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">aining two brothers. And when I </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">finished school I got a job out there. And my brother worked out there. My twin brother worked out there on</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> construction. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I was a power operator. And in 1972 I'd been wanting to get out on</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> a</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> farm and I said</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">, I got to make the move before </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I'm 40 or I'm going to give it up. And we found a place to</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> buy. And it's been good to us. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">My main crop, it started off being alfalfa and wheat and sweet corn. But after a </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">couple years I got into raising </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">potatoes. And that ended up being our main crop until I quit farming.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Got it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Let me just go back and ask you another question, too, about your family farm that you grew up on. So were the</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">re </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">other buildings besides the houses? The barn? Any other buildings? And you said it was 40 acres. Is that correct?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">40.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And so I wonder how large the house was? Were there any other buildings as well that were part of the farm?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well, back then it didn't take as much a house as it does today. When my f</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">olks moved up here from Madras, </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Oregon--</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">and I can't tell y</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ou--I think it was around 19</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">17 or 1918. They </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">had the ground but there was no buildings on it. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">But there was a small house. I think it was about a two-room house that my d</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ad's brother and </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">him</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> moved from what would be over on--is that--</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">what st</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">reet is that? Over to the west? </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Anyway, they moved it from there to onto Georgia Washington Way where we live</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">d. And then he added onto that. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And then just before the government came in, we had enlarged the house and th</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">e next year was another project </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">to finish it. But it started off being a two bedroom. And small ones at that.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Now, it was originally, was there an outhouse? What did you have?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">We didn't have neither electricity or r</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">unning water in the house until--</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">it was about 1940.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So not too long before the war.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yeah.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And that was a big improvement. My mother didn't have to pack water for the washing machine or carry it out. But</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">we didn't have any electricity.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So the washing machine had a little gas </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">engine on it. And like most, Monday was wash day. And that'd be all she'd</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">get done except cooking some meals.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So was there a well?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yes, we had a well.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">That was before my time. But I remember that he had a nephew that came </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">over from Denmark plus my uncle </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">lived here and there was a hand-dug well. And that was on the proper</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ty that is the Energy Northwest </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">h</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">eadquarters now.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Oh, okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">. And what about neighbors? Who were your closest neighbors? Were there other famili</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">es that you </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">socialized with?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>: Well, yes. We had one neighbor that lived right across the road. And others close</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">. I can say there was one, two, </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">three</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">about five that lived in walking distance. You know</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">, a 20-minute walk at the most. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">It was interesting. In the early spring of 1943 there was a number of cars that ha</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">d come into town. And they were driving different places. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">It was late enough that some farmers were out in the field. The next day they were </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">all in town at the schoolhouse. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And they called to me and said that the whole community, including White Bluffs i</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">n Hanford was being evicted for a government project. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And that's all they would say. Nobody knew what was ready going on out t</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">here until after the bombs were </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">dropped. And it was interesting when those people that were here d</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">riving in cars were appraisers. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And they were going around and appraising the farms of how much to give th</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">e farmers for it. Some got very </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">nervous. They thought if you didn't take the first</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> they might just haul you out in handcuffs </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">or whatever. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">But they allowed if you didn't accept for the third appraisal. My father a</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ccepted the third appraisal. My </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">grandmother, she got nervous. And they got her to sign. I think </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">it was on the second appraisal. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">But my father, if you didn't sign and take the third appraisal, then they would take it</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> to court. But they give you, I think </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">it was 80% of the offer. And there were a few that took it to cou</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">rt. But my father thought the--</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">But the surprising part about that is the farmers that took the money and couldn'</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">t find a farm, the price of the </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">farmland was going up so fast that what would buy a farm when they got the mo</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ney, a</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> year later was probably only half enough. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So those people put a hardship on them. But I can't say our situation put a hardship. Becau</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">se we was able to find </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">a farm and it was a good form.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Do you have any idea how much your parents got for the farm?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">You know, I've been wondering that myself. But what I can tell you is that the 20</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> acre farm we got, it had a big </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">house on it. It had a five-bedroom house plus porch,</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> front and back. It was $7,200. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And I'm sure it was in that neighborhood, maybe a little more. Because it was 40 a</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">cres rather than 20. And it was </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">the only house still standing in North Richland until it too was torn down oh, 15, 20 years ago.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Oh, it stood for that long?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yes</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> because the criteria was that if it had indoor plumbing and electricity they </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">would save it if they could and </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">somebody would move into it. And a pa</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">trolman that was hired by the--</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">well, I guess it was GE back then. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Or no, it </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">was DuPont.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">DuPont?</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Mm-hm.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">He want</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ed that house. And he got the okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> on it. But he would come by about e</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">very three or four days and see </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">what the</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> progress was of us moving out. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">He was anxious to move in. There was a shortage of homes. And it was used for liv</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ing for a few years and then it </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">was right in the middle of that big trailer camp that was out here. And it was turned </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">into the office for the trailer </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">camp.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So he moved in shortly after your grandma left then?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yes. When he could see the date that we was going to be out, he had his stuff packed and ready to move.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And so how old are you at this time? About 9 or 10 years old? Somewhere in there?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I was 12 years old when we moved.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> So we moved and we were still moving in N</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ovember. Because that's when my </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">birthday</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> is. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And I remember the time we took the tractor with a big trailer we had behind it wi</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">th some of the last things. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">my dad let me drive it after we got off the highway. I was 12 years old. And our </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">farm, in Kennewick, the address </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">was 3904 West Fourth Avenue now.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So what did you think about this at the time as a young boy? You had spent your who</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">le life, at that point, on this </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">farm. And you're suddenly having to move. What did you think? And do you know</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> what your parents thought? Did </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">you talk to them?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well, we spent a lot of time driving around to find a farm. We looked up a lot up </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Prosser </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Way. I can remember </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">sitting out in the yard there for a couple of hours, my mother and dad talking. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And there was a nice big house, older house. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">It was a little smaller farmer than we had gotten. They finally decided they would </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">take it. And my dad went to the </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">door and said, we've talked it over and we'd like to buy your farm. And they said, </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">well, we're sorry. My husband's </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">down at the court house signing papers on it n</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ow. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So we were back to looking again. But you can imagine a 12-year-old. We thought thi</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">s was kind of a thrill, driving </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">around looking at farms and discussing it and where we was going to live. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I can remember several farms we </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">looked at that some of them had a nice house. But the property wasn't the best. T</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">he soil wasn't the best. But we </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">was happy when we settled on this one in Kennewick.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So for you, maybe the fact that you ended up with a nice farm in Kennewick--</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yes, it was a nice farm. Kennewick is a little bit rocky. But it's bearable. The farm </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">we had out here in Richland was </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">a lot </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">more sandy</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">. But heavier soil, you can raise better crops. But sandy soil is easier to farm.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So I want to go back to also talking about your early years here. Where did you g</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">o to school? And what was the </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">school like? And how many? How big was the school? That sort of thing?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">The </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">school I went to was built in--</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">which was Lewis and Clark school down in</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> south Richland. And the year I </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">started there</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> it was brand new. Because of the D</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">epression there was money f</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">or stuff like that, to generate employment. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And Hanford got a new school. And Richland got a new school. And that's where I s</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">tarted the first grade, my twin </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">brother and I.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">My sister was four years ahead of us. So she was in an old school that they immediately tore down after the new</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">school was built. But my dad was a well thought of man here in this area. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> when</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> the irrigation district was in,</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">neighbors twisted his arm till </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">he agreed to </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">go on the board for irrigation. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Same for the school district. He was on the board, directors there. In fact, he was</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> the president of the board and </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">signed a c</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ouple of my brothers' diplomas. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And after we moved, well, some would know Jay Perry, who was a county co</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">mmissioner in Kennewick. And he </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">came and wanted my dad to run for his pl</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ace. They talked quite a while. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And my dad said, wel</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">l, Jay, that would never work, b</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ecause you're a Democrat and I'm a R</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">epublican.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> He said, I'd </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">do anything t</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">o get you in. Whether you're a Republican or not. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So th</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">at's the only way I knew of </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">what his preference of party. But there was, f</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">or farmers back then, there was </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">more done for the farmers than a lot of people.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So do you know how big the school was? Do you know how many students there were about?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well, it was an eight-room school, first through the eighth grade. And I would</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> say, there was probably on the </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">average of at least 20 in each class. Then when things got a little tougher, first,</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> well, second grade and half of </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">third was in one room. And the other half of third and the fourth grade was in a</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">nother room. So they were small </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">enoug</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">h then that they could do that. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">But </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">that school was tore down for the </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">replacements that there are now. But it was a nic</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">e all-brick school that for old </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">time's sake, I hated to see it go. But both of my children started in that school.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Oh, did they really?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">For first grade. Because we lived in the south end of Richland at that time. And our</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">what is</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> the--</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">the</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Justice over in </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Pasco, he went to that school. My son went with him. Cameron Mitchell.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Oh, Cameron Mitchell, sure. So what sorts of things did you do for recreational activities growing up on your farm?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Oh, main thing for recreational was work. But we did have time. And when we were l</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ittle my dad didn't require us to--</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">We never were slave labor by any stretch. But we'd roller skate out on the roa</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">d. There wasn't very many cars. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And we'd play hide and seek and one thing my dad let us do is a couple horse to a</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">n old sled that we had that was </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">about four by six, to a horse. And take our dog and we'd go out hunting j</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ackrabbits. Didn't have a gun. But that </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">dog could catch the jackrabbits. And we'd probably get five</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> or six every time we went out. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">They'd be just wandering out through the sagebrush. We was out at the edge o</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">f the farming community here in </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Richland. So ther</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">e's plenty of sagebrush ground. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And we thought that was great, to go out with the dog. My twin brother and I, an</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">d my three cousins from over on </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">the coast would come here. I got a picture of it. Looking at it yesterday, that a</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ll five of us on that sled, out </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">jackrabbit hunting. But just things like that. What kids </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">do.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Sure.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Bicycles.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Oh</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Yeah.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> So you were on a farm. Did you go into town much? Into the town of Richland?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well, it was a five-mile drive on the school bus. Back then we didn't have t</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">hese factory-made school buses. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Generally a farmer would say, I'd like to build a bus and hire it to haul the students.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well, there was an aisle down the center that you sat back to back to and then down each side. And it was just</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">made out of an old truck. And we didn't know what heaters were. Wintertime got pretty cold.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">But--</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">[PHONE RINGS]</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">No cellphones then</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> either.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Huh?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">No cellphones then either.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I meant to take it out. But I forgot it.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">That's all right.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I think I was in about the third grade when we got factory manufactured school bu</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ses. And they looked as long as </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">a train. And there was three of them. And that picked up stude</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">nts all over the Richland area. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And then it wasn't too long after that the government came in and the area just </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">exploded. And it was surprising </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">when you had to, how fast they could put buildings up. They had people in here.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> They added onto the school and </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">built more schools. But after '43 I wasn't here much.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Did you start going to school in Kennewick then at that point?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yes. I think I was in the fifth grade when we moved to Kennewick.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I was wondering about sort of community activities. Do you have any memories of c</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ommunity picnics or 4th of July </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">celebrations? Anything along those lines?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well, yes.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> In that time, the boat races--</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">that would be equivalent t</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">o what we have now here in the Tri-C</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ities—was </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">up at White Bluffs. And I remember, several times being young, going up there and watch the boat r</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">aces. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">th</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">en there was community picnics. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I remember looking at some books at the county fair, before they registered at th</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">e picnics, they had them. Found </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">a couple where my folks, my dad registered as being at the picnic, 4th of July picnic, I think they</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> were. Then there </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">was plenty of family gatherings. Maybe two, three, four families would get together </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">and go to the park. But I don't </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">know, it never seemed like we lacked activity.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">What about churches? Were churches close by? Did your family go to church regularly? And where were they?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">What</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> church, you say?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yeah, churches</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Well, my folks heard the G</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ospel by</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> two homeless ministers in 19</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">21. And the chur</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ch met in a home. And I'm still </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">in that faith today. We don't have church buildings. So there was churches in t</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">own. But they accepted that way </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">and the family grew up in it.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">. So you mentioned earlier, talking about the Depression, and how your fat</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">her then sort of changed crops, </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">right? Primary crops. Did you know of any families in the area that maybe lost th</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">eir farms? Or did you see any </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">other impact of the Depression for other families or for the town itself?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Well, my uncle</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> lost his--</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">that lived, oh, half mile or less from us. And I remember my dad saying he wanted him to</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">financially help him. He was a bachelor. He had never married until he was 82, I think. And then he married his</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">sweetheart</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> that he had when he was young.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And neither one of them, they were </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">married. They got back together </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">in old age.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">That's quite a story. Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">But anyway, my dad had to decline him because he said, Jim, I've got a family. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> if I did that I would probably </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">lose my farm too. And you're single. Realized I hate to say no. But I just don't have i</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">t where I can feel that I could </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">do it. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">there were others the same way. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">But you have to remember that I was-- that was not something I can physically r</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">emember. I was too early in the </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">'30s. I was born in '32. I</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> remember him talking about ones</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> that sold out or it didn</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">'t have any equity and couldn't </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">make payments. But my father was very frugal. He didn't buy what he couldn't afford,</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> which was very little, that he bought. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">But yes, when my father decided to push out the orchard, we had a big enough orcha</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">rd. In fact, it was the largest apple orchard in the Tri-C</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ities. I can't tell you how many acres it was. But it was 15 acres or so.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Do you know what kind of apples?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">At that time, Red Delicious. But he made the decision to take the apples out</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> beca</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">use every year he'd be losing a </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">little more money. And plant peppermint. Well, 100 pounds to the acre of peppermin</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">t oil was considered excellent. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And I never remember hi</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">m getting less than 100 pounds. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And I remembered selling for $7 a pound. And today the price of oil isn't that much bett</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">er. It's just that the farmers' </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">farms are a lot bigger.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Mm-hm.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> I think, from what I've heard, I know some people that a</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">re farming peppermint and $9 or </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">$10 I think would be an excellent price now.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So what happened with your uncle then? He lost his farm you said? What did he do at that point?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">My uncle?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">M</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">m-</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">hm.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">He moved to Oregon. And lived in Troutdale for quite a while. I think he just hired </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">out. He was a stonemason, brick </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">mason. And I think he made a living at that.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I want to ask you a little bit about, you talked about the war a little bit and that you</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">r older brothers all joined and </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">went to serve. Do you remember hearing about the war? And have any memories about that at all?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yeah, when the war come on, </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">some time</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> during that we got a radio. And I k</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">now my dad listened to the news </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">every evening. My oldest brother, Edward, that was born in Oregon and was the </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">only one that wasn't born here, was drafted into the A</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">rmy. And he took his training down in one of the southern st</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ates. I can't remember for sure now if it was Texas, or--. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Anyway, they ended up sending him to a little place by Washington</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> D</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">C</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> that they cal</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">l </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span class="SpellingError SCX30075691">Vint</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Hill Farms. And it was a </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">training, a special training area. And he worked there as, we'd probably called it </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">a cadre that helps do training. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">But there everything was coal fire</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">d</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">. So in the wintertime they had to keep the furnace going and the hot water</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">heater going and snow </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">removal or whatever. And he never did go overseas. But he was on a laundry run.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And he was riding in the back of a deuce and a half army truck. And a Lincoln hi</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">t the truck head on. And he was </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">thrown up against the cab and killed. So he wasn't-- he didn't see overseas action</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">. But I remember that was a sad </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">day for the family.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I imagine. You mentioned having the radio. Did your family get that before the </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">war or at some point during the </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">war, you remember?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">It was during the war. I don't remember. We didn't have a radio while we were still in Richland.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Oh, okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">. You got it after you have moved to Kennewick at some point.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">. So how did you get news when you were in Richland? Was there a local newspaper?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yeah, there was a newspaper. And don't ask me if</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> it was daily or weekly or semi-</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">we</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ekly. But well, I guess, in the </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">old days,</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> we took the Spokesman Review. I don’t think--there wasn't a local newspaper. T</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">h</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ere might've been a weekly. But </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">you're getting too far back in my brain.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yeah, do you know how your family found out about the war, that United States w</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">as going to war? Was it through </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">the newspaper? Or sort of word of mouth?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well, I think all the above. You know, neighbors were close and we did get th</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">e Spokesman Review. And I don't </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">know if it was a day late. I think it came down on the trai</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">n. So it could be the same day. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">At that time Pasco, its main industry was the train. A train town. And Richland was </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">just a little farming community </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">along with White Bluffs and Hanford.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Right. And then was it in the spring of '43 that you first heard about that the g</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">overnment was coming in and was </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">going to be taking people--</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Yes, y</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">es. 1943.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">But your family, you have sort of the rest of that growing season. Is that right?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well, it must've been later in February or maybe first part of March that that h</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">appened. I suppose there's some </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">way I could find out. But I do know that the ones that lived in what we call downt</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">own Richland didn't get to stay </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">and farm their crop. And we did.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yeah. I wonder if there's anything that we haven't talked about yet that you think wo</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">uld be important to talk about, </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">something you know, about growing up in Richland, ab</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">out the community itself, about </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">farming?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well, we had a great swimming pool, Columbia River. Also fishing. Never had a fan</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">cy fishing pole. But go down to </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">the river and cut off a large willow, tie the line on the end of it. Works </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">good</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">What</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> sort of fish did you catch with that?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Probably mostly carp. Occasionally we'd get an edible fish.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> But we enjoyed doing it</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">. Some real hot days, the whole </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">family would go to the river. Our firewood, you could put on what they call a boom ou</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">t on the river. It'd be several </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">logs fastened together with chain or cable. And have </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">an anchor out on the upper end. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So it would catch all the wood that was coming down. And that's where we got th</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">e firewood. And for the icebox, </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">we'd go down and my dad would saw chunks of ice out of the river and we had a</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> sawdust bin that we would bury </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">the ice in there and it would last long ways into the summer. So things were a littl</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">e bit crude back then. But none </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">of us died from it. We all made it.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Right. [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">What about in the winter? You know, in terms of the river, the river ever freeze ove</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">r? What sorts of things did you </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">do? Any things that you can say--</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">All I can remember about that is that what I've been told. I think I was about two ye</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ars old when it froze over. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">they even drove cars across it. I don't think we had any bridges at that time. It wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">s a ferry that would ferry cars across. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And it seems like the winters don't get as cold as they used to here. I don't know if it'</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">s a cycle or what it is. But my </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">younger years, we could ice skate on the river, most all winters.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Mm-hm. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So that was something you did in the winter then</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> for fun</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well, I don't remember doing a whole lot. But you know, the river is danger</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ous, and we knew it back then, i</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">f the </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ice only goes out a sma</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ll ways. So my folks wouldn't--</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I just know that my folks would</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">n't have let us go to the river </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">to ice skate if the ice wasn't thick enough.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And you mentioned a ferry. Where was the ferry landing?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Well, there was the ferry la</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">nding down at what's Columbia Point</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> I think</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> now. An</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">d there was another one between </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Kennewick and Pasco. There was another one up at Hanford, one across. It would come and go as the need</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> was. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">But I remember the first bridge across the Columbia was long enough ago that I can't really remember it.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">. I want to ask you a little bit about your employment at Hanford. When did yo</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">u start working at Hanford? And </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">how long did you work there? And what sort of work did you do there?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well, I graduated high school in 1951. And of course, we were still farming the gr</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ound. I did take a job in wheat </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">harvest. And my brother stayed and did the chores that had to be done through the summer. And so my mother</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">paid him what I made, the same amount that I made. So it wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">s like both of us having a job. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">After wheat harvest </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">was over in September of 1952--I think it was, yeah, 1952--</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I w</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ant out and applied for work at </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Hanford. And I got a job in the power department, running the steam boilers and tur</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">bines and that's out there. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I worked there for 14 y</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ears. It was all under GE then. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I finished up in what was called the N Reactor. And that's when they built a st</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">eam power plant just across the </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">fence from the N Reactor. And I applied for a job there with, at that time was t</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">he Washington Public Power. Now </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">it's Energy Northwest. And I stayed there until '72 when I got the craz</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">y idea of being a farmer again. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And haven't really regretted it. You go from being carrying a dinner pail to being</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> a businessman in one sense. It </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">takes a l</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ot of money to farm these days. </span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man</span> 1: </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Sorry, one last time. It looks like battery.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man</span> 2: </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Oh.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Man</span> 1: </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Pretty low.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">You can prompt me on anything you want to.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">What's that?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">You can prompt me.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Oh, okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">. I'm going to ask you just a little bit more about you working at Hanfor</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">d. You mentioned working for GE </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">and at the N Reactor</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> and ask you where else at Hanford you worked?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">You asked me where I met my wife. I can give you a little more on that.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">There you go. And then I may ask you about I know President Kennedy had the official ceremony, right, in '63.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yes.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And I'll ask you if you were there.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I was still working for GE. And it was Thursday morning. I had to work a swing shift</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> that day. So I just stayed out </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">there.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So you mentioned working for GE for a number of years. And then you said you e</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">nded up with you working at the </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">N Reactor. I wonder before that, what other parts of the Hanford site you worked at?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well, I started at the C Reactor in the power department. C. B and C were right </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">together. Actually it was the B </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">reactor. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Then I got drafted in the army. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And in D</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ecember I went in the service to--t</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">hey sent my back to Virginia for training. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">nd when the training with over, </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">took a troop ship to Korea. I spent two years in Korea. Part of the time I was f</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">irst service. War was still on. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And then after my two-year stay I came home and they put me back on o</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ut there. At that time I'd been </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">communicating with my future wife</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">. And my twin brother, h</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">e had a bad ea</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">r and they wouldn't accept him. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Ironically we was going with sisters. But they weren't twins. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">so they decided to get married. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">So they got a two-year head start on us when I came home. Well, my wife, Bever</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ly, and I got married. And been </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">married ever since.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> And how had</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> the two of you met? When did you meet?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">We was in school together. And the same way with my brother and his wife.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And so how many years is that now?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Boy, you're--</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> [LAUGHTER] I'm testing him</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Off camera speaker:</span> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">It'll be 60 next year.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> That's</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">--</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Wow, almost 60.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">It's getting awful close to 60.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yeah, wow. And so you mentioned you were in Korea for two years. And the war wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">s still going on when you first </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">arrived?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yes. Yes.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And what sorts of--</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I went in and they put me in the medics. And I took my medic training down in C</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">amp Pickett, Virginia. And then </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">sent me to Korea. I was a medic.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And then one other thing I wanted to ask you about, during your time working at</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Hanford, President Kennedy was </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">here in, I believe it was September of '63. August or September of '63 to dedicate the N reactor.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yes.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I was wondering if you were there at that time and if you have memories of that?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I was. I was there. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> witnessed his groundbreaking. H</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">e flew in in a helicopter and fl</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ew out in a helicopter. I think </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">probably went up to Moses Lake, where they parked the plane</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> And it was interesti</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ng that I happened to be on the </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">swing shift at that time. So when the ceremony was over I had to go over to the plant and start my shift.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Was there extra security that day? Or do you have any memories of a lot of people there?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Very much so. You know, that was just not long before he was assassinated. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">nd there was a lot of security. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">There was three helicopters came in. And the doors opened on all three of them</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">. They come to land, you didn't know which one he was on. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">But the first thing you seen was they pulled a machine gun up in the doorway.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> And they looked all directions </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">before they left anybody off. And there was a big crowd there. That was very interesting.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Mm-hm.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Were there any other events during your time when you worked at the Hanford site that sort of</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> stand out? Any </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">significant happenings or anything that sort of stands out in your memory?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> They formed a rescue</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> crew out there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> They outfitted an older bus. And I thin</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">k there was about three or four different crews, maybe five. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">We never did</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> get called to an event, like there's been several around the Unite</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">d States since. But that's what </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">we were trained for. And I was on one of those crews because I'd been a medic i</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">n the army, was the reason they </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">put me on there. We had drills. But neve</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">r had to go to an actual event. </span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And obviously Hanford was a place where security was very important. Di</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">d you do have to have a special </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">clearance to work there? Or what do you remember about some security processes?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well, yes. I had what they called a Q clearance, which was top clearance, wi</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">th everybody that was full time </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">employed. That the only ones that would get out there was if they had to have a </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">special person, something broke </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">down and had to go out there. And then he had to have an escort. And they told us</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> that you don't talk about what work it is on the job. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">But at that time, Hanford wasn't classified top secret anymore. After the bomb</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">s were dropped on Hiroshima and </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Nagasaki, that's when they found out what Hanford was building.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Were you able to drive your own car out to the site where you were working? Or would you have to take a bus?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Oh, we had to take an expensive bus ride.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> They charged us a nickel each way. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">nd nobody could afford to drive </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">their cars. If you did, </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">you</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> car pooled. But because the buses didn't have any air cond</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">itioning, just the windows. But </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">as long as </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I worked for GE I rode the bus. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">When I started working for Washington Public Power we car pooled. They didn't h</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ave an option. But they paid us </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">for travel time.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And how long did you work for Washington Public Power then?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Seven years.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Seven years. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">'65 to '72?</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> So anything else that I haven't asked you about, either ab</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">out growing up on the farm here </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">in Richland or about your work at Hanford that you'd like to talk about or you thi</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">nk is important that we haven't </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">talked about yet?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Something serious?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> Oh, either way. No, it can</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> be funny.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well, I remember when my twin brother and I was out and we had a watermel</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">on patch. And we thought it was </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">time to pick the watermelons. And we'd pick a </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">whole pile of them. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">My dad said, well, those aren't ripe yet. We'll have to feed those to the pigs. So the</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> pigs got watermelon early. But you know, we would--</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">that's some of our pastime would be walk</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> around the neighbors and such. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">There wasn't too many dull moments. Especially, my mother used to say that when </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">you have twins, well, one can't </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">think of the other kin. So I guess you can take from that what you want.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Yeah. If you had to sort of sum up for someone who wouldn't know much about the area, what it wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">s like growing </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">up in the small community at the time, growing up on a farm at the time, what would you tell them?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well, that there wasn't many dull moments. I think there's an advantage that ki</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">ds today don't have. We grew up </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">having responsibility to know that there might be a little time for play. Bu</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">t they're also work to be done. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I can remember going out in the fields of whole peppermint and my dad would</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> take two rows where my brother </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">and I, we'd take one apiece and pull the weeds out. And we'd fill up a gallon </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">jug of water. Had a burlap sack </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">wrapped around it and dipped it in water before we went out. And that would k</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">eep cool. That was our drinking water. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Had to come in in time for chores. We milked as many as five head of cows. But at the time my dad got </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">sick we </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">only had two milk cows. And a couple of </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">horses and several young stock. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">And then there was 4H and FFA. That was after we moved to Kennewick. I</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> can't remember much more about </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Richland, only being 12 years old and there's probably more. But I'll think about </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">it after our interview is over. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">I remember riding the bus was quite a treat. When we got the new buses in Richland i</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">t was, as I said, I think I was </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">in about the third grade. It was quite a treat. And they said there was heaters in them. But we coul</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">dn't tell when </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">winter come</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">. </span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Didn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> feel like it. </span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">They weren't very efficient.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Well, thank you very much. This has been really interesting, very informative. I appr</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">eciate it. You’ve been great. </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Thanks very much.</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX30075691">
<p class="Paragraph SCX30075691"><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Kaas</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX30075691">Have you interviewed others?</span><span class="EOP SCX30075691"> </span></p>
</div>
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Robert Bauman
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Gordon Kaas
Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
01:02:57
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
232kbps
Hanford Sites
Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview
N Reactor
B Reactor
C Reactor
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1915-2013
Years on Hanford Site
Years on the Hanford Site, if any.
1952-1972
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Kaas, Nelson
Kaas, George
Kaas, Edward
Chapman, Alice
Perry, Jay
Mitchell, Cameron
Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Gordon Kaas
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Gordon Kaas conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
2016-06-8: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Subject
The topic of the resource
Richland (Wash.)
Pasco (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.)
White Bluffs (Wash.)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
6/12/2013
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
B Reactor
C Reactor
Hunting
Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963
Kennewick (Wash.)
N Reactor
Pasco (Wash.)
Richland (Wash.)
swimming
White Bluffs (Wash.)
-
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fe492c807fcb72ea484f1a3f609650c6a.jpg
01677cd59b210bb62fc34da468aef790
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fe80189acb0a6011ff60f71ddfc211623.mp4
e14a584a638ed796407bd0d8a1c20f21
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Pre-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area prior to the Manhattan Project
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area prior to the Manhattan Project
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Robert Bauman
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Jean Johnson
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><strong><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Northwest Public Television | </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span class="SpellingError SCX49048070">Johnson_Jean</span></span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></strong></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Robert Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">All right. Ready to get started?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Jean Johnson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Mm-hmm.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">O</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">kay</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">. We'll start by having you state your name.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Well, my name--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">the name that people from White Bluffs will remember is Carrie Jean Conning. That was my</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">name there.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Right. Your name now is Jean Johnson?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Yes. I left the Carrie off.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">. Great. And my name is R</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">obert Bau</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">man, and we're doing thi</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">s interview on July 31, 2013, at Jean</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Johnson's home.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And so I want to start our interview by just asking you to tell me a</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> little bit about your family. If you know w</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">hen they came to</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">White Bluf</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">fs, how and why they came there, and when.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">When my father</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> was </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Leslie Andrew Conning. Known in White Bluffs as Andy. Andy Conning. He came from</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Pennsylvania. Somewhere here in the West and came up the river and landed in White Bluffs in 106.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And do you know why he came to White Bluffs?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">He was kind of an orphan when he was born. His mother died with birth. And his grandmother and father raised</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">him, and they couldn't take care of him, so an uncle took him.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And his name was Andrew somebody else. Had sheep. And he wanted my dad to come back, come there into</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Colorado, or in the White Bluffs area and have sheep. Don't know if he ever did.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And so that's why he came to White Bluffs.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Mm-hmm.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And how about your mother?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">My mother came from South Dakota. They went to Yakima. I don't know why. And then they went from Yakima to</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">White Bluffs in 1912. She married my</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> dad in 1918. And he had four--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">they had four children. I have three older</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">brothers, then myself.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And so your parents met in White Bluffs, then?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Yes. They were neighbors. Because her name was Johnson, also. She came in there as Irma Johnson. And then</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">she married Codd</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">ing. That's what people are confusing when they say, what was your mother's maiden name?</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Johnson. [LAUGHTER</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">] So</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> then I went to work right from graduation to The Republic newspaper in Yakima.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> In Yakima, okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And I w</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">orked there--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I was only, I think I was maybe 17. I was going to say 16, because I did graduate a year</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">earlier in my age than I should have. And I could only work so many hours, because that was during the war.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">'43 I graduated from Yakima High School. And I had to sign a paper for a Social Security number. I never had had</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">one before. So then that's when I took off the Carrie and just put Jean Conning. And then, of course, as soon as I</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">got married, I had to do it again.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I wonder if you could talk a little bit about where you grew up in White Bluffs. Your family farm, what that was like,</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">what sort of crops you grew, that sort of thing.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> He grew--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">my father had apples. And we lived right next to the Columbia River, and we had a water pump. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">used to pump our water out of the river to irrigate.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> And then we had--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">he had just a home. Little bunch of fruit trees. Peaches and </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">pears and cherries. And every—</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">lot</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">of people would come and pick them and can them, and my mother wo</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">uld can them. And they worked—</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">they</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">irrigated with the pipe and plugs.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">What kind of pipes</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">, do you know what that pipe was</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Wooden. Woode</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">n pipe. And they had a cement--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I don't even remember what they call it. But the water came</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">from the river, and stayed in there, and then the pipes would drain off to put water in the field.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And then the war came. And I was still</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> in school, because I started--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I was born in 1925. So he lost that place and</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">had to move to another place. And the boys were all in the service by then. And he worked it by himself. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">worked himself down. He got sick. But we stayed in White Bluffs. And then the cars were going through with the</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">US government, so we knew something was going to happen.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I wonder if you could talk a little bit more about the farm that you grew up on. Were there other buildings that you</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">had</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">? Was there like a storage--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">a warehouse for storing some of the fruit, or any other sort of buildings?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Not then</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">. We had a barn, because we had a milk cow, and two horses. The horses used to pull the spray wagon.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And then in later years, they put a pipe out for them, to hold a spray. So they could just hook up and spray. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">they were spraying</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> that</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> lime and sulfur, som</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">ething like that. It was very--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">after everybody was gone, I heard how</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">dangerous that was.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And was that for insects?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Mm-hmm, worms. The worms were eating him up. And nothing would stop them, since I told you before, they</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">didn't come with DDT until after the war started, which was too late for him.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX49048070">
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Did you have electricity on your farm?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Uh-huh. And my mother had an electric stove and an electric washing machine. But it was just a small little house.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And the school bus would not pick me up, because I lived within three miles of the school.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">So you walked to school?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">So I had to walk to school. And there were three other girls there, who all four of us had to walk to school, carrying</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">our lunch buckets and our books. And no fear. You know, every place we went</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> we walked. We had no fear. We</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">knew everybody.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Do you remember the names of any those girls that you used to walk to school with?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Yvonne </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span class="SpellingError SCX49048070">Ponsat</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> was one. P-O-N-S-A-T. Her father was French. And she had two brothers who were in high school</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">with my brothers. Another one was Elizabeth </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span class="SpellingError SCX49048070">Keele</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">. I don't know what he does. He's around Yakima somewhere.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">He's probably gone by now, too. The other girl, I can't remember her name, because she had moved there.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">So when walking to school, was that elementary school and high school, or?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">High school.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">High School.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Yeah, the school bus would take us to grade school, but not to high school.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">The high school was closer to you.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And it was just across one field, but we walked over and went down and walked down the road. And then</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">eventually we all got bi</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">cycles. But the bicycles were--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">we were almost grown by the time we could afford a bicycle.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Must</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> have been a little tricky walking sometimes in the winter.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">There were no winters there. We lived so close to the river, it was warm all winter. I don't remember any snow. No</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">snowmen, no snow fights, no icy roads.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And did you have telephone at your house?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Oh, yes. With the ringer, you know-- "numb</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">er please!" [LAUGHTER</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">] You remember them?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I remember the dial phones.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Oh yeah. Well, this was just a telephone operator. And we also had RFD. We also had mail service. So it wasn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">too remote.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">So how far from the town were you?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Well, they said I lived within</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> three miles. </span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> A</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">nd that was the limit for school was three miles from town.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Do you remember any of your teachers from school at all? From either grade school or high school? Did you have</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">any favorite teachers or ones that you remember</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> at all</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Well, those pictures reminded me. I did not remember them, yes, but I do now. And another thing, too. My father</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">was the clerk of the school board.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> So he got to have all the interviews of all the people who came that wanted a</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">job of teaching.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And my youngest brother and I would sneak around and try and get a good look at them before any of the school</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">kids did. We wanted to know who they were first.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> My other two brothers had graduated from high school by then,</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">but my younger brother and I went to school as close together as four years could do it.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Mm-hm. </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Were your parents involved in any other organizations at all in the community?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Well, just my dad was a Mason, and my mother was Eastern Star. And that was all</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> of their--t</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">hey did not go to</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">church. And we had eight churches in White Bluffs, and they were all active. No, there were six! Six. I'm too far.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">What about the town itself? What sorts of businesses do you remember, or stores, or anything like that?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Mm-hm</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">. You want to bring that in, Leslie? It's out there. I didn't bring the right one. It's a tablet. Just seeing that</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">picture reminded me of a lot of their names.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">, the grocery store was the first scene. His name was Dick </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span class="SpellingError SCX49048070">Reirson</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">. R-E-I-R-S-O-N. And then we had a</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">drugstore, but it was a pharmacy. And he had an ice cream table.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And he had a distorted hand, and he used to put the ice cream cone down in there, you know, with the little top,</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">and then reach down. Remember those cans that had the ice cream in it? Good old hard ice cream put in there,</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">and never drop a drop. He was also the band leader for the high school music.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And then there was the power company, and I could not remember the lady's name. They had Pacific Power</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">there. And he had a Ford dealer with a service company. That was Fred </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span class="SpellingError SCX49048070">Gillhualy</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">. G-I-L-L-H-U-A-L-Y. And they</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">were four boys. And I don't know if they're around Yakima or gone by now.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Yeah, </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I'm not sure.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I know the name because one boy said he was flying home from California to Yakima, and they were taking</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">so</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">many people had to get off the airplane, but he got to ride all the way to Yakima. Went to get off the plane, the</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">little stewardess said, how do you pro</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">nounce your last name? [LAUGHTER</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">] They couldn't tell him to get off the</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">airplane because they couldn't pronounce his name! So that was good.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And Levi Austin was the superintendent at the high school. And the Austin name is from Prosser. The one boy, he</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">had a hardware store in </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Prosser. But I keep thinking,</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> you know, they're still there, but I'm just lucky to live as</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">long as I hav</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">e. Because they were probably--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">they were</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> in</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> my brother's age. And see in there, everybody's gone.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">So I don't reme</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">mber any teachers.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> I remember--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">well, I don't remember the principal, but I remember the principal</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">of the high school took us all in the next morning after Pearl Harbor, and told us that they had bombed Pearl</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Harbor.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Is that how you found out about it?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">World War II, yes. Because remember Roosevelt? Franklin Roosevelt? "This day will be known in infamy." Well, I</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">heard that. Course, it never went away.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> And then my father--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">this was years before we moved to this ranch. The first ranch we had when we were all little.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">My father and the neighbor built this warehouse, and they came in with apples, and they poured them in this water</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">bath, and then it </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">went down. And the women sorted off all the bad, and the other ladies were packing the apples</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">with wrapper paper. T</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">ake t</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">hat little paper.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And they'd go on a roller to the </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span class="SpellingError SCX49048070">lidder</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">, and he would put the lid on and stack them up. And then two more people</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">would come with these lifts and carry the five boxes of apples across a ramp and put them on the truck until they</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">got the truck loaded, and then they would take it to White Bluffs, to the railroad.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> The Milwaukee Railroad came into</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">White Bluffs, and they would take them to Yakima.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And that's how the apples would get shipped out.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And the Pear and Fruit. I don't even know if they're still there, but my father worked for them after he had to leave</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">White Bluffs and went to Yakima.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">When you were growing up on the farm, did you have any chores? Any things that you did?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">No, I was little.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> I was little. No. And I said we didn't have any indoor plumbing, and we didn't have any running</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">water. And my brother reminds me so much of Wes, the boy you met.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Said, well, Jeannie said we just put the bucket on the rope and put it down, and </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">get a bucket of water. W</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">ind the</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">rope up, grab a hold of the buck, and if you were still able, you'd run t</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">he water to the house. [LAUGHTER</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">] So he</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">tried to tell me that we did have</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> running water. But no, I did--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I probably took care of the chickens or something</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">like that. I didn't have any pets.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Did you swim in the river at all, or anything like that?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">No. No, I was too little. The boys did, and we'd go out in one of these peach orchards. There were a lot of</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">orchards in White Bluffs. Beautiful orchards.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And they also had irrigating water. Pretty </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">British, no. What's the Puget--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">what's over here? Where the river goes</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">under the bridge?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Not sure.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Priest River! Priest Rapids!</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Priest Rapids, sure.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Priest Rapids irrigation. And they had paid in money for the upkeep of it. And that was one of the things that the</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> boys--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">some White Bluffs boy told me, did you ever</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> get any money back from your--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">what do you call that?</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Whenever y</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">ou give money--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">have money yearly. It's not a donation; it's a cost.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">The years of the irrigation.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Oh, can'</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">t think. Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">. And no, we didn't ever have any. But they did have plenty of water. That's one thing they did</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">have up there was plenty of water. And those peach orchards, they could afford to clean up new land, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">bringing in new trees, and have the water. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">nd they could--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">with the winters that we had there, their fruit would get</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">onto the market before California would get up to Yakima.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">So when that company came in to take over, they gave my dad about $5 an acre. And these </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">guys got maybe $20.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And they were all rich enough to hire lawyers, and they hired lawyers. And their lawyer got them much more</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">money for their land. But it was worth it</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">. T</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">o see those brand ne</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">w trees get just bulldozed over!</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I was wondering if you remember any special community events or </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">celebrations?</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Did you have any 4th of July</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">celebrations, or picnics, or anything like that? Foot races?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I can't remember any specific. I do remember that they built next to the </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">high school something called a C</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">ommunity</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> H</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">all. And they would have dances and the boys would play basketball. And maybe Kennewick would come up and</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">play basketball. They'd have basketb</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">all games. But as far as grange</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">, they did not participate.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> So--</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Oh, and this orchard, in their warehouse. Yes, he had told me that </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">before, that</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> he had about 16 people that they</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">hired. And my mother was the bookkeeper. And so these people were getting money every Friday night. 1934 and</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">'35. So he had lots of friends. Lots of people liked him, because he did provide for people to get a job.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">There were no jobs, as far as work was concerned.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> The grocery store would hire--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">his nephew was there. And the</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">drugstore did it by himself. And one lady, Mrs. Leander, was the postmistress. She took care of the post office. I</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">don't know who any of the people were that came around to deliver the mail.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">You mentioned earlier that there was the initial farm that your parents had, and then your father had moved at</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">some point. Is that right?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Yes.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">About how old were you at that time, then?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Well,</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> according to the pictures on--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">at home, I was about four. Because I was just with the kids as they would</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">stand out go to school. I wasn't going to school. And then I cannot tell you how</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> long it was, but it was a big b</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">low to</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">leave that house and that yard, and go to a house where workers had lived in all their life. And they had cardboard</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">on their walls, covering up the wood.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And it had one bedroom, and I got to have the bedroom. And there was a big porch in the front, and the three</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">boys slept in part of it, and Mother and Dad slept in the other. Bu</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">t the w</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">e</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">a</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">ther over there was never cold. I guess</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">it was hot, but I don't remember that. I'm sure it was hot. Because it was desert.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And how far away would the second place have been from your first house? Was it fairly close?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> I would say three and a half</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> miles, just up over a hill.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And then you lived there until you moved to Yakima?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Yes.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">You mentioned that you'd heard about World War II beginning. You want to talk about your brothers? And I</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">understand they all joined the service at some point. Is that correct?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Mm-hm</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And that's why you were still living in White Bluffs?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">No, Yakima. Well, you're right. They were. But then they left, because one was going to university and the other</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">two we're going to Washington State. And they joined in what, '41? And then we had to move in '43.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">But they said, Mom, don't worry about moving to Yakima, because we can get to Yakima from anywhere in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">world, but we can't get to White Bluffs. So they were probably already in the service doing their first camp or</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">something.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> one--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I had no idea in the wo</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">rld what reconnaissance meant--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">he did not fight a war, but he was in</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> reconnaissance--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">until I looked it up in the dictionary. And he was fighting the war up in the air, taking pictures of</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">their movements, the Japanese movements.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And my other brother was in a tanker taking fuel from New Orleans to France in the Atlantic. And he said that the</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Atlantic was full of German submarines. He said there were four days that they didn't even take their clothes off.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">But his was brand new, and he could not go slow as everybody else did. And he could go faster than their convoy,</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">so he circled their own convoy without any cover, because he said his boat would not go that slow.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And my other brother was in</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Marine fighter pilot. And he--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I don't know if you knew the story about Ted Williams,</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">but Ted Williams'</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> group came in. Whenever my brother left that camp, Ted Williams came in. And I just heard</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">that on the--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">because people look at me and say, Ted Williams, the baseball player? And I said, yes, he went to</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">war. Yeah, he was in a group that came in and took over where my brother had been.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">You mentioned earlier that you start</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">ed</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> seeing some </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">cars and vehicles that said U</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">S</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> G</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">overnment. Do you remember</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">any more about that? Anything else that happened?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Well</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">, that was our first--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">there was gossip around that, I don't know, that they were going to take over and build </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">a</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">atomic bomb or something on our land. That we were going to have to leave. Well, you know, until it came to</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">push, and then came shove.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">But these station wagons were showing up, and each one of them had about four men sitting in it. And they were</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">surveying the land. And they had surveyed how many houses there were, and what condition they were in,</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">because some houses were ready to be burned and a few houses were moved. And the rest of them were</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">demolished. And then all of a sudden it came across that you were going to have to move by the 15th of</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">September. They gave them the date.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And my mother worked on an election board. And whatever year that was, I don't know. But she wanted to stay</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">and work on that last board. And I had been told later that that was the only money she was going to move with,</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">was what she got paid for.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">She had a sister that lived in Yakima, and they found us an apartment. And it was just two rooms. Oh, goodness, it</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">was small. But that was where we were.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And my dad stayed to work on the orchard. They let him stay until the crops were all picked. And he sent the last</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">bunch of apples off that orchard to Yakima.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">How did you feel about having to leave? Or your parents ever express anything about--</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">They did not, because as I've said before, I said we were poor. Leslie just said we didn't have any money.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> And we</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">all got jobs.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I got babysitting jobs with a little neighborhood girl. The mother was there, but I would just go over there and play</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">with her, and get maybe $0.25 or something. Well, that's all there was. And I didn't drive. I couldn't go anywhere.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Cars were--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">gas was rationed.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And then we went to Yakima. And I graduated on about the 3rd of June and went to work on the 6th. I said to</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Mother, now, don't wake me up. I'm going to sleep for two days. She woke me up and said, well, there's an ad in</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">the paper. The newspaper wants help. And I said, well, I'll go see.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Well, I got taken that day. I worked there </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">for seven years. In the advertising, Johnny, doing anything that they</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">wanted done. I would do it. I ran</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> the switchboard. And I could--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I did a lot of odd jobs there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">But I was in advertising. Yeah, I have to tell you that writing for sale notes to be published in the paper. And Friday</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">night, he had to have it. Everything had to be back in the room to get on</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">to Sunday's paper, at least by five</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> o'clock</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Friday night.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And this one man would invariably come about 20 after 4:00. And every time I could, I would leave the room. But I</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">got a hold of him one time, and he had cattle for sale. And I was writing it down. And he had a milking short-horn</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">bull. And I wrote it down, and I looked at it. That's what it said, a milking short-horn bull. I said, that's not possible!</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Oh, he said, you silly girls don't know a thing. That's what </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">it is. Put in the paper. [LAUGHTER</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">]</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I couldn't ask him, hey, my father wouldn't have known what a sho</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">rt-horn bull was either. [LAUGHTER</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">] Wow, I never</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">will forget that. So I found out later that that's a breed of animal. That's what they're called.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I was asking about leaving White Bluffs. Did your parents get any money for their property at all?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I have no idea. Money was never spoken of. I know that we took what furniture that there was suitable, and we</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">had an aunt and uncle that lived in Sunnyside. And they came over with an old truck, and took whatever we</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">couldn't take. Because when we went to Yakima, they said the apartment was furnished. So we didn't take</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">anything.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And that was bad. Because what they had furnished, we didn't want to sleep on. And we'd already sent out stuff to</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Sunnyside. So we slept on a Davenport</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> until we got enough money to--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Mother went to work for a lady that lived</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">up the street. Had a little milk and bread grocery store, and she had two sons in the service. And so she and</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Mother had lots in common. And Mother would go to work for her</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> two days--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">for a couple of hours two days a week. And that</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">was what we bought groceries with.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">When you were living in White Bluffs, how you get news? Was there a newspaper? Did you have a radio?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I never read a newspaper. I don't know anything about that. As soon as I got into the newspaper business, I read</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">everything I can. I don't know.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And as I said before, the radio we had was run by a battery. And the boys were allowed to have 30 minutes of</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">radio when they got home from school. One of them w</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">as Jimmy Austin. Remember the--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">well you probably don't</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> remember--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">it was </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">a</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> airplane. My one brother was crazy about airplanes then. And then they got into the, oh,</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> some stupid--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I think that was television, though. And then my dad was a great news man, and he would listen to</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">the Richfield Reporter.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And how about you? Did you listen to anything on the radio?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Uh-uh.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I was wondering if you ever had a chance, opportunity, to go back to White Bluffs at some point later, during one</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">of the White Bluffs reunions, or anything like that, where you have to go back and see the area at all.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Just three times I have. One was our 60th graduation. And the four I told you </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">about--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">we had four--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">and the other</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">three came. And that was when he took </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">my girlfriend and I up to the--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Harry Anderson took us up to our homes.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Otherwise we would just join the convoy that would go out around </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">and around and around. And come back in and</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">drive through what White Bluffs streets were to get back out to the park.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">When you were able to go back and see the area, were there any things that you recognized at all that were still</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">there, or was pretty much everything gone?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Well, a lot of the houses were still there. The girls that I used to go visit and knew about. And the warehouse was</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">there. Just about the last packing he did was when he left.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And a wind storm had come in and it was just boards. And the wind leveled it. So that was the end of that. And our</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">hay barn, our cow barn, had collapsed, and I didn't want to go back anymore. It wasn't home.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I see. What do you think is important for people to know about the community of White Bluffs?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I want them to know that we were a community. We had stores. We had grocery stores. We had a barber shop.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Had the power company. We had electricity at home.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">My mother had an electric washing machine, which was very, very rare. But the boys had made enough money in</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">the service to help her buy some stuff. So she had an electric stove, and she had a wood stove. And the electric</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">stove is what she baked in. Use it for baking. Because we had so many apples, she was always making apple pie.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">The wood stove had a great big reservoir. So if you wanted hot water, you started the stove. You'd have enough</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">hot water to wash the dishes at suppertime, and wash your face to go to bed.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">That I can relate to something else that's kind of bad to these kids, but every morning, after breakfast, before we</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">went to school, we</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">’d</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> put a little bit of soda and little bit of salt in the palm of our hand, and take our dry toothbrush</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">and mix that together. Have a glass of water, and the four of us went outside, and stood outside on the lawn, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">we'd all brush </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">our teeth. Dip it in the water, and dip over here. We didn't have toothpaste, but I guess soda and</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">salt will work just as well.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">We never had candy. We did have apple pie and chocolate cake. Mother did bake. And then my father had that</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">cow, and would have a calf. And whenever the calf got big enough, he'd butcher it. And it would hang up in a tree.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">It was cool. It was always in the fall that he'd butcher the calf. And they'd go out and cut some meat, take it in, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">have it for supper. So it was very, very pioneer. True. But as I said before, Leslie has made me think we were not</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">poor.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Right. </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Did you go to any other towns very much at all? To Pasco or to--</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Oh, Pasco we went for a doctor, because I got real sick in my fifth grade. I had Bright's disease. Don't even know</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">what it is. But the doctors now say, well, I'm glad you had it then, because we don't want you to have it now. And I</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">had to stay in the hospital in Pasco.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And my mother would come twice a week, and she'd say, how are you doing? Oh, I said, I wish you'd bring me</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">some water from home. The water t</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">hey give me has--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">they always put my medicine in my water! And I said, I don't</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">like it that way. I like to be able to drink a drink of water. And she said, well, they shouldn't put your medicine in</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">your water.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">So she went out to the nurse and said, Jean said that the water isn't good. Well, she complains to me, too, but</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">she's drinking city water. They had chlorine in i</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">t, and I didn't like it. [LAUGHTER</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">]</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">How long were you in the hospital for</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> that</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">About two weeks. To me, that was a long ways to be from home.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And about how old were you at that time?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I was in fifth grade. I think I was 11. Bright's disease, I think, was a kidney problem, </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">and the doctor, without telling </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">me, told my mother that I may not ever be able to have children. So nobody told me anything about that until a</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">fter </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I got married. And I had four children in six years,</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> so I proved them wrong! [LAUGHTER</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">] All doctors aren't right.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Were</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> there doctors in White Bluffs?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I was born there, yes. That's what one of my friends said, you couldn't have been born in Whit</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">e Bluffs unless you </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">were born at home. I said, no, I was born in White Bluffs. There was a little house there, and there was some</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">doctor. I don't know who he was. He was an old, old man. And the lady I talked to, the nurse, was a retired army</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">nurse. And sh</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">e said she had studied--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">what's baby birth? It's not pediatrics.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">It's not pediatrics?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Well, anyhow.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Woman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Was it midwifery?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Yeah. Well, that's what she was. She was a midwife. So yeah. The boys were all born in Yakima.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Oh, okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">My mother would go in there and stay with her mother.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">But you were born in White Bluffs?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I was born in White Bluffs. And isn't that funny? I can remember that, a white ho</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">use. It was spotless. And there </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">was no dogs and cats running around in it. No children. Just that old man and that lady. But I made it through.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Are there any other memories or stories, things you remember from growing up th</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">at we haven't talked about yet, </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">or I haven't asked you about yet that you'd like to talk about?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">No, I ended up with The Republic and then I got married. Well, I worked seven yea</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">rs at the newspaper office. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">the picnics and things that we had was over on the other house where we ha</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">d the big lawn. We always had a picnic there. </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">A lot of those people who were working at the warehouse would come over on Sunday</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> and bring one dish or </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">something, and all their kids. And they would play on our yard, because we had </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">water in the yard--came to go to the orchard--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">had been derailed and come on to the yard. And he had a</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">nd old lawnmower and mowed</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> it. So it was fun. And we had a lot of company, because every</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">body was beholden to my father. </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">And that's about all I can remember, but I wanted to express myself that this is </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">really from my heart, because I </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">have wanted to do this. And I appreciate all your help and the other people comin</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">g in and standing there waiting </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">for us to get done.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Well, I want to thank you very much for being willing to share your stories. T</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">his has been terrific. I really </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">appreciate it.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Thank you. And the weather there! The weather in </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">White Bluffs--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">I'm sorry. It wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">s beautiful, even though it was </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">desert. We had warm winters. I do not remember any snow. And it was a long trip</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> from White Bluffs to Yakima in </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">an old car.</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> [</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">bounces up and down</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">]</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Is that the Ford?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> An old Ford--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">no, no. Oh, my, no. We had a big Chevrolet. My brother bought it, then they went to war.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">So you took the Chevrolet once they were gone.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Mm-hm</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">. Well, I am a very happy person.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">[LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Well, thank you very much. Again, it was really appreciated.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Mm-hm</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Crew w</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">oman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Is that it?</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Crew w</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">oman</span>: Okay, well I heard you talking about the boat regatta.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Oh. Yeah. The boat regatta. There's a photo of the cars lined up on the river.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> Mm-h</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">m.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Could you talk about that at all? Do you have any memories about the--</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">Oh, yes. Because two of our men were in two of those boats. One of them was t</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">he </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span class="SpellingError SCX49048070">Wiehl</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">. I can't remember what </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">another man's name was. I don't remember too much about it, because to me t</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">he boats were just going around </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">and around and the rest of us kids were either try</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">ing to get ice cream, or [LAUGHTER] see how many rocks we could pick up or something. It wasn't--</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">and that's another thing, too. I probably mentioned that before. We w</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">ere never afraid. We were never </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">afraid. Day or night. If somebody new came into town, he was well covered. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">nd everybody knew who he was in ten</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> days, five days.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">The boat regattas, did it happen every year? Is that something that's a yearly</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">--</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">As far as I remember. I cannot say it was every year. Maybe every year for five ye</span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">ars or something like that. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX49048070">that was one of the biggest events. There was no rodeos, and no parades that I can ever remember.</span><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay. Well, Jean, let’s have you look at some of these photos, maybe. And have you talk a little bit about them.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Jean Johnso</span>n:</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> All right. This is my mother and father’s wedding. They were married in Prosser in August 19—I almost want to say 1916. It doesn’t matter,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> really,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> it was somewhere in there. And they had met in White Bluffs, wh</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">ere mother’s family grew up—</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">moved from Yakima to White Bluffs—was only 100 feet from Dad’s shack.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: So they met early in the shack. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: They were neighbors. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: Yeah. Okay, and this was a brand new Ford Turing. It wasn’t Turing—what did I tell you it was?</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: You thought maybe a M</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">odel A, possibly?</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: No. I don’t think—I don’t know. Maybe not, it was a brand new car. And when Dad went into White Bluffs</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> to pick up the car, he took the</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> three boys with him and bought them all three new hats. So they were spiffy and ready to go. And here they were just showing me off.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> And this is my house in White Bluffs. I loved that house. And you can see from the pictures they had a great big lawn.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Right. More kids again here.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: Mm-hm. And we played—I was out on the grass all the time. The boys had pretend airports over here with their model airplanes. In those days they had airplanes that were made of steel or something</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">, they were</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> heavy.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And who took all these photos, did your parents have a camera then? Do you know?</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: Are we all there?</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: No, but I mean—this is the four o</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">f you kids, but did your family</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> have a—</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">J</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">ohnson</span>: Yeah. They had a Kodak B</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">ox. And those other pictures that I took when I was older, I had a little tiny thing that took 110. And then they finally did away with the 110 film. So the girls gave me a digital—3M or something, I don’t know. I can’t think.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> So I don’t take any more pictures. Yeah, this was 1937.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: So, you were about 12 years old? What year were you born?</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: ’25. No, I was little. I was about four, I didn’t get to go to school yet.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Oh, here you were little</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">, yeah</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> Let’s see. Oops.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: Yeah. And that’s an orchard that they worked in and th</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">ey climbed up a tree. And there wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">s a ladder, and there’s the dog standing there with them. See that? </span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">Ben-ben</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> was always with them.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: That was your family dog?</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: Mm-hm. There was a—</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And who’s this here?</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: That’s my second brother. He was the one who was on the gas run for the Navy.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> He had come home from Pullman. He was very, very studious. He was the president of his senior class in college.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Oh, okay, was that Washington State?</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: Yes. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> this one—my</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> older brother went to the University of Washington, Seattle.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay, I’m going to bring in some of these school photos now.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: This was </span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">the </span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">seventh grade.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And which one are you in here? You see yourself?</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: Remember? </span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">I was in the background, up by the teacher, tall. Yeah. And this is what? Fifth</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> and sixth. We were younger</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">. See that’s me right there. My brothers were all ahead of me. And that man’s name was </span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span class="SpellingError SCX237666991">Tomet</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">. He lived in </span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">[UNKNOWN]. Fred </span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span class="SpellingError SCX237666991">Tomet</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And he was the teacher?</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: Mm-hm.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: This was taken outside in front the school.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: Mm-hm. That looks like a pretty good looking school, doesn’t it?</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: It does, yeah. Now here’s an earlier one.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: Yeah, that was the teacher of second grade. I told you when she came back she had a</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> little tiny—had a</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> belly on her! Next time we knew, she had a new baby in her arms. That was my experience of when children would come, taught in school.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And which one are you in this photo?</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: Oh, right there.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Uh-huh. And there’s grade school.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: Oh, t</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">his is a whole bunch of them!</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Looks like the whole grade school.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: It must be.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Of White Bluffs.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: I think I’m down here, because that</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> was the teacher. And that was </span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">m</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">y</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> first grade teacher—I told you she was an older woman. And do you know, to this day—I called her Mrs. Moody—and there’s a lady in Ellensburg that my brothers went to school with. And they called her Mrs. So-and-so. In those days,</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> that’s all we—you</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> did not call them by Martha and George. They were mister and missus. And that’s what—in that, the lists that Betsy made of all those men in town—I didn’t know their first names that came to me. But they were always Mr. </span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span class="SpellingError SCX237666991">Gilhuly</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> and Mr. Larsen and Mr. English. Kids in those days didn’t say, Hi Fred!</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> [referring to picture]</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> I can’t tell, I can’t tell. But I’m there.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And another thing I wanted you to talk about was this.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: Yeah, that was the name of my father’s apple. This was painted on the backside of his—on the solid end of the apple box. And that does say White Bluffs on it. Codding and Heideman, Fred Rea – Seattle was his—when his stuff was shipped out. When it went right into</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> the store, right into people, i</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">t was </span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">Pear in Yakima. Pear Fruit Company.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And who was Heideman?</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: He was a neighbor. We lived here, and went through the orchard and through the orchard, and he lived right there. And they had five children and they were all younger than we were. But it’s funny how they grew up, because two of the boys were teachers that came into Yakima. They were agriculture teachers and one was a livestock teacher. And they came into the school from Wenatchee. So many of those kids, you know, they moved out of White Bluffs when they had to. And they all stayed within the area, almost. I don’t know, some of them must have left and went out of state, but a lot of them just stayed with what they knew. That’s the only thing you could do, you couldn’t get really educated.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: A lot of them stayed close by?</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: Mm-hm.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: I meant to ask you, do you know how large your farm was, like how many acres?</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: I think</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> it was</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> something like 22. It wasn’t large, but they were all trees.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And so your father partnered with Mr. Heideman for these apples.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: Well, I would say Mr. Heideman let</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">—knew</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> my father. Because he wanted to build it.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: And Heideman said, well, I’ll help you. And so they got in a real go</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">od friendship. </span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">Us</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> kids were all</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> good friends, but the parents didn’t have much to do until they got into this. But he was, as I said before, a lot of people had great respect for him for getting them jobs.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Mm-</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span class="SpellingError SCX237666991">hm</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">, right.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: Now, not to change the subject, but my boys are the same way as my dad was. Because my boys hire whatever they have to hire. And they are—the boys that they hire comment to them and to their parents how easy and how nice it is to work here. Because they say thank you, they don’</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">t yell at them, they’re paid every</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> time they need money or time they’re off. And that’s what they have learned. If they did the work, pay them. Don’t say you have to wait until Monday. So they have very good respect in the Valley. I’m very</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991">, very</span><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"> proud of all of them.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Sure. I meant to ask you, how did you come across this label? How did you get this label?</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Johnson</span>: I have no idea. Somebody must have drawn it up for him.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX237666991">
<p class="Paragraph SCX237666991"><span class="TextRun SCX237666991"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Mm-hm. All right. Thanks. Thank you, that was very good. Very helpful.</span><span class="EOP SCX237666991"> </span></p>
</div>
<p class="Paragraph SCX49048070"><span class="EOP SCX49048070"> </span></p>
</div>
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
244Kbps
Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
01:04:24
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1925-2013
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Conning, Andrew
Johnson,Irma
Ponsat, Yvonne
Keele, Elizabeth
Reirson, Dick
Fred Gillhualy
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano)1882-1945
Williams, Ted
Anderson, Harry
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Jean Johnson
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Jean Johnson conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
2016-06-7: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Subject
The topic of the resource
Pasco (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
White Bluffs (Wash.)
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
7/31/2013
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Format
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video/mp4
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
Kennewick (Wash.)
Pasco (Wash.)
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945
White Bluffs (Wash.)
-
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F2045b923bd00154088960e93b3ffe999.jpg
5594f32cffd1155c8710490f27309e4a
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F2a1f5cb600d503379e0b3c691cdae908.mp4
9924474cd3bfd6785749acdeb0e844bf
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Pre-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area prior to the Manhattan Project
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area prior to the Manhattan Project
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Robert Bauman
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Robert Brinson
Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
00:36:17
Hanford Sites
Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview
300 Area
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1948-2013
Years on Hanford Site
Years on the Hanford Site, if any.
1960-2000
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945
Moulster, Louis Lyman
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
50 Kbps
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Robert Brinson
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Robert Brinson part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2013
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
2016-05-10: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Richland (Wash.)
Richland (Wash.). Public Schools
Richland (Wash.)--Social conditions.
White Bluffs (Wash.)
Scripto
Transcription
A written representation of a document.
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX212019359">
<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><strong><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Northwest Public Television | </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">Brinson_Robert</span></span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></strong></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX212019359">
<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Robert </span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman:</span> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">--2013 and the interview is being conducted on the campus of Washington State University Tri-Citie</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">s. And I’ll be talking to Mr.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> Brinson about his family’s history at Hanford. And his family stories, experiences, memories about that community. If you could tell me sort of how and why your family came to Hanford, when that was, and what family members were part of that initial coming to Hanford.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX212019359">
<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Robert Brinson:</span> Well, let’s see, I’ll start with my mother’s family was originally up in Ruth when she was born. In </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">kinda</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> north central Washington. And grandpa was working at the </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">train station there, as a depot agent, </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">telegrapher.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX212019359">
<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Camera man</span>: Oh, let’s stop. Yup.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX212019359">
<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Oh, sorry. </span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX212019359">
<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Camera man</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX212019359">
<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: All right? Okay.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">All right, so talking about your family.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX212019359">
<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Robert </span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">, mom's family, which was the </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">Moulsters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">. My grandpa was Louis Lyman Moulster, the depot agent telegrapher</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">at the, I think it was, the Milwaukee R</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ailr</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">oad in Ruth, Washington, when mom was born.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">I'm not sure how old they were when he got just a little spooked about the immigrants who were coming in to that</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">area and decided they'd move. So they moved on to Hanford. And he took over the depot down there and raised</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">his family.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">And there was Mom and Aunt Louise. Twin sisters Margaret and Mildred and younger sister June, which they</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">called Babe. The oldest one was Uncle Lyman. And the baby of the family was Uncle Arthur. When he came</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">along, Grandpa was busy with a train about to come in so he couldn't take Grandma to the hospital. So Uncle</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Lyman had to drive the car, and this is a 12-year-old kid driving an old Model T to the hospital.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX212019359">
<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Where was the closest hospital?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX212019359">
<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">In Pasco. Lady of Lourdes in--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">I think it was still in Pasco</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">, early</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> in that time. But when the word got back the baby had</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">been born, he kind of slapped his knee and said, that's the caboose.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> No more kids.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX212019359">
<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">So what year did that family come to Hanford?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX212019359">
<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Oh, I'm not certain. It's probably in the late 1910 to 1915, somewhere in there.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX212019359">
<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Okay. </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">And the name is Moulster, M-O-U-L-S-T-E-R?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX212019359">
<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Right, yeah. They came out of Wisconsin, originally. And Dad's family came out of Arkansas. He was only two</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">years old when the family moved out</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> here. All of them is, let’s see,</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">brother</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> Paul and sister Irene--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">or not</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">sister</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Bernice. Brother Herbert and Albert were all born, no, not Herbert, except for Herbert, they were born back in</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Fayetteville.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">They moved out to Seattle from there, and that was where Uncle Herb was born. But they didn't stay there long.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> They moved to—oh, I’ve forgot, </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">you've got it in your notes</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> there in that one I sent you--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">to one of the towns in eastern</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Washington, before they moved to Hanford, anyway.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX212019359">
<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> And they got what, 1918, I think they settled in Hanford. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">not in Hanford, the foothills of the Rattlesnak</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">es out there, where the Benson Ranch was up where</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">Fitzdriver</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Hart is now?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">So they ran the ranch up there. Had the sheep and everything. And the boys would raise the </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">sheeps</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> that were</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">what that the mothers would</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">n't raise. So they had a good--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">they said it was a great place to grow up.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">The </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">Moulsters</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> and the </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">Brinsons</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> were all friends from almost the get-go. Even living 18 miles away from each</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">other they would visit back and forth all th</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">e time. And so, t</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">hat's eve</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ntually Mom and Dad ended up at--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">It happened that when they finished with the apple crop down here, the kids would go up to the Wenatchee area,</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">where further north where the crops were still coming off, so they could get some more work in. Earn some more</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">money.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">And so they were-- just happened to be up there in a l</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ittle town close to Wenatchee--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">and they were picking</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">apples in a tree, and Dad got it in his head and asked Mom he thought they'd known each other long enough that</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">maybe they should think about getting married. So she agreed, up there at the top of the apple tree ladder. So</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">that's where all that started.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">And then I was born in 1937. The same trip to the hospital in a</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">n</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> old Model T. Dad grumbling all the way</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> why'd</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">anybody want to live out in the middle of nowhere like this. So I only got to experience Hanford for probably four</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">years.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">But I did hear tales about how I would like to run off, because nobody locked doors in those days. And so if Mom</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">turned her back too long, I'd dash out the door and go down the street to see Aunt Bernice.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> She would tell that</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">story on and on and over and over </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">as she entered </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">in her elderly years when she got a little bit, I think it was Alzheimer's, probably</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">is what it was, you know how they repeat themselves. So I heard that story a lot when I'd go to visit.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">So the house you lived in, was it in town? Or did you have a farm? Or what sort of place was it?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">No, it was right in town there because Dad had the little beer parlor, ice cream parlor combination. There was a</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">room in the back where the</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> men played cards. And they had--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">kids'd</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> scrounge ice cream cones and </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">men'd</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> drop in</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">for a beer. And even the </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">Indians'd</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> come by and try to get alcohol, which you couldn't legally sell it to them. So he</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">had </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">to keep a little short barrel</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> .22 short pistol under the counter to dissuade the more belligerent of the tribe</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">when they tried to buy alcohol of off him.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Does it have a n</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ame, the pool hall or beer hall </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ice cream parlor?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">I never did hear if it was just a Hanford pool hall or wh</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">atever. Otherwise it was just--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">there were probably just</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">orchards all around town and up and down the river, </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">is all it was, was</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> fruit.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">So the Brinson family had the place 18 miles out. Is that right?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">That, well, they worked for the. Benson, E</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">. </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">F</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> Benson I think was his initials. He was the owner of the ranch. And he</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">built a house</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> for the family out there. Had</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> running water from a spring.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">An</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">d the kids got to drive in to--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">I think it said in the letter Unc</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">le Herb wrote--that it was t</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">he county bought him a</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Model T to drive in to the school at Cold Springs. And then somebody found out they were actually were in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Hanford School D</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">istrict so they had to, even though Cold Springs was closer, they had to drive 18 miles to Hanford</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">to go to school.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> So that must've been quite an experience. You can imagine teenage boys doing stuff like that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Would've been kind of fun.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Had you heard any other stories about the school itself? About your dad or your aunts and uncles?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">No. There was something that nobody ever really made clear, that he did have to spend a year at a high school</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">up north in--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">can't remember the name of that little town. Now, </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">I ever got</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> a letter on my sweater with a</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">big P on it. Pateros. Yeah, Pateros High School. So he must have got into some kind of trouble and had to go</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">away to a different high school for a year. Because I think it was like 1930, 1931, when they graduated. It was</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">1935, I think, when they got married, so.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> So there was some time, h</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">e spent time in the President Roosevelt's CCCs, building campgrounds and trails in the mountains around the</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">state. And he actually went</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">and spent</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> some time down in Oregon on the Salmon River, I think, panning for gold one</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">spring. He had a few adventures away f</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">rom Han</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ford before he came back and committed himself to a long, long</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">marriage with Mom.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> Yeah, so.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Well, talking about FDR and the CCC, any of your family members ever talk to you about the Depression? What it</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">was like growing up or living in Hanford during the Depression? Did it have an impact on the community in any</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">way?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">You know, they always talk like it was the most wonderful place in the world. They didn't have any financial</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">problems because they took care of everything themselves. They had their own herds and their own fruit and</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">vegetables. Didn't depend on when the government came along with the social programs. They went off and</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">made a dollar a day and sent whatever portion was required for them to send home. A certain percentage they</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">had to send home. It was never, n</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ever heard of a word, like</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> there was any kind of hardship at all.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Now the Moulster family, did they have a place in town, then?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Yeah, the railroad supplied a house for Grandpa and Grandma. So he would go down and greet the trains when</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">they came in. And of course all the family had free passes so the kids could, during summer vacation, they could</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">hop on a train, ride anywhere they wanted to go, for nothing. So they'd go over to Seattle and visit relatives.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">That's nice.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Yeah, they had a good time.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Sounds nice. </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">How long was your grandfather work for the railroad in Hanford then?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Until the government came in. And they moved from there to Prosser and they retired. And they lived in Prosser</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">for the rest of his life. I think he died, oh, somewhere like 1957 or 8, somewhere like that.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Do you have any </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">idea how busy of a train stat--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">like how often trains came through? Once a day? </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">A couple times a day? Do you know?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">I never heard, no. You would expect maybe at least once a day to have to keep a guy there.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Mm-</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">hm</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">, you’d think so</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">, right. I was wondering about, you talked about the beer parlor/pool hall and ice cream parlor.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">I wonder if any of your family members ever talked about recreational activities, picnics, or Fourth of July</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">celebrations, or things that kids did for fun.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Just when they'd visit families back and forth. They'd go out to the Benson ranch on Sundays, usually after</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">church, and they'd have a big supper. And, like I said in the write up, they would make a big tub of ice cream. You</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">know it probably was salt and ice and stirred all up.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">And when they'd come the other way down to Hanford and they probably went to the river in a summer day,</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">cause that's where the whole town gathered, right there in the swimming hole. Only place to keep cool. And you</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">can imagine those blistering summer</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> days like we get around here. Without, b</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ack before they had a lot of the agriculture</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">we have now. Wasn't nearly as cool, probably.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Right. Yeah. Then there's winter, also, which is a completely different.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Oh, yeah there's pictures. I've seen pictures at the reunions of the frozen Columbia with a herd of sheep going</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">across. And just amazing. The ice skating, of course, on the same place they'd swim in they'd be ice skating on it</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">in the wintertime.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Bauman</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">: Mm-hm. N</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ow, when your</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> family was at the Benson ranch, right?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Dad's family, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">So it was sheep. Did they also grow crops at all? Apples, peaches, anything </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">along that—orchards?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">No, it was always strictly for wintering the sheep, I think, mostly.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> In the springtime they'd drive them out onto the</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">sagebrush flats out in the range. </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Well, even today if you drive--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">we just got back from a cross-country trip to</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Kentucky, and out through Wyoming and Utah there, you see sheep all over the place. You see the little carts out</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">there the sheep herder lives in. It's just like it was back then.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">You talked about the Brinson and Moulster </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">families being close, were there other families, do you know, that</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> you got close to—</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Yeah, there were--</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: --Or knew really well?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">When they had the get-togethers, the reunions were just the happiest times, when they'd all get together and</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">they'd hash out the old memories from. And they'd talk about the people around the mercantile downtown. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">the different neighbors</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">, all of them</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">. It was too young for me to remember most of the names. I remember a few names.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">I th</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ink the store was run by the Boyd</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> family.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">And of c</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ourse there were the Clarks. </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">Ili</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">an</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> Clark was one of the latest, or she went to our church, actually. I</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">mean she </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">would, she's the one that'd always try to organize the sing-alongs at the reunions. She would play the</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">piano and try to get everybody the sing all the old songs.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Yeah. What about churches in the community? Were there a number--</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">I think there was only a Presbyterian church there. I think that's what everybody went to, if they were so inclined,</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">anyway.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> Mm-hm.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">And did your family get to some of the neighboring communities very often? </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">To </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">White Bluffs or Richland? I know</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> the </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">hopsital’s</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> in Pasco, but--</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Not that they've mentioned very often. They've had quite a rivalry going with White Bluffs that even carried on into</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">the reunions. The Hanford folks and the White Bluff folks still had a few issues, even going into those later days.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Probably sports teams and such like that.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Probably schools and sports teams.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">So let’s t</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">alk a little bit now about W</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">orld </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">W</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ar </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">II and when the federal government decided that they were going to build a site out</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">where the community of Hanford was. What do you know about that? Or what have you heard from your family</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">member</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">s</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">? I know you were only four years old or something at the time. What sort of stories have you heard</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> about that</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">There was a lot of bitterness. And even to this day, some of them, like that one fellow you mentioned that you'd</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">interviewed before, I'm sure you must have heard from him how hard it was on some of the folks to walk,</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">practically walk away from </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">a</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> orchard just ready to probably pick and produce a crop and make a profit for you for</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">the first time. And you have to walk away from it. You can imagine what kind of bitterness that might produce.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">See, we had already left by probably 1942. And Dad decided a growing family needed a better income, so he got</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">on at the </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">shipyards over there in Tacoma a</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">nd then Grandpa followed. We lived together for a</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">while over there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">And did a little work. Didn't come back </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">‘</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">til 1948.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">But you heard the stories at every reunion from just about the same people. They repeat the same stuff.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> Grandpa</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Brinson got his--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">after all the work he did on his place, planting the</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> peach orchard and everything--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">he got 700</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">whole dollars out of the government for it. And I'm sure it was similar for a lot of the other folks.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">$700 is what—is all he got?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">That's all he got for his house, outbuildings, and orchard, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">So you were in Tacoma, your family was in Tacoma though at that point. Is that right?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">R</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ight, before </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">they</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">--</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Did you hear about it at that point? Do you know did your family hear about it from?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Well, I'm sure there were--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">I'm not sure how they communicated. Mostly by letters, probably. I don't think that</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">there was--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">well, yeah, there must have been long distance at that time. But, yeah, I don't recall, of course, being</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">at that age, a lot of telephone traffic at all. But I'm s</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ure they heard from the folks. Bec</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ause after it happened</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> we'd</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">take a lot of trips back over the mountains to visit Grandma and Grandpa there in Prosser.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">They had moved to Prosser then?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Yeah, a lot of folks moved to Prosser. A lot of them moved to Yakima and surrounding towns out through there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">It</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> scattered them pretty good</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> so it was always nice to see them come back. The reunions were really crowded</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">in the early days.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Do you know about when those reunions started?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Oh, it had to have been in the late '40s.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">So pretty soon after the war</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Probably in the, yeah, '47 to '49, somewhere in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">re probably. You know the kids--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">all the kids noticed was free</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ice cream, free pop. [LAUGHTER] And</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> a lot of grass and trees to play under, play around under. So my sister was the one that</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">she</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">would love to sit under the picnic table and listen to all the adult talk going on. But us kids, us boys, we'd just run</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">around and play. We didn'</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">t care about that kind of stuff. </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">So she heard all the stories</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> but you couldn't talk her into coming in for an interview, huh?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">So when did you--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">since you were only four years old or so when your family left Hanford-- when did you first</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">become aware of the family story here and what had happened to the communities here?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Oh, well, when they would take us to the reunions, they'd hear the stories and, of course, even family get</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">-</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">togethers</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">you'd hear it</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> then</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">, too. </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">‘</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">Cause</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> we'd always have a get-together in a Christmas, Easter, Thanksgiving. There'd</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">always be a family get-together, so you'd hear all the stories around the dinner tables. All the fellowship around</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">that time, most times of the year. And there'd be a lot of good-humored joking, but there's always that underlying</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">disappointment.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">It would've been nice to have carried on and grown up and realized the full potential of a community like that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Along the river would've been a beautiful place.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Yeah. So I was going to ask you--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">one of the reasons we're doing this project is to get memories and stories about</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">families that were there, so that someone in the future, a student maybe, or maybe a descendant of yours could</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">list</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">en and watch the video.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> What sorts of things or anything that you would especially like people like that to know about, or</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">know about the community of Hanford</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">, or</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> about your family</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> that you think it would be important to let them to know about?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Oh, p</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">robably the most important thing would be I think the freedom you felt like you had in those days, even at four</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">years old and you don't really don't realize the importance of it. You had it, when you could just run out of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">house and go visit some aunt up the street and not worry about being lost or being abducted by some </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">nutball</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">the people were independent and helped each other. And it was just, compared to how things are today, wow.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Yeah, don't get me started on the politics going on today.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">So in other words, i</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">t was a community.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Yeah. There was even--</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">People who really felt like a community.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Oh, yeah. You could tell when you see them at the reunions how close they were. Just a whole lot of hugging</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">going on.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">[LAUGHTER] Yeah. </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Well, just the fact that they had those reunions and kept doing those for so many years suggests--</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Yeah. Yeah the--</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">--strong bond</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">, right?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Yeah, the people that organized those had to really be committed because that took a lot of work</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> sending out all</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">the letters and getting together all the food, all the materials it took. And then they would put out tables and tables</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">of old photographs and paper, newspaper clippings, and stuff like that. I hope you were able to get ahold of some</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">of that.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">I did, yeah,</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> see </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">some of that, yeah.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> Have you or any of your family members ever gone back, say on one of</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">the tours that goes out? Bee</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">n able to go see the former sites out there</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">A few times we went out to. One time when they let you take your cars out, they kind of travel out there following</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">the DOE guy. They let you park and walk around, trying to find your old home site. My mom always knew by the</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">shape of some tree about where their house was.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">And her </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">cousin</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> Dick went with us one time, and he got to poking around out there and he actually found a little fish</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">pond that his father had built for him. It was all covered over by sage</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">bru</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">sh and stuff. But he managed to find it</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">and brush off the stuff. But it was just made out of stones that were just kind of cemented in. It was probably no</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">bigger than that, but it was only so deep, but it was. It meant a lot to him to--</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Oh sure.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">--to be able to find that and remember that part of his life.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Wow. </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Do you know when that might have been</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> that he would have went bac</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">k out there and found that</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Oh, that was probably in the late '60s, early '70s, in that area.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">And you mentioned that your mom was able to by the shape of a tree know where. What sort of response did she</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">have to going back out there? Did you get a chance to talk to her about that? Or </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">were you</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> out there with her?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Yeah. Oh yeah, she liked it. Her thing, like I said, was down at the old swimming hole. She kind of graded</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">everything by where the swimming </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">hole</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> was, where that meant that. And then she could figure out where that tree</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">was. And then that house stood right there by the tree.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Some of the houses</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> they moved out of there to other parts of the countryside that weren't on the project. Some of</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">them might still be in use today for all I know. But, oh yeah, she'd get excited every time we'd go out there and</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">remember--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">remembering things.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Mm-hm. </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">So she seemed to really appreciate being</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> able</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> to go out there again.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Oh yeah. Invariably it'd be a real hot day and it'd be uncomfortable</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> out there</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">. You'd usually gather around the old high</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">school there</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">. The shell was still standing. </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Must have been quite--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">I guess, the bank building. Maybe that was in</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">White Bluff</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">s</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">, so it was still standing too.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: White Bluffs Bank, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> Yeah.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">But you must've had if she could remember that well just by a few th</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ings that were she had a real--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">she knew that</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">town.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Oh, yeah. She grew</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> up there.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Knew it</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> well.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Yeah, that was when she used to tell us about sleeping out on the hay stacks at those hot summer evenings, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">listening to the coyotes howl. Falling asleep to that noise. What she called music.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Remember any other stories she used to tell you about things like that</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">, that</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> would've been sort of unique to the area?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">No, not really. She did leave to go to Seattle to go to secretarial school. Or business school, she called it. Business</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">school. So she went to a couple years of that. And then probably right after that they probably got married.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: With the proposal in the apple orchard--</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Y</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">eah, and then moved to Tacoma over in probably '42.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> I think so.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> But they did have a lot of close friends that they</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">could talk for hours about the old times, the good times. Especially if the sisters got together. Boy, they could--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Man, it was—[LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">It sounds like she had</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> a lot of very fond memories of--</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">They were, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">And did your dad talk about much, talk about the old community much?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Oh, yeah. They had the men's fraternity, I guess you'd call them, were pretty close. They had a lot of</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">especially</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">the high school kids--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">they were the hardest things ever. So and Dad was, when one of his friends was killed at</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Guadalcanal, it took him a long time to get over that, </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">be</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">cause it was his best friend. So, yeah, they were really close.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">And so you said your family then moved to Tacoma and then '48 came to Kennewick?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Came back to, yeah, it</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">'s cause Dad got a job at the--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">actually, we stopped for a year in Prosser, lived with</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">grandparents until we got, finally bought a piece of property in East Kennewick. And then he had a house built.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">And we lived with Herb and his family on East Fifth Street while the house was being built on East First Place. So</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">eventually</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> got moved in there and spent--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">that's where </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">us</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> kids grew up right there, at East Kennewick, so.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">And what did you think </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">of Kennewick when you came back, when you moved in</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Oh, just immediately there was guys to run around with and we just formed a bond right there. We</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">wer</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">e the four musketeers. We would—[LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">T</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">here</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> were no gangs back then, I guess we were about as close as you</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">could get to a gang, I guess.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Yeah. </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">I guess I asked</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> what it would feel like being in the Tri-Cities knowing that a lot of the people in the area were</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">working, out at the Hanford site, which is</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> where your family used to live?</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> Have any feelings about that? Does it</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">seem a little odd at all or strange or? What are your thoughts about that?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Well, we didn't really think about it that much. Most of the activity was clo</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ser to Richland, in the Camp Han</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ford</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">area. And right out there where the tow</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">n site was there was never any--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">It just happened to be in the middle of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">condemned area. Yeah, I don't think we ever resented. We were too young to work up resentments at that point.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">We were having too much fun growing up in East Kennewick. </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Bec</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ause back then East Kennewick went clear out to</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> Fin</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">l</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">e</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">y, you could roam forever out through there.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">So are there anything that I haven't asked you that, or any event, or memory or family story that you haven't had a</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">chance to talk about yet that you'd like to?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Oh, it's one of those things that you might wake up at 2 o'clock in the morning and say, Oh, yeah I should've said</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> But right now I just can't draw on anything, anything else. It was just with all the aunts and uncles and the</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">friends, it was j</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ust a wonderful time of life,</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> a wonderful place to have been a part of, for a little while, anyway.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">So I do have one other question. So I know your father and grandfather and your f</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">amily went to Tacoma. W</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">hat</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">happened to, say, cousins and aunts and uncles, cousins, other families you're related to?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Well they, yeah, m</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">om's oldest brother ended up in California as a bulldozer operator. The twins, one twin, Aunt Mildred, never did</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">give married, and Aunt Margaret married a wheat farmer out of Walla Walla.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Let's see, Aunt Babe married Uncle Doc Jones from Tacoma. They lived in Tacoma, lived out their years in</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Tacoma. And, see, Uncle Arthur worked on the fire department in the Seattle fire department.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Let's see, on Dad's side, Herb ended up running a Chevron station right down at the end of Washington Street</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">there in Kennewick, and later on moved to Spokane and ran one up there in </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">Dishman</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">. And Uncle Paul moved to</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">San Bernardino</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> and passed away down there</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> after raising a family. Let's see.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">So did all the </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span class="SpellingError SCX212019359">Brinsons</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> then go to Tacom</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">a, pretty much? Your uncles as well?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Generally, in that area, yeah. Uncle Albert ended up in Renton and raised his family. His son Gary is the</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Gary</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Brinson of the Brinson Fund, you know. Multimillion.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> He had to build a building there on the WSU campus for the</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">business college, I guess you'd call it.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">But he was younger than you, correct?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Oh, yeah. Just a few years, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">So did he live out at Hanford at all?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">No. They all grew up in Renton.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">And then what about the Moulster side? Were they still living in Hanford when the government came in during the</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">war?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Yeah, yeah. Yeah, </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">be</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">cause that's when Grandpa had to drop the depot agent job. Retire from the Milwaukee </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Rail</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">road</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">and move to Prosser, so.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">And I don't know who was, if Aunt Margaret hadn't married Uncle Bud at that time, so. They were in the, yeah, she</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">and Aunt Millie both joined the Navy, that's right. They were both in the Navy </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">‘</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">til the end of the war, so. So that's</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">where they went. And so Uncle Arthur was also and flew in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">whatever aircraft that was. He was a navigator</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">bombardier off of a carrier airplane of some sort. P-40 <span style="text-decoration:underline;">or</span> something like that. Forces</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> that</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> have survived.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Now, did you or any of your family end up working at the Hanford site?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Dad worked at the fire department in Richland for the rest of his career there. Central fire station. When I got out</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">of the Air Force, I spent a couple years at CBC and got into the physical ch</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">emistry laboratory out there, in</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> 300</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Area. Worked out there for 40, 42 years.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> Retired in 2000. Paid for my- [LAUGHTER] P</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ut a couple of kids through school from</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">working out there. Yeah, it was a good place to spend a career. Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Mm-hm. </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Is there any fi</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">nal thoughts about the old Hanford town or of your family--families, </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">even</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> the</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Moulster or Brinson family</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">, and their experiences there?</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Oh, the biggest thing was </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">just missing them all so much. Just because i</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">t was such a wonderful family to grow up in. So</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">supportive and loving, and just getting together at a drop of a hat. So many get-togethers and camping trips. </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Yeah, </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">I</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">wish I could have</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> grown up older there and had more memories of the old Hanford town, but. But that's the way</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">things go.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Well, I appreciate you being willing to come talk and share your memories and yo</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">ur family stories about Hanford and the community out there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> I really appreciate it.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Well, I wish I could've helped you out more.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">This is terrific. You were great. Thank you.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359">, you're welcome. I'm glad you got a chance to talk to Mom there, that 12 years ago.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX212019359"><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinson</span>: She made it to</span><span class="TextRun SCX212019359"> 97.</span><span class="EOP SCX212019359"> </span></p>
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300 Area
Civilian Conservation Corps
Hanford (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Richland (Wash.)
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945
White Bluffs (Wash.)
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https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fae6130413e7ae36fc7c5f101e7fedd21.jpg
3cdc68a43f498b02735ccaa53fca9a14
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fb4456284af8e319cb2f34ebdbb560d45.mp4
685af0ac7d3745bdad5ec2359f14e49f
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Robert Bauman
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Ray Deranleau
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><strong><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Northwest Public Television | </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span class="SpellingError SCX23414750">D</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span class="SpellingError SCX23414750">_Henry_Raymond</span></span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></strong></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Robert Bauman</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">: </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">. Well, we'll go ahead and get started. And I'm going to start by having you say your name, and spell it for us,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">please.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Ray Deranleau</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">: Ray De</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">-- are you ready?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> Yep.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> Ray </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Deranleau</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">, D-E-R-A-N-L-E-A-U, R-A-Y on the first name.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Great, thank you</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">. And today's date is September 3rd of</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> 2013. And we're conducting this interview on the campus of</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Washington State University, Tri-Cities. So let's start, if we could, by havi</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">ng you talk about your family--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">how they</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">came, how, when, why they came to the area here.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, my folks co</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">me here in 1930. And at that time, there was just six kids left in the house. The three older ones</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">had grown up. And they more </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">or less, I think, starved out--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">they were up at Genesee, Idaho. And the price of</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">wheat wasn't anything, and they just kind of went broke up there. They moved down here, and, of course, we</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">farmed down here, but that was altogether different. Dad had been a dry land farmer, but he had to learn the</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">irrigation thing.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Do you know how he heard about Richland, or any of that?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">I think he just put</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> the</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> pla</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">ce up for sale and the real estate </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">person, Carl Williams, who was in Kennewick for a long time,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">handled it. I know that. And I suppose that's how it </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">happened. I was about--I was six--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">or, five when we moved</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">here. So, a lot of that up there, I don't recall even.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And what were your parents' names?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Henry and Elizabeth.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And so where was your farm?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, it was right a</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">cross the ditch from where Battelle </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">is, headed west. It was across that ditch. And if you are</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">familiar with tha</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">t, there was an old school—Vale </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">School, up there at one time. And Dad had 33 acres, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">that seven acres was out of that original 40. So we were right adjacent to that.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">. Who were some of your neighbors, or people who lived closest to you, then?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, Pete Hanse</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">n lived right next to us. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> then, across the ditch, was </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span class="SpellingError SCX23414750">Hultgrenn</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> Were the two closest.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And so what sort of crops did you grow on the far?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, we had--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">towards t</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">he last, we had a little mint--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">peppermint. And we had quite a few grapes, but most folks</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">didn't raise grapes like Dad did. And, of course, we had hay and asparagus, and strawberries.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And g</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">r</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">o</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">w</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">ing up on the farm, did you have particular chores or responsibilities that were </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">yours</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Hell yeah. We milked cows, and just all the stuff that went with it. Cut asparagus. We'd get up as soon as you</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">could see to cut asparagus in the spring. That was always a cash crop that made a little money for everybody</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">that--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">and of course, it was early. It'd give them a chance to have some money to pay the water bill, and stuff like</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">that. So that was a good crop then.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Do you know where the crops were sold?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, they were sold mostly at Kennewick. And some things at Pasco, but mostly at Kennewick. Ours was, anyway.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">I want to ask you also, about your farm, were there other buildings besides the house itself on the property? What</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">other buildings were there?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> yeah,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> we had a barn, and a little shed that, I suppose at one time, had been kind of an open end garage type</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">thing. But most of that stuff was so worn out that you could throw a cat through it somewhere.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">So when you bought the place, it was something that someone else had already owned?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">There was what?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Someone else had already owned the place?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">No, Dad got that place from the ditch company. And he just moved on there for no payment at all. And of course,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">the reasoning behind that was if they had people farming, they were buying their water. So they were better off</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">just to let you set on there. And of course, eventually, he paid for it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">But that's when they moved on that thing.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> And it was awful run down, to begin with. Whoever was on </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">there</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> ahead</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">of us didn't do much farming. They just--</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Do you know how old the place was?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">No.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">It had been there for a while?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Yeah, it was older than I was.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And what about electricity? Did you have electricity there?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Yeah. [LAUGHTER] W</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">e got electricity there. And at that time that, PP&L was in here, which was Pacific Power and Light. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">they wouldn't give you electricity until the ERA came in, and then they were right there to give you some, if they</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">could. But they had to run a line in from </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Stevens, you know, where I live,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> there. And that was probably, what, a</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">block and a half maybe.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> But anyway--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">and then they went to our neighbors. And we had to buy e</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">lectric stoves. And I suppose--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">I know we</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">bought them from them, and I don't know if we had to or not. And just a deal where you pay a nickel down, pay</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">the rest your life, type thing. And I suppose they got a dang good shafting on the price of that stove. I don't know</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">that, but common sense tells me that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">But that's the way electricity was then. And like I said, boy, they weren't very helpful until the ERA came in, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">made all the difference in the world. REA, I guess it is.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">REA, right. And did that happen sometime after you arrived, the REA? Probably, yeah--</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Yeah. Roosevelt, I think, went in in, what,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> in</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> '32? And so we went there in '30. And we moved on to that place, I</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">would say, in '35. And I could be off a year or two. It was the second place where we first lived.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">, so where did you live before that, then?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">We lived just off of Van Giesen, and right in there close to where that little shoplifting center is, there on Van</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Giesen. If you know much about the history of this place, there was a house there, and they called it Officer's--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Officer's</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> something. And I can't say the word I want to. But anyway, it was a big, nice house, and they had left that</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">for quite a</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">while before they ever tore it down. I think they moved it to West Richland eventually.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">So that's where you</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> lived</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> initially, and then you moved to the place--</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Pardon?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">So that's where you lived for about five years? '30, '35, and then you moved to the second place? </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">. And what</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">about telephone? Did you have a telephone?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Yeah. We had a telephone. </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">My dad was on the ditch board--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">the water board. There were three other people</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">around there. And then they had a guy </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">running it. In fact, Fletcher--his dad ru</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">n that. And he had to have a</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">telephone because of that.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> Oh, okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> I suppose we wouldn't have had a telephone as quick as we did.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Was that a party line, sort of?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Oh, yeah. Yeah, then</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> about that time, too, we switched over from horses to a tractor. So that was kind of a change</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">in farming for us a lot.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">So initially you had horses for all the work on the farm? Do you remember what kind of tractor you got?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Yeah, we had an F-12, </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span class="SpellingError SCX23414750">Farmall</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> tractor.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">So what about the town of Richland itself? What do you remember about the town during the 1930s? Any</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">businesses, or things that you--</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, there was a couple of grocery stores, and a couple of gas stations. You could buy little candy bars, and stuff</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">like that at those gas stations. And there was a</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> hardware--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">good hardware store. And I probably missed some of</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">them, but there wasn't much here.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">[LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Did</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> you have a radio, or--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">how did you get news?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, we had a radio. It worked part of the time.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> One of those deals where everybody had his damn ear down into</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">the--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">trying to hear it.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Do you remember listening to any shows, or anything in particular on the radio when you were growing up?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Oh yeah, we used to listen to Jimmy Allen. And of course, Dad listened to the news. So we'd listen to that, too. But</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Jimmy Allen, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">, oh,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> Amos and Andy. We'd listen to that. And I don't remember what else. Not much, we didn't listen</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">to it a lot. It wasn't very good.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">What about newspaper? Was there a newspaper?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Yeah, we always had the Spokesman Review. There wasn't any local papers at that time.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">I want to ask you about school. What school did you go to? And do you have any</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> specific memories about school, </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">teachers or anything like that?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, we had a pretty good little school, if we'd have tried to learn something. And some of us wasn't too interest</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">ed</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> in</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">that, to be real frank wi</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">th you. And I was one of them--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">hell, I thought I knew everything there was to know at 15.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">But really, we didn't have a bad school.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">How did you get to school? Was there a bus?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Yeah, went on a school bus.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Was that a sort of regular school bus?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">It was? </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Yeah, they had cer</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">tain routes. There were about--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">I would say maybe five of them.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Were there any teachers that you particularly remember from your years of school in Richland?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, no, not really. We had some good ones and some ba</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">d ones. But I don't like to bad</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">mouth some of them.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And especially the kind of student I was. If I'd have had me, I'd have killed me. Just to be real frank with you.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">What's a recreational activities? What did you do for fun growing up?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, we played ball, and we fished, and just kind of entertained ourselves. We worked a lot, really. When kids</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">were old enough to work--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">and if you had any spare time, Dad would go out and buy another 20 acres, just about</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">what it boiled to with those old guys. You know, if they had boys especially, they were out looking for more land.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Which was a way of life at that time.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Mm-hm. </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Do you remember any community events? Any--</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, we used to go to g</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">range meetings. And they'd have two a month. And one of them would be a social thing,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">and at that one, they'd serve a little sandwich and coffee, and they'd have dances. You'd just volunteer a band, so</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">that was pretty neat.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Where were the g</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">range meetings held?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">The Grange Hall was right up where the Lutheran church is, he</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">re in Richland, on Van Giesen--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">or,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> yeah,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> Van Giesen</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">and Stevens.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">So I assume y</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">our father was a member of the g</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">range.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Was he part of any other organizations? You mentioned the irrigation, right?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">No, not really. We went to church when we had gas.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">What church did you go to?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Catholic. And we'd have to go to Kennewick for that. There wasn't any Catholic church here. In fact, there was one</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">church, and I think they called it Community Methodist. And pretty near all the </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">protestants</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> would go there. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">maybe they'd have a Methodist preacher for a</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">while, and if he </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">starved</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> out, the next one could be Lutheran, or</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">whatever, you know. You just kind of, in those days, did with what you had.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And they pretty much had a Seventh Day Adventist little church there, too. There wasn't many members, but they</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">would have meetings there, on Saturday.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Were there a number of families that went to the Catholic </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">church</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> in Kennewick from Richland, who lived there?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Oh, I don't think there was a half a dozen. Maybe something like that. Of course,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">them</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> Catholics, in those days, had lots</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">of kids, and more kids than the rest of them. So we could kind of o</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">utnumber them. We didn't need--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">if we had</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">families, we had groups.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">We had one Catholic bunch, lived out there on the river. And I think they had 17 or 19 kids, somebody said. And in</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">those days, it wasn't unusual for children to die at childbirth. And they h</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">ad some where they'd lose one--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">they'd</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">just name another one the same name. And I always thought that was kind of weird, but I know they did that.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">You mentioned playing ball growing up. Did you play sports in school at all?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, we played softball</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">. We didn't have any football--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">we didn't have a football team. We didn't have any material</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">for it. And we didn't play baseball, either. T</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">hey had a local baseball team--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">we'd call it a town team. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">everybody, whoever wanted to--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">and then they had some pretty decent players on that darn thing, for those days.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">How about basketball?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, we had a high school basketball team. And that was the size of that. I don't remember anybody other than</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">just--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">well, maybe in grade school or middle school, you could play around then.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">So y</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">ou arrived here in about 1930—</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> --</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">the years of the Great Depression. Wondering ways in which the Depression</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">sort of impacted people here.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">[LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, we were poor as church mice, you know. But everybody else was the same way. Hell, when I went in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">service in '43, I had better conditions in the service than I had at home. And like I said, everybody was poor, so I</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">thought that's the way everybody wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">s. And they were, around here--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">most of them, some of them were better off</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">than others, naturally.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">But it was pretty hard times </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">for everybody. We didn't ever--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">went hungry, or anything like that. I don't mean to</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">imply that. But, boy, we worked from the time were about 11 and 12 in the fields. And after we got a little older, we</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">could hire out, if we got a chance.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">We'd get enough money for our school clothes that way. And it didn't take </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">much--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">of course, we didn't get much</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">either. You'd get maybe two bits an hour, you</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> know. And boy, I'll tell you--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">that was work in those days, too.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Picking up potatoes, and things like that.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">I want to go back to school. So what year did you graduate high school, then?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">'42.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And how many people were in your class?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">I think there was just eight of us, or maybe a doz</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">en. I don't know, they got to--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">I think Edith maybe brought you</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">that picture of that group.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Yeah, s</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">mall group.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And some of us--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">I r</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">emember, one old teacher that--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">he was always talking about our sheepskins, when we</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">graduated. And I said something about my sheepskin one day. And he said, yours won't have any fleece on it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> Oh,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">gosh.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> I think about that school--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">what a waste of my time and theirs. It was all my fault, I'm not blaming anybody but</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">myself. But it was a fact. It was just</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> stupid</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> that I didn't want to learn more.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And you mentioned you joined the service in '43?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Y</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">eah, right after </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">they</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">as soon as they got the notice here, I started. I had two brothers in the service at the time.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And there were four of us in there, before it was over with. And everybody was in the service. And I just felt like I</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">should be in, and I didn't have the guts to leave. And dad wasn't any spring chick</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">en. So I hated to leave before—</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">But</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> once they got rid of that farm--</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">So tell me about when you notice from the government about needing to leave.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, we got we got notice from the government on March 3, and they just told us that our place-- condemned our</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">places, and was taking them. And we got our notice a little bit before noon, in the mail. And I was plowing a field</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">out there. And I came in for lunch, and they were, of course, telling me about</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> it</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And after I ate, I went back out and cranked up that tractor. And I bet I hadn't been plowing an hour and a half,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">and somebody called up there, and told them to get that tractor out of that field. I don't know who called, or any</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">more about</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> it than--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">the deal was you couldn't find out anything. And looking back, you understand why.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">But you sure didn't in those days. And t</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">hen, the bad thing about that--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">it put all those farmers on the market for a</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">new place, and immediately the land went up. And they weren't offering a lot. And a lo</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">t of the people didn't accept--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">they sued</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> for it</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">. And they</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> did better. And Mr. Fletcher--Robert's dad--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">was involved in that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And, of course, there was an att</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">orney that they had naturally--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">or, normally up there. And he handled the case--Lionel Powell, from Kennewick, who was an attorney.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">How did you</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">r parents respond to the letter?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, confused--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">everybody was. I guess they just finally told us that it was a government thing, and it was a</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">secret. And t</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">hey wouldn't--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">couldn't tell us, and they kind of accepted that. But first, they just were going to run you</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">out of there, without any kind of explanatio</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">n at all. And we never did get--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">it was world news when we found out</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">that Richland was part of the atomic bomb thing.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">So what happened with your parents, then? They sold the land--</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, they settled in Kennewick, and Dad bought a couple little places there.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">How long were they given to leave?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Oh, boy. They extended the time to get off of there. I think probably it was fall before the folks left. And then, a lot</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">of those crops, they had the prisoner of war camp, out on the Yakima there. And they had those prisoners in</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">there, taking care of some of those crops. Because I remember a couple of them working up there in the grapes</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">at our place.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And one of them asked the other one why he was in the slammer. And he said he was a letter writer. Anyway, he</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">forged checks.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> [LAUGHTER] He said he was a lett</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">er writer.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Was that camp--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">that</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> camp was in existence for a while, before '43, there? The prisoner of war camp?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">It was what?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">It was there before '43?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">I don't know. I don't think so. I think they put it up, but boy, they had people. They just put something like that up</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">overnight. I'll bet it didn't take them two weeks to put the dang thing up.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And you said your parents then bought a place in Kennewick?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">A farm, or--</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, they bought a little place down on the corner of 19th and Washington. There was a credit union there for</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">a</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">while, and they're gone from there. I don't know what's in there now. But industry's moved that far down in there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And of course, that was all farming. That was one thing about the farms, too, i</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">n Richland. So many of them--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">now,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">we were up on just sagebrush bordered us.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">There was always land there, available, if you had the time </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">to get it. In fact, Dad would--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">he'd water some of that--was watering some of those. He'd put in rye grass, because it'd stand the wind. It was hearty, you know?</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And he'd water. And he was figuring on getting two or three years of rye grass in that, to hold that sand a little bit,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">and then buying that. And it was things like that that they'd do. And they were pretty loose </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">with--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">the ditch</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">company, as long as they had water, they'd let them do things like that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">But the ditch company owned a lot of Richland. I thought back a lot of times, and wondered, between the Federal</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Land Bank and the ditch company, what percentage of th</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">ese little areas--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">and we weren't unique on that. All you</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">had to do was go </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">down the road to the next one--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">it was the same thing.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">You talk about irrigation. How did the irrigation system work? I mean, what sort of irrigation pipes--</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Deranleau:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">It w</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">as all real irrigation--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">ditches. Little ditches. We never heard of a sprinkler system, at that time.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Was there cement pipes, at all?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Oh, well, yeah. Some of it was open ditch, and some of it was pipes. And some of it was even what they call</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">continuous pipe. And I had never seen them make t</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">hat. But the inside out of it--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">there wasn't any joints, and they</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">had something they'd drag through the middle of it, put the cement around it, and then pull that. That's how they</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">had to do.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> I</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> never seen them do it. It wasn't very good. It wasn't as good as a good concrete pipe. And, of course,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">people, as they could, </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">they were improving on that kind of stuff. Getting rid of that kind of junk, and putting in</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">better.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">So do you remember what your, or your </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">parents', feelings were about--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">were</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> you upset about having to move off</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">the land? Angry?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, they were all probably angry, and confused, more than angry, </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">I think. Because just imagine--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">getting a letter</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">that you--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">and on those far</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">ms, it was--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">every month of the year, there was something to do. In winter,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">you had more cows to milk, and stuff like that. So it wasn't where you had a lot of time off, or anything.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">So do you remember where you were when you heard about what was happening at the Hanford site? About</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">what was being built, and used for?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">No, I really </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">don't. I was in Europe, and I come home--a</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">nd they gave us a 30 day furlough. And we'd seen just</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">enough combat that we'd been good candidates for over in Japan. And I think that was what they were figuring</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">on. But anyway, I was on a train going back to South Carolina, where I had to report back to.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And we were up </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">in Montana, and the conductor co</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">me through there, and told us that they had dropped those</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">bombs, and that the war was over. And I think that's the first time I ever</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> knew what Hanford really did--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">as near as</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">I remember, at least.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Do you remember your response when he came through and told you this?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">[LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, I hate to sound like an idi</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">ot, but we were playing poker--a bunch of us--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">and we were more interested in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">poker game. And--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">it was almost disbelief, I think.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And so how much longer were you in the service, then? When did you come back to the area?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Oh, a</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">fter that, I would say I was in the service five, six months. And we moved around a lot. I was in a chemical</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">warfare outfit. It was a mortar outfit.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">We had big mortars, and were designed to shoot gas, if we had to. That's why we were in the chemical end of it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">But we also had high explosives that we shot. And we would be attached to the infantry. But I don't know really</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">how long we was. Here again, I went back to--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">I was in 89th Chemical.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And when I got back to Colorado, I went over to where it was suppose</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">d to be, and--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">nothing there. So I saw</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">another che</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">mical outfit, right next door--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">90th. So I went over there. And I happened to walk right into the same</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">company that I'd been assigned to. We'd all been assigned to that, and we didn't even know it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And I'll never forget the First Sergeant in there. He told me where to go, what barracks I could bunk in. So I went</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">up to that barracks, and it was full. And I came back, and I said, that barracks is full, up there, I said. He said, go</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">up and throw one of those guys out of there, and get a bunk. And I said, you go up and throw him out.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And that guy took a liking to me. And he was the biggest horse's neck ever to come down the pike. He was a hobo</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">that had found </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">it in the Army, and he was re-enlisted. But he was kind of a weird booger. But anyway, he took a</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">liking to me. And hell, I could just get away with anything after that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">It was kind of weird. Some of the guys used to razz me about being his buddy.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> But anyway, we were doing a lot of</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">moving around. They were just shifting everybody. We went down through Texas, and they brought us up to San</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Francisco for Army Day Parade. We looped around on those damn hills down there a lot. My wife told me I wasn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">supposed to cuss, too, didn't she? But anyway, we were moving around a lot, </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">and then finally ended up at Fort</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Lewis, where they booted us out.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Do you know, after your parents left the farm, do you know if it was torn down right away? Or did the government</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">use it for anything?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, ours was, I'm sure, because it was just a shack. And most of them were like that. And it was just the better</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">ho</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">uses that they kept for folks--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">like that one I was telling you, Officer's Club is what they called that house over</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">there, where we first lived. And houses like that, they kept them around to put people in. But boy, I'll tell you, some</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">of those houses around here, you could throw a</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> cat through the wall of them--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">they didn't amount to much.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Do you have--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">are there any memories of growing up in Richland that really stand out to you? Any sort of</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">humorous events, or things that you remember from growing up here, that really stand out to you?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Oh, boy. Well,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> I remember one time, a bunch of us went up to Brown's island. And that's about maybe eight, nine</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">miles up the Colombia from here. And, of course, in those days, all those dams weren't in there and that was free</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">water. And if you knew where to go, you could wade over to that in the summer. And if you didn't, you'd have to</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">swim a little.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">But a bunch of us went up there. Anyway, we camped up there for pretty near a week. And we just hunted and</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">fished, and loafed around there. But anyway, there was a little shack on this side of the river. And we'd come</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">back, and I don't know whether</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> we were getting ready to leave, or just that morning, we were maybe going to hunt</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">rabbits or something.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">But we all had .22s. And one of those kids shot up into the corner of that damn thing, towards the ceiling. And that</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">bullet--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">we tracked it afterwards, and it went down the ridgepole of that little shack, just probably that far. And hit a</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">nail, and it dropped down on one of the kids' neck. Now, it just dropped, I think. But anyway, it burned his neck,</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">and it just rolled off, you know.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And I remember, he said, I'm shot!</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> We didn't pay any attention to him. And he said, I'm shot, you damn fools!</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> It</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">just boiled down that that had just rolled there, but just a strange thing. It hit a knot, to begin with, and turned and</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">went right up that ridgepole about two inches. And then, by that time, that little .22 was spent. But</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> anyway [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> he was pretty</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">excited, because he thought he was killed, and we didn't pay any attention to him.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">I'm wondering, anything you--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">or, what do you think would be important for people to know about what it was like</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">growing up in a small community </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">of Richland in the 1930s, 1940s?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, really, it was pretty good, because everybody knew everybody. And everybody associated with one another.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">There wasn't anybody that was left out, really. And like I said, we were all poor as church mice, but we thought</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">that was the way the whole world was. And like I said, I don't think there were any of us around that went hungry. I</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">really don't.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Folks would can, and they canned everything. I remember one year, I had three sisters that were going to get</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">married in the fall. And those girls and mom canned for their families to be, and our family. And they would can in</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">those old wash </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">boilers. And I don't know if you've ever seen that done, but what they'd do is put a little rack in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">bottom that was made out of cedar.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And it had holes bored about like that, so that the water could circulate through it. But those jars wouldn't sit right</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">on where it was</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> so</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> ungodly hot. And they put those in there, and then boil them for a couple hours to seal those</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">but</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">they</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">’d</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> put up even meat, my folks did. And mom, even, would can butter a time or two. Now, she didn't </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">heat</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> it, you</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">know--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">she'd put it in salt water, and put it in those jars.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">And then, we'd open that when, I guess, when we didn't have butter otherwise. I don't really know. I think she just</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">did that one year. But they'd put up all kinds of vegetables and fruit. And everybody had some of that, and you'd</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">trade around. Or if people had surplus, they'd just give it to you. There was a lot of that, because--</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">It was a way to preserve things for--</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Pardon?</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">It was a ways to preserve things--</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Yeah. And folks would also put up pork. And put so much salt you couldn't eat it hardly, and you'd have to soak it</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">for a week before you could get close enough to it to eat it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> [LAUGHTER] But we always--D</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">ad would kill a steer in the fall. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">we'd give some of that, probably, to the kids. Maybe they'd kill one later, and we'd get part of that, and stuff like</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">that. Or neighbors--</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX23414750">
<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">So it was very much a community, everyone--</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Yeah.</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX23414750">
<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">sort of shared, and worked together. Well, any other things that we haven't talked about yet, that you</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">remember, or that--</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX23414750">
<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">No.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX23414750">
<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Well, I want to thank you for coming in today, and for sharing your memories and experiences.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX23414750">
<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX23414750">
<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">Thank you very much.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX23414750"><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Deranleau</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">You </span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750"><span class="SpellingError SCX23414750">betcha</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX23414750">.</span><span class="EOP SCX23414750"> </span></p>
</div>
Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1930-2013
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano) 1882-1945
Williams, Carl
Hanson, Pete
Powell, Lionel
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
00:37:39
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
252 Kbps
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Ray Deranleau
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Ray Deranleau conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
9/3/2013
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Format
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video/mp4
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
2016-05-25: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Subject
The topic of the resource
Richland (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Pasco (Wash)
Richland (Wash.)--Politics and government.
Fishing
Kennewick (Wash.)
Pacific Power and Light Company
Pasco (Wash.)
Richland (Wash.)
swimming
-
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F4cdcadac41f6f67ab96b3d3139e0d7c9.jpg
528032f0f87e04a27c86a919beaffebe
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fc1a50427e4983bc9810e7a2e0bc13041.mp4
81ff44062a749499e4b1d1f725603330
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Post-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Robert Bauman
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Mildred Balderston
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX220491560">
<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><strong><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Northwest Public Television | </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span class="SpellingError SCX220491560">Balderston_Mildred</span></span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></strong></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX220491560">
<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Robert Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> So let's maybe go back. So he was saying we didn't quite get the first couple minutes of our</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">conversation. So if you could just, again, talk about what brought you to Hanford, where you were, and talk about</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">your background, coming from Kansas, and so forth.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Mildred Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Well, I was working at</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> the</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> Remington Arms when I got a call from Hanford for people to come up there, when they</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">were laid off at the Remington Arms.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">So Remington Arms was in Denver?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Denver. And I knew that I was going to get laid off, because they were laying off all these people and just keeping</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">a certain amount. And so I said to my boss, I would like to go to Hanford. He said, that's not a place for you. Just</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">kind of like t</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">hat, you know. And I thought, okay. I</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">t wasn't time for me to leave yet, so I was still there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">So a few days later, I said, you know what? I would kind of like to go to Hanford. He said, that is not a place for</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">you. So I thought, well, how am I going to get around this? </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">What am I going to say? So I finally said to him again,</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">you know, I would really like to go to Hanford.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> I guess he </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">was tired to that. So he said okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">And how did you</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">going back a little farther</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">so how did you get the job at Remington Arms?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Oh, you put in an application. See, I knew they were coming to town, and they were hiring. And so I put in my</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">application, and I got the job.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">You had already moved from Kansas to Denver before that.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Pardon me?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">You had already moved from Kansas to Denver before that?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">I lived in Kansas before I went to Denver, and then when I went to Denver, I got this job, and then I started going</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">to business school, so I could get a better job. And so then I worked in this, I think it was an insurance office, for</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">about a year. And then I put my application in at Remingto</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">n Arms, and I got hired there, s</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">o I quit the dental job.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">And they had a dormitory for us, and I said, well, I wanted to go to the hotel one night. So they had the Desert Inn.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">That was our first hotel thing or whatever you want to call it. So I went to that for one night, and then I went to the dormitory. And I lived in the dormitory for probably a year or a little better.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">And then they were reducing people here, so they made up a single girl's contract to rent a house. So we rented a house. There were several of us in the dorm that lived right in a certain vicinity. So we decided, well, we'll take a</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">house. W</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">e got a house, and I think there were four of us to start wit</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">h in that house. It was a three-</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">bedroom.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> T</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">hen</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> in</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> about a year, one of the girls got married and left. So</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> we got another one in there. We kept adding to. We</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">got another one in there, and then a year or so beyond that, another girl</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> got married and left. W</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">e must</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">have had three of them, because then I went home on vacation. And I had a sister who was a schoolteacher</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">there, and she was kind of disgruntled with her school teaching. And so she wanted to do something different. I</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">said, why don't you go up to Hanford with me? So she got</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> rid of her contract. Just chop-</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">chop. It wasn't any big</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">deal.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">And she packed, and we ca</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">me back up after my vacation.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> I think she made the third of us then, and then we</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">had one mo</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">re that we had to get. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">fter the fourth one left</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">no, I guess it would only be the third one,</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">because I was still there</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">I had four sisters, so as they graduated from school, they started coming up. So finally,</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">we had them all up here, and so I didn't have anyone else in there, which was kind of nice.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> T</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">hey got jobs here, and they stayed. And then, well, just one at a time th</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">ey came, because they graduated—w</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">hen they graduated, they came up. And so one went away to school, and one found a boyfriend, and she got</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">married, and so she left. So there was just the two of us, and my folks lived in Kansas, of course. And of course,</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">they decided, well, they'll move out here. Well, we asked them, why don't you come out? The rest of the family's</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">here, so come on.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">So we went back and brought them out. But we couldn't rent a house in Richland. So we had to go to Kennewick.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">We bought a house there, and then my dad went to work. And that was kind of it. My sister and myself and my</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">mother and my father, and so as time goes on, my father wasn't in good condition.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">As time went on, he wasn't able to work. And so I think he had a</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">I was going to say a stroke, but I'm not sure that</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">that was it. And he was in the hospital for a</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">while, and the doctor told them that he would only live five years. Well,</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">he hung on to that five years for five years, and at the end of five years, he knew he was going to die, which he</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">did.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">But the interesting part about this is he had worked with some people who sell houses and other stuff. And he had</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">made friends with other people. So he goes around to each of these people just before he passed away to say</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">goodbye, which amazed me. I just didn't realize that you do those kind of things.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> But anyway, he did this. So then</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">that left just my mother and my sister and myself. We had moved to a bigger house, which was kind of nice at the</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">time, and besides, the one that we bought first had a basement. And we were afraid that the folks might fall</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">downstairs, and we wouldn't be home, because we were working.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">So we moved to this house, a one story house. And so we lived there, and then my mother had problems. And so</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">we decided we needed someone to take care of her. Now do you want all this kind of stuff?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">This is fine, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Well, if you don't want this kind of stuff, let's go on something different.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX220491560">
<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">. Well, I just wanted to ask you about the house she lived in in Richland</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">, that first house</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">. Where was that house?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX220491560">
<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">That was on Sanford Street.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX220491560">
<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX220491560">
<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> It was a</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">what were tho</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">se things we had? It was a</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">--</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX220491560">
<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Was it one of the alphabet homes or prefab?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX220491560">
<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Similar to a prefab, but I don't think that's what it was called at that time. Perhaps it'll come to me sometime close</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">here, and I can back up a bit and tell you.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX220491560">
<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Well, then I also want ask you about your job when you first came out Hanford. What sort of job was it, and where</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">in Hanford were you working? What area were you working in?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Well, when I first came </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">up here, I went out to the 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">rea, I think, for a day. And then a job opened up in</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Richland, and I went in for an inter</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">view, and I took the interview—</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">I mean</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> I took the job. So then I came back to</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">town, and was there for a number of years. And then I moved around to other people that had job openings. So I</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">kind of went up the ladder a little bit. And I enjoyed all of th</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">em. But while I was in the 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">rea, an interesting thing</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">happened.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">I was taking dictation, and this man had the door kind of closed a little bit, because we weren't allowed to talk</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">about anything when I first came. And so he was dictating, and he said a word that I</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">it was associated with a</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">plant, but I didn't recognize the word. And so I repeated it, so I'd be sure and get it down right. My goodness, he</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">ran to the door, and he looked out. Oh, we don't say that word out loud.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">So I thought, well, that probably takes care of my job. I won</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">'t have a job. But that didn't—</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">I didn't lose it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Do you remember what the word was?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">I've tried to think of what that word was. I've tried and tried and tried to think what that word was, but it didn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">come. It hasn't come to me yet.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">So when you first came to Hanford, did you know what sort of work was being done at Hanford, what Hanford was</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">being built for, or what was happening out here?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">What is it?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Did you know what was being done at Hanford?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Oh, no. It wasn't talked about. We just knew that there was a job at Hanford, and you go out there and do your</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">part. Well, I didn't know for a long time what it was, even when I was out here, because you just didn't talk about</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">those things. You run to the door to see if anyone</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> had</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> heard you. So no. </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">I enjoyed it. I had good bosses;</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> I had good</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">jobs. I really couldn't have asked for anything better. I had worked in an insurance office in Denver, and then I had</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">gone to the Remington Arms, and so I had that experience. But it was a good place to get an experience.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Do you remember what your first impressions were of Richland and the area here when you first arrived, what you</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">thought of the place?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Well, we came in to Pasco on the train, and that was the dirtiest place I have ever seen. It was just awful. And I</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">thought, oh, I hope Richland isn't like this. So anyway, they </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">hadn’t gotten </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">s</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">tarted working on Pasco by then. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">nd when I got to</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Richland, everything was kind of in the new stage because of all the new houses, all the new equipment that was</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">available. So Richland was a different story.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">And so when did you arrive</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> then</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">? Around what time period did you arrive in Richland?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">I think it was the 14th of August in 19</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">probably '43. I think it was '43.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">And what were the dorms like? You mentioned that you lived in the dorm initially.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Oh, they were very nice. And then that building next to the building downtown in Richland. What's the name of that</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">building? That brick building—</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">that brick building that they built. And the post office was in one end of it. Well, right</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">across the street was a cafeteria, and that's where we had to eat. And our dorms, the women's dorms were in that</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">same area.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">The men's dorms were on the other side of Swift, I guess it is. But then we went t</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">o this house</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> that they made</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">for the single girls. And we</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> did our own cooking, so we didn't have to go there. But those places can get kind of</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">old after a few meals there. And so we were glad to do that.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">What sorts of things were there in the area for entertainment in Richland? Were there movie theaters at all or any</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">places to go like that for entertainment?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">I can't remember of any entertainment. I'm sure there must have been something there they could've done,</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">besides the telev</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">ision. Oh</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">, I think there was some</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">the high schools had ball, and so I think some of them went</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">to that. And I don't think there was a fat lot of anything there, because we were so busy working. By the time you</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">went to the area, and by the time we would get back, the day was far spent.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">So when you worked at the 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">rea or some of the other places out on the site, did you take a bus out there? Is</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">that how you got out there?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">What was it?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">When you worked out at the 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">rea or some of the other places on site, did you take a bus there? Did you have</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">to take a bus?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Oh, yeah. We'd take a bus from</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> where we lived out to the 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">rea. Well, no. We would take it out to the bus</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">depot, and then you'd take a bus from there. So yeah, we took a bus.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">And you mentioned, talked a</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> little bit about the secrecy—y</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">ou couldn't say certain things or talk about what was</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">going on or what your work. So do you remember when you found out that there were</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">what was being made at</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Hanford? Was it the end of the war?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">You know, I'm not sure. I can't remember when I found out about that. The thing is</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> knowing that we weren't</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">supposed to know, it wasn't that important. So we didn't go around asking people, what are we doing? Just go</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">ahead and do it. So I don't know. I can't remember when</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">it seems like there was a war or something, or people</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">were going to war or something that it came out. But I wouldn't say, because I can't remember.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">So you said you started working in August of 1943</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> about? How long did you work at Hanford then?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">46 years.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Long time.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">So when you initially came, were you working for DuPont?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">And then did you work for some of the other companies that came later</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">GE and some of the other companies?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Yeah, and I worked for</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">I can't think of that name either. I worked for DuPont. I worked for GE. I worked for</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">it</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">was a telephone company, I think. It had </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">the name of that, and then there were</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> several others. So I wasn't just with</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">one, but I just kind of went from one to the next you know.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"><br /></span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> Right.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">So</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> 46 years, that's a long time. You must have seen a lot of changes take place.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">A lot of changes.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">What are some of the changes that you saw</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">ways the community changed, or Hanford itself changed?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Well, actually, they really weren't changes to me. It just seems like we just moved from one thing to the next. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">so it wasn't a change; i</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">t was just part of the show. So I didn't really realize that there were changes. I guess if I</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">would've taken time to think about it, I would've thought, well, we changed from this to that. It just didn't dawn on</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">me. I just worked, because I had a job, and whatever they told me to do, well, that was what I did.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">And you mentioned that your sisters came out here and worked also. Did they have similar sorts of jobs and work</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">similar places that you worked?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Yeah, they all worked out like at the site or someplace. And my sister that came out with me that was a teacher,</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">she got a job at the—</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">I think it was at the</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">it escapes me. But anyway, she eventually got a job to go to work for</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">the company, and she was with B</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">attel</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">le</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> for many years and had a good job there. And she really enjoyed it. I guess</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">it was different from school teaching maybe.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">And did you say your father</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> also</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> after your parents moved here, he worked at Hanford for a little while also?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Well, he didn't work at Hanford. He worked at one of the schools as a janitor. He had kind of done his thing, but he</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">had to be busy, and so there was an opening, and so he went as a janitor.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">So overall, how would you describe your 46 years working at Hanford? Overall, how was Hanford as a place to</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">work?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Well, I enjoyed it. I didn't go home grumbling or anything. I really enjoyed my time there. And the bosses I had</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">were all really good, and it was a good experience.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">I did want to ask you about one other thing. President Kennedy came out to Hanford i</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">n 1963 to dedicate the N R</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">eactor. Do you remember that at all? Were you here? Do you remember him coming at all?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Vaguely. I kind of remember that.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">And do you remember if you went to see him speak at all</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> or you don't remember?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">No, beca</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">use of the different areas. They</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> didn't cover all of them, and so we didn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">some did, but a lot didn't get in</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">on that.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Is there anything I haven't asked you about your years working at Hanford that you want to share or that it's</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">important to talk about?</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Balderston</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Well, my las</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">t bout was 13 years in the 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">rea. That was my last</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">that's the last place I worked</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> So no, I was just</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">kind of same old, same</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> old. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">nd so I only worked in the 300 Area and</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> Richland. I didn't go any farther out, so now my</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">sister</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">s</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">I had two sisters that worked in the area, and they thought they had a hilarious time riding the bus and</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">meeting all these people</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">. So they had a great time. I</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">t wasn't something that we just took because there was</span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">nothing else to take. So yeah, they had a great time. And so I guess nothing was lost with them.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX220491560"><span class="TextRun SCX220491560"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX220491560">Well, I want to thank you very much for coming in and sharing your story with us and letting me ask you questions.</span><span class="EOP SCX220491560"> </span></p>
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Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
00:25:25
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
250 kbps
Hanford Sites
Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview
300 Area
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1943-2013
Years on Hanford Site
Years on the Hanford Site, if any.
1943-1989
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Mildred Balderston
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Mildred Balderston as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
2016-07-20: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Subject
The topic of the resource
Richland (Wash.)
Pasco (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Hanford (Wash.)
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Format
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video/mp4
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
300 Area
Hanford (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Pasco (Wash.)
Richland (Wash.)
-
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F5a7f0be5bf62e7a272f5cf9e90bc30b2.jpg
ec69668cfd105a3844bc1dfc036df261
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F66986ea49c777b4977889b8a654cf444.mp4
6007493e41305ba6e1266b686800d020
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Post-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Laura Arata
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Dale Denham
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX251492516">
<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><strong><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Northwest Public Television | </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span class="SpellingError SCX251492516">Denham_Dale</span></span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></strong></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Laura Arata</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I feel ready.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> I think Dale feels ready.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Dale </span></span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Yeah. </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Are you going to ask me some questions to begin with, or just--</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Arata</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I sure am.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">[LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">We're</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> here, huh?</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Arata</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">If we could just start by having you say your name, and then spell your last name</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> for us, please</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">?</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">. Dale Denham. D-E-N-H-A-M. I always let people know it's like the denim jeans. Can't forget me.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Arata</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Thank you. My name's Laura Arata. It's December 12, 2013. We're conducting this interview on the campus of</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Washington State University</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> Tri-Cities. So if we could just start, I wonder if you could tell me a little bit about when</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">you came to Hanford, why you came to Hanford, and what you knew about it at the time.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Well, maybe it's better if I tell you when I first came in 1947.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Arata</span>: Please do.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> But as a young person, came with my family because</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">my dad was invited to come up here and start a radio station. And Dad was in the radio business since the '20s.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And his buddy says, boy, this is just a golden opportunity, and dad said, oh no. The war's over and this place is</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">going to fold.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Obviously, he was a bit wrong, but he had been through the Depression and all those kind of things. So we came.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">My sister and I would come up on the train and spend weeks, because they had a couple daughters. And they</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">moved in in '47 and stayed here 'til '57.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So the station today is KONA, but at that time it was KWIE. And it began in that period, and so we made lots of</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">trips. But they lived in Kennewick, so I really didn't spend much time in Richland. They brought us out to see the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">barricade out here on Stevens, and the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> bypass to even get to the 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">rea. And at the time, their studios were</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">being built, and so they were doing things in the Hanford House, whic</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">h is today the Richland</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> Red Lion.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I had some introduction to the Tri-C</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ity community. But I came as a graduate student, 1961, as part of a</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">fellowship from the Atomic Energy Commission, which was in Health Physics</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">nd it turns out I was in the first class</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">of graduates of master's degree from the University of Wash</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ington. There were like ten of them, ten</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> of us. We</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">came and spent the summer here in '61. I got married that summer also. And we became acquainted with the site</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">by</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">much like they did most of the engineers, they moved us around on site, kind of give us a familiarity with all</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">the different aspects of health physics, which was radiation protection, basically, for the people and the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">environment.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And so that was my introduction to the place. But while I was here, the </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">opportunity to get a master's, because they</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">didn't have a master's program at UW at the time, because we were the first class. And while we were here during</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">the summer, a program opened up to get a master's by going back for the second year.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So I went on back to University of Washington and was able to get my master's. Matter of fact, I was studying</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">rheumatoid </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">arthritic</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> patients looking for ways to use the reactor there at the university to evaluate the gold in</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">these patients, because gold was not a cure for the disease, but it could slow it down and at least make people so</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">they could</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">so I worked with two individuals. I collected all their urine, because we were looking for activation</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">techniques.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And it took me most of the year because the opportunities were great to look to the future, but we didn't have all</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">the technology yet. I was doing a lot of my work using a single channel analyzer and looking at different photo</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">peaks, energy, gamma ray energies coming off of these radionuclides, because we're all full of sodium, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">sodium has a very high ener</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">gy activation product, sodium-</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">24. And so that was a real issue. And I had to try</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">different ways is to subtract that material, or that impact that we would see on the scans.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">But that was the beginning. And so I completed the degree. And then my wife had been born in Long Beach,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">California. Her grandmother was still down there. And so got the opportunity to go to Lawrence Livermore</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Laboratory</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">it was called Lawrence Radiation Laboratory at the time</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">in Livermore, California. So went down</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">there and spent seven years</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">no, five years</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and then came back up here. She developed some real allergy</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">issues. And the kids were still young, small, a couple years old.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So it was a good opportunity to come back. We knew what the area was like. We had spent the summer here,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">which is a tough time. And of course we remembered</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I remembered from my childhood all the dust storms and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">the running out to grab the laundry to bring it in because it was getting dusty.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">But I just thoroughly enjoyed the sunshine. And my parents, </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Dad was from Baker City, Oregon</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">, and mother was</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">from Boise, Idaho. So it made sense, in one </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">sense, that</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> they might select to come here. But Mom didn't get along</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">too well in the heat, and so this was not a favorite place. So that was probably part of the equation, too, that they</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">chose not to even go any further, even though their friends were very successful here and sold out, and bought</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">the station in Hood River and then retired, which is what they all did.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So that was my introduction and coming to Hanford. And I served in a variety of departments</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I mean, by name,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">but they all were basically radiation protection, health physics, mostly applied. In other words, I was dealing with</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">how to take air samples, where to take air samples, how to take river samples, how to measure them, what to</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">measure them for. I got into the environmental arena, which was really my long-term interest.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And so I was involved in the late '60s in the water monitoring portion of the Hanford program, where I looked at</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">the water in the schools, took water from the public schools, water from the wells, drinking water. We sampled</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">water from the river directly. We monitored the river by passing it through detectors. And this was a period when</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">most of the reactors were operating, so there was plenty of activity, and a real challenge to trace that. Where did it</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">go? How wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">s it going to impact the public?</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">But I worked primarily in the 3</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">00 Area</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> until I retired from Battelle in '95. Oh, by the way, that's who I came to work</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">for, was Battelle. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">nd I spent all my career up to that point with Battelle after I'd come back from Livermore. And I</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">took the certification exam in health physics and became a certified health physicist, a diplomat of the American</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Board of Health Physics. I served on the board for that</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">certifying other individuals coming along.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I taught some of the classes here. We started here when this was the graduate school, the graduate center, long</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">before Washington State University became a part of the community. And so I had a lot of involvement in that</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">arena. I just really enjoyed the field because it was broad enough that we could be concerned about x-rays and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">radiation that you would get externally from contamination, or get it on your body, in your body, so internal</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">evaluation.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">But I was primarily interested in keeping the environment clean, which was</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">A</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">nd I have to mention Herb Parker</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">because he </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">was really the father of the radiation protection, radiation safety here at the site. And Herb called me</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">up one day</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">this was in the early '70s</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and said, I've got an opportunity for you. I think that you would make an</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">excellent candidate to make this move.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And I said, well, I wasn't interested in moving. Well, he says, I think you should come over to my office and let's</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">chat. Well, he had a job in an environmental organization called Radiation Management Corporation. He was a</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">consultant to them, and they were in Philadelphia. And I'd always lived all my life on the west coast, so I wasn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">very enthused.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">But I went, I listened. He sent me back for an interview. I went in December, just about this time, a horrible time to</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">go back there. It was crummy weather. It was wet, dark, I couldn't see anything. But it was a little company, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">they were about to grow with the nuclear industry to supply environmental monitoring support for the nuclear</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">power reactors up and down the east coast.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So I turned them down. But two years later I got another call and says, gosh, we really need you, and here's an</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">opportunity. You better come. So by '74 I did take advantage, moved back there. And then I think it was Jimmy</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Carter that desired not to reprocess any fuel, and so the nuclear industry, the nuclear power industry dropped off</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">well, at least began its diminished increased places, increased sites, increased utilities going with nuclear.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> So that led to the need—w</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">e had too many people, grew fast, but then</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">A</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">nd matter of fact, my original boss here,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Bob </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span class="SpellingError SCX251492516">Junkins</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">by name, hired me in '67, and I worked with him for almost two years before I moved to the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">environmental. I was in the criticality safety, nuclear safety business in that time. And my whole role was to</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">develop a criticality safety manual that we could use to audit and evaluate the users of nuclear material here on</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">the site—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Battelle's portion of the site.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And that led me</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">then, with that environmental interest, I moved into the environmental monitoring portion in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">late '60s. And that's what set me up for that. I went to Philadelphia, but I had to go find something else. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">unfortunately, in that time period, I also got divorced back there in Philadelphia. And my children moved back to</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">the west coast, to Bainb</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ridge</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> Island.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So it was now, where do I go?</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> Fortunately</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> there </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">w</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ere lots of jobs. I didn't have any problem finding a job. But I</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">chose to go back to Livermore because I was familiar with the territory and the people. And so I went back there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">But it was only a couple of years, because I met a gal that I had dated in high school. And she ran into my sister,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and my sister gave me an address. I wrote to her, and she called me up and says, what are you doing for</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Christmas? I said, I'm taking the train to go see my kids. Well, why don't you stop here and see me on the way in</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Salem? And we both went to Willamette University. That was where our degrees were from. And I'm still married</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">to her today, 35 years. And we've had a great time here at Hanford.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">When I did retire, I moved</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">well, I helped</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">because she was Vice President of United Way. And so I took on the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">role of the listener as the United Way representative volunteer at the Reemployment Opportunity Center. This was</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">1995, when we had some 5,000 layoffs. I was part of that, only I wasn't a layoff. I took a voluntary retirement,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">early retirement.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And through that I discovered that there were other positions available on the site, and Bechtel Hanford had come</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">in as the environmental restoration contractor. And golly, I was involved in all that sort of stuff. So it was a perfect</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">opportunity to send a note</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I knew the head of the department from my health physics background and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">membership</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and was offered that opportunity to go to work for them. So I spend another eight years with them.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And then to finish my career, so to speak, I retired from them in '06, and then I got a call from Battelle, said, we're</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">doing all these calculating the radiation risks of former atomic energy workers, and we really need some help.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Could you do this for us? And that was nice because I did it at home. I would come to meetings with Battelle. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">one of my close friends, the two of us kind of worked together, which was great, because we were working at</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">home. I had to buy a new computer and all that because I needed access to much more sophisticated equipment</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">than I had, because I was just a little email and that sort of thing.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">My exciting things that happened here, my work </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">in </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">the nuclear—criticality safety—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">that was one of my first papers,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">major papers, because while I was at Livermore I studied the transuranics, which meant the materials that were</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">heavier than uranium, uranium, neptunium, plutonium, americium,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> curium</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> and so on up the chain.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And I got very familiar because I was working with a group of chemists in California as their radiation safety</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">person, where they were trying to come up with these heavier elements. And so I got to know most of that</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">material. And when I got up here and the criticality safety, because that was a concern too. We knew that some of</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">these materials could go critical with the right conditions.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So that gave me an opportunity to use that background that I had in knowing these materials, and then to put</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">together, really, a summary. I evaluated the fire safety aspect, the e</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">xplosion aspects, the radiation—i</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">nternal as well</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">as external—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">aspects. So that was one of my real highlights. And that came right at a time when I took the exam to</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">become certified in health physics.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">The next the set of the exciting things were the working with the environmental, where I got involved with nuclear</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">power reactors and in helping develop criteria for their environmental monitoring programs. You see, we went</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">from Atomic Energy Commission, AEC, to ERDA, Energy Research and Development Administration. That was in</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">'74. And then we became the Department of Energy, and that was about '77, '78.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So I went through that period, so I was working for all three agencies, so to speak, just because one followed the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">other. I think my document that we finally issued on how to use environmental monitoring</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">that is, what</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">techniques and so on</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">were recommended by what was called ERDA at that time, but became the DOE position</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">for all the sites.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And the way we handled that was, we we</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">nt out as teams and visited Oak R</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">idge and Savannah River and Chicago.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And we even went to some of the power reactors, or the early</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">not so much power, but the early development</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">reactors, Idaho, testing, and checking out how they were doing things so that we could then look at a composite</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and gather the folks. We held a couple of workshops where we brought in folks from all these other sites and said,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">you know, here's what we see that ought to be the basic criteria. So that was a great opportunity to explore and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">see other sites.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So I visited many of the DOE sites, Los Alamos and Livermore, as all part of that, too. So I had a wonderful time</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and experience in a whole variety of things, handling these transuranic materials that not a whole lot was known.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And you came to know these things by working with them, working on developing shielding, because these</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">materials also—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">not only external radiation but also neutron radiation, which you get primarily from accelerators, or</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">from particular radionuclides that do give off neutrons as they fission. And so those were areas to explore and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">develop.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">But what a great place to have to have worked, to have had my time, and I really don't want to leave the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">community. We've enjoyed</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and my wife, I thought, who really was</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">after she finished school at Willamette, she</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">stayed there in Salem and went to work. And she's always been in the social services side of things.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And she came here, and she headed up Girl Scouts, she headed up Red Cross, and then got involved with United</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Way. So we ended our careers here, so to speak, but a great place that we have enjoyed. And of course it's far</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">different today than when I came 60 years ago to visit, because the agriculture and all those other things that</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">have occurred as part of the site.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Arata</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">All right. </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">That was a wonderful overview. I'd like to back up for just a minute to when your father first came here to start this</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">radio station. I know you said he lived in</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> Kennewick, but--</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">No, he didn't. It was my father's best buddy. Yeah. They both </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">were in Portland radio stations.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> Dad, and his name</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">was Clarence McCrea</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">dy, but we called him Mac. And he chose to come, and brought us along to come and see.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">But Dad refused to come and be a part of the team.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Dean Mitchell's the name I can think of right now. He was</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and Dean Mitchell, I t</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">hink, is still in the community,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> I</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">think he's still </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">alive. And I believe he goes to Kennewick United Methodist Church over there. I hope to see him</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">because I'm going to be speaking at that church here in a couple weeks, actually about three weeks, in January.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">But I know I linked up with him because I had a lot of pictures from all this development of the radio station that my</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">family</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">not my own personal family, but our very close family friends. And we only celebrated Easter and Fourth</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">of July with his family. So you can see, we would come up here and be up here, and in a good time of the year,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">spring. Summer was hot, but these were occasions. Yeah, so my family never did move up here. But they came to</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">visit when I finally settled here in '67.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Arata</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Visited. </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">. So do you recall any impressions of the community at that time from your visits, what it was like to be here?</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Well, the things I remember</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and even as a graduate student, the rest of the guys</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">there were four of us came</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">together</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">no, three of us. Three of us who had all gone to Willamette together</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">went to UW for our first year, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">then all came here, and then went back to UW to complete that program</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">they all lived in Kennewick, but I lived</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">here in Richland. I couldn't pass up the nickel each way bus. And I lived in on Gribble Street, which is now where</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> Kadlec</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> has taken over those what were two-story apartments and one-story </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span class="SpellingError SCX251492516">fourplexes</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And that's where I lived that summer in '61. And the bus came right down our street, hopped on for a nickel, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">whether I went out to our areas or the 3</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">00 Area</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">, because we spent one day a week during that time in the 3</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">00 Area</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> in classes in the library, because that was an opportunity for us to learn more about the site, and about the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">profession and the field. So we had people tell us about instrumentation, told us about environment, told us about</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">the various things that were related to radiation instrument development, and different kinds of survey</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">instruments, and so on.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And that was a nice part, because coming back a few years later</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">well, I left here in '62, finished my degree, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">didn't come back 'til '67, so I was gone for five years. The bus system was still here, but the rates were different,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and I wasn't using the bus then. And I went to work for Battelle, and my office was in the </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Federal Building</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">. So I was</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">able to walk to work. And I'm a busser, a walker, and I've been that all my life. I did that in Portland. So it was a</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">logical step for me.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">The fact that I could get around</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I was not much of a commercial</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I didn't buy a lot of stuff. And so to this day</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">we're not much consumers. And so it was great. There were a few places. I bowled, you know, I played tennis,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">golfed some,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> took advantage of the things that were available right here. I had a cousin</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">couple of</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">cousins still in Baker City, Oregon, so we'd go down for weekends to go down and see them.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And he was a dentist, so he took care of my dental needs early on. But once I settled here with my wife and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">family, it was no longer making those kind of trips for that purpose. We still had the friendship and relationship.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I enjoyed just the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">well, I guess I wouldn't say I enjoyed the heat, but yet I liked lots of sunshine, and the people.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Enjoyed working with the people. And that was a tough part of retiring. And of course, I took care of part of that by</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">volunteering over at the Reemployment Opportunities Center, which was over in Kennewick. And at that point we</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">had moved out to the Village at</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> Canyon Lakes. It was brand new,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> building that community and retirement.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And so I thought, well, we'll get in on the ground floor. We'll be there and get acquainted, and so on. But then the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">opportunity with Bechtel, but clear out at the north end of the site. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">nd after two years of that long </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">commute, we</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">moved back to Richland. But the opportunities here for my interests, and the opportunities on the job, because I</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">didn't just stay right here, because I was working for Battelle, and we did a lot of</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I suppose you would call it</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">contract research because that was Battelle's primary activity. But yet it really took me to visit other sites and to</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">see how we could improve what we were doing right here.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And I thin</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">k that that opportunity—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I didn't have to go somewhere else. Yes, I did interview for jobs along the line,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">along the way during the time. I </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">interviewed at Los Alamos. I interviewed at Rocky Flats and so on. But this was</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">home, so to speak. And so it was a g</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ood place to stay. It wasn't—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">30,000 or so population.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And the population of Richland, today I'm not sure what it is, but I don't think it's doubled in all this time. But the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">boundary where Yakima came in to the Columbia there was kind of the southern end of Richland. There was</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Richland Y and so on. But I lived essentially all my time within that confines. And of course now there's many</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">homes and developments south, and yet still part of the incorporated portion of Richland. So yes, this was a</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">delightful place, and it still is for me.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Arata</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">We've heard lots of fun stories about card games and checkers games and </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">different kinds of things going </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">on</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> on</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">these buses. Do you have any fun stories?</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Well, yes. I tell you, what I used the bus for was sleeping. Being a newlywed and having all these classes and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">riding the bus every day, I would often take a nap on the way home. And often I'd end up at the end of the bus.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Rather than getting off at my stop, I would discover, oh, I missed the stop, so I got a little walk in.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">But</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> yeah, there were card games on the buses. I was not a bridge player</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">, and that was one of the—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I played at pinnacle and hearts. And we</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">played on the job. My goodness, we kept our scores on</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> the blackboard in the office. Yeah, w</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">e played hearts. And there</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">were other games, I'm sure, but that's what I remember the most. And I remember, also, we were conscious of</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">our walking hour, keeping track of our weight and all. So we would walk over</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">after lunch we'd walk over and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">check our weight at the medical, go weigh on the scales.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And I was never a smoker, but one of the guys in the group, even the leader, was a heavy smoker. But one of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">guys who was roughly my age</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and matter of fact, he went back to grad school, and that opened the door for me</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">to step in and take his job in the environmental in the late '60s. So that was ideal. And that was another thing. We</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">were paying attention to those things that now the society is beginning to look at. So we looked for those kinds of</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">things.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I think the working environment was great. In my later years here, before I left Battelle, it was altogether different</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">because now the opportunities within Battelle were more in the research ar</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ena. And that wasn't my forte, i</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">t was</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">not my capabilities, not my interest, in going out and trying to obtain contracts and so on. So I found it</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and that's</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">when the opportunity to retire early, I just took advantage of it. My wife had a good job, and so she became my</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">sugar mama to take care of me, take care of us. And we had no children living here. Our children were all grown</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">by then. And so our needs were different.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">But I missed the people. But yet I was interacting every day, because I was there usually half a day. But some</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">days I'd be there all day. And I kept the hot water hot so I could make cocoa, or soups, or whatever people who</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">were coming to find jobs and to look. We did mock interviews and all that sort of thing. So it was a continuation of</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">that people interaction that I really enjoyed.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And of course, when one does retire, a number of my friends have said the same thing. And yet today I don't</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">know how I have time to work, because I'm plenty involved in the community. And so that's part of</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">my wife and I</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">joined the </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span class="SpellingError SCX251492516">Gideons</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">, and so that's been one of our maj</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">or activities in our retirement,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> that we've served as</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">presidents of the local camps on a geographic basis, and also area directors. And we have a state convention</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">coming up this next spring, so we're heavily involved in that. So we have enjoyed that aspect of life here.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And we have a daughter in Olympia, and we have a son</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">well, a daughter and family in Olympia and same in</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Portland. Otherwise the kids are south of Eugene and Cottage Grove, and then a son and family in Albuquerque.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Neither of the sons</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">b</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">oth have PhDs—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and neither are involved in the nuclear business. Both of them engineers.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">One basically what I would call a</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">well, one's a civi</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">l engineer with water interests.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> And</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> other is involved in</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">materials engineering, works for Ball Aerospace, so has a lot of involvement in things that I might have had an</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">involvement in, but not from the nuclear standpoint.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham:</span> Yeah, the things I remember</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—l</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ike I say, we had activities with other </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">families</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> right here. We were involved in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">church. We got involved in the church. I'</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">m in a different church today, b</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ut that's where we raised our kids. So it</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">was a good community environment.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">In terms of what else did I do, well, I think I mentioned I had the children, and we did things with them. We</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">camped. And I wasn't a fisherman or a hunter, so those things weren't part of my interests here in the community.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">But I remember we would do the sledding and so on when the conditions were right, the snow and Carmichael</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Hill, because we lived not far from there, we'd walk over there, and swimming pool.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Back in the very early days</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and let me go back to that for just a moment. Because when we came, McNary Dam</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">wasn't here. So we had to take a ferry to cross from or Oregon to Washington, or we had to take the Bridge of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Gods back</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> 40 miles out of Portland, and then take that route. And we'd usually come over </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span class="SpellingError SCX251492516">Satus</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> Pass and come</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">into Kennewick that way. Today you can take Highway 12 and 14 in all the way to Vancouver on the Oregon side--I mean, on the Washington side, excuse me.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So that was interesting because this was a free-flowing river. There weren't any dams in that area. And so riding</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">that ferry in a fairly narrow portion of the river was</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and these are one- or two-car type ferries. I mean, this wasn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">a big ferry like you see out of Puget Sound. And it was difficult to reach the shore. Sometimes you'd get close and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">you'd have to back up and try again.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And then I watched all the highways come in over the Horse Heavens. Because it used to be you could stay on</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">the Oregon side and come around through Walla Walla that way. So it was a whole different</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and it took longer.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">The roads weren't as nice. And so I watched the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">several times they've rebuilt the highway over the Horse</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Heavens.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Because we have family in Portland, we go down there every month or two with grandkids. They're about to finish</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">well, the last one is in his senior year in high school, and the other's in college. And all the rest of our grandkids,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">except the ones in Albuquerque, are all over 21. So our involvement with them is a lot different than when they</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">were younger.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So yeah, it was a different place just because of the getting around. And we didn't have a public transit. We didn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">have</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—i</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">n those early days right here. But we had the Hanford buses. And you can see the one down there by the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span class="SpellingError SCX251492516">Crehs</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span class="SpellingError SCX251492516">t</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> Museum. And that's what I rode much of the time, up until when I chose my work with Battelle. By then,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">going out on the site, it was about $50 a month to ride the bus then. It was more expensive.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And then I did go through some periods of spending time out on the site, where I'd spend a couple weeks for</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">some activity, work-related, and I would end up being able to take a government car. And I worked in the </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Federal Building</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">, so it was convenient. We had a motor pool there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So that’s some of the </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">background. I don't know if there's other things that you were hoping to talk about, or remind me of.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Arata</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I think I just have couple more questions. One thing I wonder if you could talk about, obviously much of your</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">career at Hanford spans the Cold War period.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham</span>: Mm-hm.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Arata</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> So of course security was a very important concern. Can you talk a</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">little bit about how that impacted your career?</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Well, it certainly did. And I was fortunate in the sense that I had the Atomic Energy Commission fellowship. In</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">order to get that and apply it at the University of Washington, I had to get security clearance. So I was cleared,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and that happened when I went to Livermore.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Right after I finished grad school, I arrived at Livermore. And because I had a clearance, I was assigned those</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">facilities to be radiation safety person. I know that</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> you know the name Ron Kathren</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">, or have come across Ron</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> Kathren. And Ron Kathren</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> became my officemate there. He didn't have the clearance. So I got to be in places</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">work things that he wasn't able to</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">w</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ell, he was eventually,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> I mean, he got the clearance also.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And of course, late in my career</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">like when I went to Philadelphia, I didn't need a clearance back there. And when</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I came back, yes, I had to get my clearance re-instituted in Livermore, because Livermore is still very much</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">involved with weaponry, or at least the development of materials. And so yes, clearance. But fortunately, I didn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">have an issue, and because I had had it really at the beginning when I went to grad school, that didn't impact me.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And some of my site visits at Oak</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> R</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">idge</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> I had to have special clearance to get into some of the places. One of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">things I didn't mention, and I should, I got involved in the decommissioning. And of course, that was the activity</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">with Bechtel Hanford. But the other thing I got involved in was what we call development of an emergency</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">assessment resource manual. We called it HEARM, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> they called—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">because I was working with some gals, too, that was my</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">harem. But it was Hanford Emergency Assessment Resource Manual.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Well, our sponsor at DOE headquarters began to see the utility of that at some of the other DOE sites. So we went</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">to Livermore, we wen</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">t to Los Alamos, we went to Oak R</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">idge, we went to Savannah River. We developed those</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">same manuals for these other sites. And basically what it was </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span class="SpellingError SCX251492516">was</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> an identification of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">a safety assessment.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And DOE was forcing all to look at the safety of their business. And if something went wrong, how bad could it be?</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So that's what this manual was, was to identify the facilities and the materials. It was structured originally about</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">radiation, but it became clear that there were also hazardous chemicals and other materials that needed to be of</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">concern. And if they had an explosion, if they had a venting, they had a situation, where would that stuff go?</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So we developed this. We looked at site boundaries. How far to the site boundary, in what directions, look at wind</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">speeds, all of that. So we combined all of that into a manual so that we could use that here at Hanford, call</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ed</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Unified Dose Assessment Center, UDAC.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And that provided a tool so when an emergency occurred, we</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> knew we</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> had an indication of how bad it could be. We could</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">flip to the page that was Building XYZ, and we could say, ah, this really is not likely to be any kind of an issue. Or</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">just the opposite, that it was an ABC, it was the top priority, the most hazardous materials on the site handled in</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">that building. And what were the projected, from the safety assessments, for the actual use of those facilities?</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And so that was an exciting kind of thing, because we got into sites where they had more security need than what</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I had to do for those. And so yes, we got into those. Matter of fact, some of the materials that we developed were</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">basically classified information on how much material is in this building, where is this building relative to the site,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and so on. So those kind of things we had to tone down, we had to talk about and find ways. And they became,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">essentially, not top secret, but at least they were less.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And so we provided not only these manuals for right here, but also DOE headquarters got the same copies. So</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">whenever something was going wrong, they're evaluating what's happening out here, or from Livermore, or from</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Sandy, or Savannah River, or one of the other sites.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So yes,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> that was</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> the emergency management aspect. And Battelle, that was one of the things that I moved from that</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">development into working with the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Battelle had a contract for the 60 nuclear power plants to do emergency</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">exercises. And I even got involved with my wife with the Red Cross, because Red Cross would get involved in</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">emergency exercises, especially for the supply system here. And I remember Mesa School was the first one.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And so I got a couple of my health physics buddies, and we </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">would go and be the consultants. B</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ecause the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">farmers would come in and say, well, what should I do? My cows are out there on this potentially contaminated</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ground. What do I need to do? This was just</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">these were what-if type exercises. So that was an aspect I guess I</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">just had passed over and forgotten all about. So even had a</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">n involvement with my wife </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">indirectly because of</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So with these nuclear sites, I got involved as an evaluator to go out either for the Nuclear Regulatory Commission</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">or DOE, and evaluate these exercises. So I was involved not in developing those exercises, but evaluating and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">being there on site.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And also, as </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">a result, I got to go to the Kennedy Space Center and involved in a couple of spacecraft launches</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">that had nuclear materials. And so that was exciting, paid to go. And also got involved in many cancellations. You</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">know, weather didn't turn out right, we'd get thunderstorms or a rain, and you'd have to wait it out for a few more</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">days. Those sort of things.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Galileo, I think, was the one major one that we were sending heat sources, radioactive sources into space, so if</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">they were to have</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> aborted</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">not for reentry, but on the launch, that's why we were there, to take air samples,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">you know, we were teams spread out. So there's another aspect I'd forgotten about.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Arata</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Very cool. You had this</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> multiplicity of great jobs, it sounds like, throughout the course of your career here. Is there anything</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">that stands out as being the most challenging or the most rewarding?</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Well, I think the challenge came later in the career when</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">as I mentioned, that Battelle was going off in a research</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">wing, and that wasn't where my expertise and my capabiliti</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">es were. And so a challenge to—i</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">f I'm not going to stick</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">around, what am I going to do? B</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ecause nuclear power was obviously diminishing with time, especially when you</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">get up in the 90s, and so on.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So that became one of the challenges, if I were to retire, what would I do? I </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">was young enough, late '50s</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">, I didn't need to retire that early. And the other side, the side as I shared, I think sort of the three or four</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">major things that I was involved in that I very much enjoyed, one</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and I haven't shared this directly</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I was</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">involved with Joe Soledad.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And I don't know whether you've interviewed Joe, but I know Joe's been interviewed. I just don't know who were</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">involved. But Joe was developing all the criteria to evaluate all these radionuclides that had been released here in</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Hanford, had been released at other sites, or could be</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">weren't necessarily all released, but I mean, if they got</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">into the environment and got into people, what kind of doses could those--Well, I was involved with Joe as my mentor. I developed the numbers that went in</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—i</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">n other words, I looked at the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">decay schemes of each of those radionuclides and then built the numbers that would go into the equations. I</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">didn't develop the equations for how much got into the human body, but I developed if you had radioiodine, or you</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">had strontium, or you had cesium, or you had plutonium, what could that mean inside the body?</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And so that was a great opportunity that I had developi</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ng those, because those became—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">a</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">nd still used today—a</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ll</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">that environmental pathway stuff that Joe had developed is still in use today, used by the EPA, the Nuclear</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Regulatory Commission.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Yeah, they've added more materials and modified things a bit. But the modifications are more related to, now,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">more knowledge about some of those decay schemes and so on, but that impact. So that was one of the exciting</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">things.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">The criticality safety manual. I get the manual done, and I got to move on to something else, because once you've</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">developed the manual, unless you're using it</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">yes, I was. I was out evaluating criticality safety. I was auditing,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">basically. Oh, t</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">hat was, yeah, I could do it, but it was more fun to go out and get involved in the environmental</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">monitoring, choosing which sample, where to sample, what to analyze those samples for, and then write the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">report to show what this means impact-wise for the site.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Going from there, then, into developing what should an environmental monitoring program look like, either for a</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">nuclear power plant or a place like Hanford. That wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">s that exciting and thrilling, a</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">nd I felt I made a contribution.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And then to jump over into, now you understand that stuff, and now relate that to emergency preparedness and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">evaluating emergency preparedness. Did you take into account?</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I will have to say, because I was involved in a course, and I've forgotten what the course was called, but it was at</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">the Nevada test site. And we were there--and I think it was only Hanford person there at the time. That's when I</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">was involved in emergency preparedness.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And this was a course to really walk us through scenarios and situations, and see the mistakes we could make.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">We could walk over a wire on the ground that we shouldn't have because it was live, or could've been live, and not</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">recognizing that. You're taking </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">an action for what you see in front of you, but then missing out on something that</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">you shouldn't have done as part of that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And that became part of our evaluation, when we looked at mistakes they would make, not take an air sample, or</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">take it where it shouldn't have been. You should have taken it over here instead of over there, you know, those</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">kind of things. So was able to use all that background and material that I had had as part of my career.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I feel like, yes, had I started over today, I think I would've probably gone the environmental, but more from an</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">atmospheric and understanding weather. That was an interest as a kid. I've watched</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">this is before television</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and I would pay attention to the thermometer and what was going on. Is it going to snow tomorrow, or that kind of</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">thing.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">But otherwise, no, it was great. And the courses and the opportunities afforded by this diverse kind of a field, that</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">when I came, and when I was a health physicist, I didn't k</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">now what a health physicist was, but</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> I think I have a pretty</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">good idea today.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Arata</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So obviously, a lot of my students n</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ow were born after the Cold War.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham</span>: Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Arata</span>: They</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> don't really understand that time period.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Is there anything you'd like for future generations who may be watching this video to know about what it was like</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">to work during that time period and contribute to that effort?</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Well, obviously, one of the things, being here in Hanford, was because we had all these reactors operating, which</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">meant that there was always contamination going into the river, contamination going into the ground.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Reprocessing was occurring</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> but was stopped at a time period. So then we had to</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and of course, today we still</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">hear about whether it's from the west side or else around the country. Even our own family ask questions. What</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">about the leaking tanks? What does that mean? And from my perspective, I have an idea what that means.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And I think I look at it in a lot different mindset, because I know that yes, it's of concern, and it should be. But on</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">the other hand, it's not going to kill me. It's not going to give me a dose that I won't want to stay here, I won't want</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">to live here. And because, like I said, in the older days, when all the reactors were operating and so on, we had a</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">lot more radioactivity to deal with.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">But Joe's equation</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Joe Soledad</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">those pathway formulas and equations and so on that we used, we proved</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">with that that hey, yes, there is material out there. It's of low consequence to you and me as residents of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">community. And I think that that was probably a kind of thing that we</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">the scientists, let's say, the science side</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">were not very successful in communicating that to the public.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And I don't think we are today. B</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ecause I can remember one of my daughter's friends, when they had the different</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">kinds of sweeteners, and they would say no, we're going to cut those off. And so when her dad worked in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">grocery business, he could bring that stuff home, and no, I don't think we want to use that. Again, uninformed</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">about those kind of things</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">. And I think that's the aspect—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">that we get a bug, a thought of what an impact could be,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">and yet we don't know the whole story. And I know I tried, but on the other hand, that wasn't my role particularly.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">But I was aware.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And I think that, looking today, we look at so many more things today in terms of hurtful environmental impact</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">kinds of things. I'm thinking just the environmental movement, if you will, because our daughter-in-law is very</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">much involved there, and her daughter is now in college and looking in that same arena. The other daughter-in</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">-</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">law</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">down in New </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Mexico, that</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> was one of her areas of interest. And she studied bugs and insects and that sort</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">of thing. Today she's not using that, because she's really into health and doing private yoga and exercise training.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">But the Cold War meant that</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">well, that's where it was nice when I got to go the other sites, because that allowed</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">me to kind of see, and to put all this together as </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">an </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">understanding</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> of</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> the whole package, and not just what's happening</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">in Han</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ford or what's happening at Oak R</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">idge or whatever, to be able to realize that probably some choices</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">mean, </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">the </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">making the choice here</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> of </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Hanford, I think, was a wonderful choice. Choosing this remote location</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">it's not so</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">remote today, but I think it was an excellent</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">from all the material, all the information we knew at the time.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And yet places like Savannah River, where you've got all kinds of groundwater and all kinds of those kind of</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">issues, maybe that wasn't such a good place, where the ability of stuff to move would be greater than a place like</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">this. And I think what we saw, and what I remember just f</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">rom the public, my own families—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">our own families would</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ask questions, which was very reasonable.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And I think the understanding</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—and </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">we've been watching</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I'm digressing for a second, but we've been</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">watching the P</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">residential wives series on television, so we're going back over the history and seeing some of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">things that were going on as this whole business developed in our lifetime, things that we didn't realize, because</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">some was top secret, not shared. And of course, I was perfectly happy to work in a closed environment, where</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">you didn't share everything you did.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">For someone tod</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ay, I think that the question</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> aspect of business, and for the future, is always question what</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">you're doing, how can it impact the environment, how can it impact people, how can it impact you yourself?</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Cellphones, all kinds of things that we use and are in use daily, but do we really know what the long-term impacts</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">of these devices are? I think for the moment we feel quite certain t</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">hat we're not creating monster issues that become-- </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">But I like the environmental movement, because I kind of put my life together around that, an interest in seeing</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">that we're doing the right things to keep us safe, and yet not say, you can't do that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And of course, the environmental impact statement business. I was involved partly in that too, in helping develop</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">those. I guess my last one that I was involved in was in Tennessee, for the Tennessee Valley Authority, because</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">they were going wide with lots of nuclear. And that was in the '90s, as I</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> recall, when I went down there and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> was</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">involved.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Arata</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Is there anything I haven't asked you about that you'd like to tell us about? Any other stories that stand out?</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Well, of course, we did have accidents. We had things that</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">yeah, I got involved in a cleanup in the 3</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">00 Area</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">where an underground pipe had broken. And this was americium, was a principal nuclide that had gotten into the</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ground. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">we ended up digging that all up. B</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ut just chasing it, deciding where to sample, and digging up and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">then discovering, oh, the pipe is all corroded. So yes, everything that went down that drain.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And so those kinds of things, I really enjoyed those, because you were evaluating a condition that was really an</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">unknown. And I think that's part of what the environmental restoration contract</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">the Bechtel work that I was</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">involved in, we were doing some of that, too, because we were making measurements and then determining, did</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">those measurements give us what we need to know so that we can take the appropriate steps for remediation?</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And so I think that aspect, so to speak, of research piece might have been</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">if I were to start again, I might be</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">more interested in research. But at the time, I was more interested in what we need to know so that we can take</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">the right steps to move forward.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I think that those are my observations. I was an enthusiastic worker. I just loved the opportunity and the people to</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">work with. And we did a lot of group things. You know, I can remember bac</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">k in the old days, Ron Kathren</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> and I</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">would have an equation on the blackboard we were trying to solve, and then leave it up there for a</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">while with</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">getting more information to make things fit. You took the information you had.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">And I was successful, probably published about, I don't know, 50 different papers in Health Physics Journal. And I</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">also was involved in the Society for Radiological Protection in the British Isles. I gave two different presentations</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">over there in the '80s and '90s, which is always nice to go and experience others. I had even looked at that as a</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">possible exchange.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham</span>: And as a result of those visits, I got invited to go to the Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna and work on an</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">environmental plan with folks from all over the world. And we had interpreters, because we had Russians, and we</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">had Canadians, and we had French and Germans. And so</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> on—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">all that was nice. And they paid my way, and I got to</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">spend</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">matter of fact, I made two trips in the same year on that activity. I had a third one, but the Department of</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Energy wouldn't allow me to go on the third one.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">So that adds to your enjoyment, your understanding and working with people who have come from different</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">places, and yet have similar issues and proble</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">ms, and how are you addressing—</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">especially when we're trying to</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">write a manual, an international manual that would be used wherever, in developing countries as well as</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">advanced countries and so on, to protect people in the environment.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Arata</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Is there anything else at all?</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Not that's coming to me at this point. </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">[LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">I'm just delighted to have had this opportunity to share with you, even though</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">it's </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">very</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> uncoordinated.</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> I certainly rambled.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Arata</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">No, that was wonderful. You gave us some great detail</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">s. That’s always</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> exciting for us to hear about. And I want to</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">thank you so much for sharing with us. We really appreciate you taking time out.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">Well, Laura, it was a pleasure sharing with you and getting to know you. I wish you well in your</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">—</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Arata</span>: Thank you.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX251492516"><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Denham</span>: --</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">future work and</span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX251492516">finishing your PhD. I never got there.</span><span class="EOP SCX251492516"> </span></p>
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Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
01:06:42
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
5261 kbps
Hanford Sites
Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview
300 area.
Bechtel Hanford
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1947-2013
Years on Hanford Site
Years on the Hanford Site, if any.
1961-1995
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Parker, Herb
Kathren, Ron
Soldat, Joe
Carter, Jimmy
Junkins, Bob
McCreedy, Clarence
Mitchell, Dean
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Dale Denham
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Dale Denham conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Creator
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Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
12/12/2013
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Format
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video/mp4
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
2016-05-24: Metadata v1 created – [J.G]
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Nuclear weapons plants--Environmental aspects--Washington (State)--Hanford Site.
Nuclear weapons plants--Waste disposal--Environmental aspects--Washington (State)--Hanford Site.
Nuclear instruments & methods
Richland (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
300 Area
Battelle (Wash.)
Bechtel Hanford
Kennewick (Wash.)
Livermore
Los Alamos
Oakridge
Richland (Wash.)
Savannah River
-
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3cf5eafd07df622c79a7ce766d795c94
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Ff03c6f62ec6ecbb75d2e152e69b0a0cf.mp4
cca508797901a36664fbb38e718cd250
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Pre-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area prior to the Manhattan Project
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area prior to the Manhattan Project
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Robert Bauman
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Lloyd Chalcraft
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<p><strong>Northwest Public Television | Chalcraft_Lloyd</strong></p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Does this station go into Seattle?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Camera man</span>: No.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: No. This is in Eastern Washington, I guess.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Camera man</span>: Yeah. This will get to--</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Why I asked that of which it's in, my brother lives in Seattle.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Camera man</span>: It will all be available online.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Yeah. And we can get you a copy.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Camera man</span>: I'm recording.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: OK. We're going to go ahead and get started. Can you hear me OK?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: I'm ready, just as long as I can hear you. What you're asking, see.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: OK. Let's start by having you say your name, and if you could spell it also.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Lloyd-- OK. Lloyd Robert Chalcraft.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: OK, great. And my name is Robert Bauman, and today's date is August 20, right, of 2013.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: My hearing is a little holding me back. I can hear you, but you're a real quiet voice.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: OK. And we're conducting this interview on the campus of Washington State University, Tri-Cities.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Yeah, that's correct. I mean, do I got to OK that?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: No, that's OK. Well. Let's start if you could, by having you--</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Huh?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Could you tell us about your family and how your family--</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Got here? My family came to Richand, Washington in 1910 from Idaho. My granddad homesteaded in Idaho, and they came into Richland in 1910. And I can go into quite a little history there.</p>
<p>My family, my uncle, my mother's brother was the first boy to die in World War I in the war. He was the first one to die in Richland in World War I.</p>
<p>And I got a great grandmother buried down in this cemetery. She was buried there in 1917. Well, I got a lot a relatives between here and Kennewick.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: What brought them to Richland? What brought your family to Richland?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: What brought them to Richland? My granddad was up in Rexburg, Idaho on a farm, and they still got the land. My mother couldn't breath and they came down for a dry climate for my mother. And they came down here in a covered wagon from Idaho in 1910.</p>
<p>And what do want? You want to continue on? Then, my mother graduated from Richland high school in 1918. She played basketball there, and then there was Uncle Frank.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And what was your mother's name and your grandparent's name?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Huh?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: What was your mother's name and your grandparent's name.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Her maiden name?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Yeah.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Jamison. Her grandmother's buried down here across from Hapo. Her grandma Davidson, and well, I got a lot of relatives buried and kept between here and Kennewick.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Did her family have a farm here, then?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Did what?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Did they have a farm?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: In Richland?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Yeah.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Yes. Well, my grandparents had a farm here. We had a farm here, and my uncle had a farm here. We had four different farms. Granddad had a big cherry orchard. Where his orchard was is where that locksmith is on Van Giesen. That was a part of their orchard. That was a prune orchard only it had cherries there.</p>
<p>I went to school myself. I went to school here eight years, where now that little grade school is here. It used be called Richland Grade School, but it's not what's out down there south of Richland. Later in life, my boy played basketball for Richland.</p>
<p>My boy, he was on the Richland State Basketball Champion when they beat Pasco. Do you remember that? For the state basketball. My boy, he played football and basketball for Richland High School.</p>
<p>I graduated from Kennewick High School. See, we moved out. The government come in and took all this land over, and we moved to Kennewick.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And how old were you then?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: I was about eighth grade.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And what do you remember about that time?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Huh?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: What do you remember about that when you first heard that the government was going to come in 1943?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: People were pissed. People were mad cause they come in here and took this land over. They practically stole the land. I mean, people were really shook up. Do you know I mean? They didn't know what was going on. It was like an invasion.</p>
<p>You seen army trucks, the DuPont surveyors. I saw the plane that I think this guy-- they flew over this big scientist to pick this area out. I don't know if I would guarantee it, but they were looking for a place of vacant land. And that Columbia River is the key.</p>
<p>I remember that plane flew over. There was a Navy base in Pasco, but this plane was a big transport plane. These scientist were looking over that area.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And do you know how much money you're family got for land?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: For the place?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Yeah, how much money your family got?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: They had a farm there with cherries. My family, we had three or four families. My granddad had that big orchard.</p>
<p>They gave him $13,000 for a whole complete cherry orchard. They literary stole the land, which is here or there.</p>
<p>We got $7,000 for our little place. It's on the corner-- we lived on the corner of Sanford and Van Giesen.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And how big was your place? How many acres?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: It was 10 acres. My granddad, I think, was-- I've forgotten now exactly. 25 or 30 acres.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And what was his name?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: TJ Chalcraft. Thomas Chalcraft. That was my dad's father. Then my granddad lived here. When they come down from Rexburg's, he opened a blacksmith's shop in 1910. Jamison, Hershel Jamison.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Oh, OK. Uh-huh. And so did your farm also have cherries on your farm?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Huh?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Did you grow cherries?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Yeah. We had cherries and asparagus. I've cut the damn asparagus.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Hard work.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Yeah. It kept me from dilly dallying. I was just a kid in school. Yeah. A lot of things-- my dad went to a federal land bank meeting in Prosser that night. And he come back to Mary and says, our government is going to take this property over and nobody believed him.</p>
<p>About February 1st, or the approximate time, well, everybody started getting letters from the government. This property is under eminent domain, or whatever. There's another wording for it, but they're going to take all this property.</p>
<p>By the way, in that school down here, that little grade school, they closed that. I got out of school a month early because the government took it over to make office space for it. And there was a schoolhouse where Carnation used to be, two story. I watched three years and they built that. This in before Hanford.</p>
<p>There was a two story school there. There was a duplicate out here at White Bluffs Hanford. Everything and the toilets were outside.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: So when did you move off the land then? What time in 1940?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Well, we moved off right away. We moved to Kennewick, my folks did. Let's see. We moved right away. They had to move because the government started moving them.</p>
<p>You know, you don't understand. That's been 65 years ago. I get a little bit-- those numbers don't quite-- well, it was in '43 or '45. Well, hell no. The bomb was out here. [INAUDIBLE] is the one who built the Hiroshima bomb. So they dropped that bomb in '45, didn't they? So we moved out before that period.</p>
<p>Well, we had to. About '43, I can't remember the dates. We moved out probably-- we'd haul over to Kennewick--my folks bought property on Kennewick Avenue. Are you acquainted with Kennewick?</p>
<p>See, I own that Jiffy car wash. That's what's some of our land is when we move from Richland to Kennewick.</p>
<p>Maybe you've had a car washed. It's isn't like-- I own the land or the building. I don't own the car wash. Hulberts have that.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Did you go to school in Kennewick?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: No, I didn't.</p>
<p>Which is immaterial. See, I went to school in Richland for eight years, and then I went to school in Kennewick for four years.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: What do you remember about going to school in Richland? Do you remember any of the teachers, or how big--</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: I had good teachers. I actually learned more from Mrs. Randolph in reading than most of these kids. Some of these kids go to school and they can't even read now. She was a little crippled lady named Randolph. And she taught us first grade.</p>
<p>They had pretty good schools here. Actually, they did. And they told us you had to be a citizen in the United States before you could vote.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Did you walk to school or was there a school bus?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: We had a bus. We had a bus. See, I lived about two miles down to Richland on Van Giesen down to Richland. We had a school bus. Yeah. They had three or four school buses.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And do you remember any of your neighbors?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Oh, yeah. Carlsons and Ericksons and Rudes. There was a lot of Ericksons. I think there was more Swedish people that lived in Richland than any other relative. Some of their homes-- My grandad helped build some homes here in 1918 that are still standing. Then, all the Swede's had pretty nice homes here.</p>
<p>Maybe you're Swede. Are you a Swede?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: No.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: But anyway, the Swede's are a real progressive type people. OK, a little deal here. The boy, this cook, this vet's place down here, this cook Erickson, the name of the veterans' and Erickson was one of the sons of one of the people that lived here. And he went into the service, and he got shot down over the Mediterranean sea during the war.</p>
<p>This little town had a lot of boys. We had, I can think, Don Culp was on the Arizona. He lived. His folks, well, his aunt was engaged to my uncle. But he was on the Arizona.</p>
<p>Tommy Van Poulsen was on the California. This was at Pearl Harbor. The Mosier boy, he was on Guam. He got captured by the Japs. He was a prisoner of war for the total war.</p>
<p>But Don Culp come off the Arizona and he went back to sea on a destroyer. And a storm come off the Philippines and they drowned. And Tommy Van Poulsen used to swim that river all the time. He swam off the Californian and got out. They were there where the Walmart has gone.</p>
<p>This little town had a lot of people in the service compared for the population. Tom [? Handbe, ?] he lived in parts of Richland. He was killed in Normandy.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: So how many brothers and sisters did you have?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: I got one brother, no sisters.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Older? Was he older or younger? Was he older than you or younger?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: He's 16 years younger. They thought she had a tumor. I mean, there was no kids between, you know what I mean, between-- 16 years olds, went to school. Hell, I was starting high school or last when he was born. But he lives in Seattle now.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: So were you born in Richland, then?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Actually, I was born in Lady Lourdes in Pasco. I understand then there was no hospitals in Richland. And there was no hospitals in Kennewick.</p>
<p>Mine was born in Kennewick, but there was a midwife. The only hospital here was in Pasco, Lady Lourdes. See, I was born in '29, but that was the only-- my brother was born at the Lady Origin, Pasco.</p>
<p>My boy was born in Richland. I got a son that played basketball for Richland. And he was born in the Kadlec Hospital down here. He played against Pasco when they played-- I don't know if you were around here, Pasco and them played for the state championship.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: So the community of Richland, when you grew up, do you remember any of the businesses that we're here at the time or anything like that?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Huh?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Do you remember any of the businesses that we're here?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Oh, yes. We had Ralton's Drugstore. John Dam had a store, and that park out there is named after John Dam. [? Yiddick ?] had a store here.</p>
<p>Hugh Van [? Dyne ?] had the tavern. And Rex Bell had a service station. I can remember, I could go down the street and Phil Charmin, he was a barber, and he's buried right beside my dad down this whole cemetery.</p>
<p>And as you go down to the park, there's a brick building sitting there. It's two story. And the bank got in trouble.</p>
<p>The banker went to jail in Walla Walla, because in 1930 the bank went bust. And at that time it was state controlled. See, federal took it after Roseville come in, but the banker went to jail. He went to Walla Walla.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: What was his name?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Huh?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Remember his name?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Yup. Nelson. You know what I mean? I don't know if his brother's still around or not, but anyway this was back in 1930. I don't know if it was big or whatever. The bank was closed when I--</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Your father was at some point then on the board of directors--</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Huh?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Your father was on the board of directors of the--</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: He was on the--</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: --federal land bank, or something like that.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Yeah. If you worked-- well, he's kind of a officer with a blind bank. We had a chicken hatchery we used to hatch baby chickens to besides our farm.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And your farm, you grew mostly cherries and asparagus?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Huh?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: On your farm, you grew mostly cherries and asparagus.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Yeah, we did that. I picked lots of cherries and cut asparagus. These kids nowadays would think that was torture.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Do you remember any special community events?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Huh?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Do you remember special community events or gatherings, picnics, any of those sorts of things.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Any special what?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Special events. Community events. Any celebrations the community had or anything like that growing up.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Not really. Not here. Most of the celebrations were in Kennewick. You know in this little town, small little town--</p>
<p>Oh, yeah. There's a boy named Shiftner. He was in the death march out at Carregador. I think it was Shiftner.</p>
<p>There was quite a few soldiers. I still don't remember them all that-- this Comstock, there's a street here in Richland. I don't know if that's-- I think he was from Pasco are Richland, but he died in the service I think.</p>
<p>See, this park is named after John Dam across from the federal building. And John Dam had a grocery store here.</p>
<p>There were two grocery stores here. And they had a place they made ice.</p>
<p>You know, everybody didn't have something to make ice, but they'd freeze this water and make ice. And people would get ice out of it. Ice house. And Phil Charmin, the barber, used to run that.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: What sorts of things, growing up, what sorts of things did you do for fun?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Huh?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: What sorts of things did you do for fun growing up?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: What did we do for fun? Well, we'd swim. We'd swim in the irrigation ditch or whatever. And where uptown</p>
<p>Richland was right now, that was a swamp. There was mud that deep. And where uptown Richland is there was an irrigation ditch running through it. That ditch still runs.</p>
<p>We'd go down there. It wasn't very deep, but it was a place to go swimming. We called it swimming, because we were told not to go in the Columbia River when we was kids. Well, that river was cold then, because there was no much dams below, you understand? More free flowing. It mad a difference.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Did you do much fishing or hunting?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Yeah. Hunting pheasant here was good. It was good pheasant hunting. There was no deer here, but there used to be-- we know it well. We hunted pheasant and the ducks. Oh, yeah, a lot of that, cause this all was asparagus field and open.</p>
<p>People from Richland would get shook up when the people from Kennewick would come over and shoot their pheasant. [INAUDIBLE] But there was good hunting here, and everybody knew everybody and go hunting. But you'd normally need a dog. And that asparagus is tall, and you damn near needed a dog to get your pheasants.</p>
<p>One time an airplane landed down in that pasture. What the hell-- where the riding academy used to be. The plane landed out there. That was another, well, it wouldn't be too important, but I remember everybody went down to steal gas out of the plane. Somebody said that burnt their motors up. I don't know, that aviation gas.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: When you were growing up--</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: I played a little basketball. Nothing big.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: When you were growing up, did the farm you grew up on, did you have electricity.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Oh, yes. We had electricity. But when we first moved we had a hand pump, then we got electricity come in.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: What about a telephone? Did you have a telephone.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Yeah. And the neighbors-- we had a phone, but a lot of neighbors didn't. They'd come over and borrow your phone. A lot of them wouldn't even offer to help pay the bill, but they'd use the phone.</p>
<p>In them days, Mrs. Meredith, you had to go through a telephone operator. And Mrs. Meredith, she was kind of the-- and she knew all the gossip. But she was pretty god darn good though for emergencies. People would call in an you know what I mean?</p>
<p>Then Brown Telephone in Kennewick bought them out. I guess they owned that at that--</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Now, did you also work at Hanford at some point?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Huh?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Did you work at Hanford at some point.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: I did, yeah, 20 years.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Where did you work? What area?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: I worked in the reactors. I got cancer. I'm fighting cancer right now.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: When did you work at Hanford and which reactors did you work in?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: I worked at all of them.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And what years? When did you start?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: I worked with the reactors. I was nothing too important out there, but I served a-- And then I got drafted in the army. I went to war. During the Korean, I got drafted. I was working though, 'til I got drafted in the army.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: And what sort of work did you do out there?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Oh, different work. Handled uranium and all that. It was just, you know what I mean? I've done better investing. I wasn't an engineer type. I've done pretty well as an investor. Mostly these people sit on their butt around here, and maybe I shouldn't be saying that. That's probably getting cocky.</p>
<p>But anyway, these houses sold cheap around here in Richland. These duplexes are selling for $7,000. I had bought one. I sold it here a while back for $130,000. But you know, that was time goes along.</p>
<p>But the government practically gave these houses away. This was after Hanford produced the bomb. But these ranch houses, all of them went real-- government unloaded them pretty cheap.</p>
<p>I've seen a lot of changes here.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: I'm sure. What are some of the changes you've seen?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Huh?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: What are some of the changes that you've seen?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: All these houses all over. Well, yeah, what else? More people. You understand, Richland was a very small town, and you had to count the farms. The town or Richland itself was very-- well, I better there was over 100 people here. Maybe a little bit more, but I didn't live in Richland. See, we had the farms around it.</p>
<p>All the Swede's had homes. They were good farmers.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: So you worked at Hanford in what, the '40s and '50s?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Huh?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: You worked at Hanford in the 1940s, 1950s?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: I went to work there in 1950. 1950 in the fire department. I worked in the fire department for a while out there.</p>
<p>Then I worked in reactors.</p>
<p>I'll tell you a little story. Before the government-- the day the government come in and bought this property, we played ball. I was going to Richland grade school. We went out to White Bluffs and played basketball. And about a few days later, the word came down that the government was taking it over.</p>
<p>You understand that Hanford, Richland, one thing probably they know, but I know, there were usually cemeteries in White Bluffs and Hanford. The government dug all of those up. You understand why? You think about it?</p>
<p>How could they let people go there if there's top secret stuff? How could they let people go out there and wander around the cemetery. There'd be all kinds of people wandering around, wouldn't there?</p>
<p>The government removed all of them bodies. Some of the families got the bodies. But most of the bodies were moved to Prosser. And then they were going to dig up this cemetery in Richland but they decided they didn't need to.</p>
<p>I had people buried in there. My dad's buried down there in this cemetery. My mother and dad were divorced. My mother is buried on that by-pass. But anyway.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman:</span> I wonder if you have any other memories or stories from growing up in Richland that you haven't shared yet that you want to talk about.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft:</span> Hey, gotta go. You think of a lot this stuff after you've stopped. OK, I'll tell you a little story athletic-wise. The bombers, there was no bombers. Let's go back. When I played basketball in high school before Hanford, they called them the Bronx, The Richland Bronx. And the colors were black and red.</p>
<p>And now, they're green and gold. OK, I'm just telling you what happened. They were called the Richland Bronx.</p>
<p>Then what happened, when Richland moved in they called them the Beavers. Well, they couldn't call them bombers, you understand?</p>
<p>Well, it could've been done. But they call them-- that's after Hanford moved in-- they changed the colors and they called them the bombers. But their colors are green and gold. But when I was in high school, I didn't go to high school. I went up to eighth grade there. But they were the black and red.</p>
<p>Then Richland come in and they changed them to green and gold and they called them the beavers. Then after, well, later on, they become the bombers. They couldn't have said bomber, I don't think.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: So when, actually when the government came in 1943 and told you you had to move, did you know why? You know, what was happening?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: What was happening?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Yeah.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: It's a good question. No. It was rumor heaven. A lot of people thought they'd come in here for all-- well, to make toilet paper for one thing. Well, anyway. They hit a little natural gas out here on the Horse Heavens. Not Horse Heavens, out there at Bridal Snake.</p>
<p>They thought they'd come in, but just that people real naively, understand. You look at it. All that come in here, my god, millions of dollars.</p>
<p>Even the army moved trucks in here. Everybody moved in, and they sure as hell didn't bring all that in just to hit natural gas out here. Well, I didn't know until the day when they dropped the bomb. The guy that lived in White Bluffs, he come in and says, I've found out what they built Hanford for.</p>
<p>But what they've built is enough to burn those Jap's ass right off. That was his very words. His folks owned property at White Bluffs-- Hanford White Bluffs. And there used to be a little bus that you went from down Richland up to, there they called it, Sagebrush Annie.</p>
<p>I was only up there once when I lived here. Until I went to work out there. I was out there at that basketball game.</p>
<p>Well, I was just a kid. I didn't drive. And that's quite a ways out there.</p>
<p>Most of the people in White Bluffs and Hanford, they went over to Yakima to shop for groceries. There was a story out there in Hanford or White Bluffs. There was a grocery store. There was two high schools out there at that time.</p>
<p>Maybe you knew that.</p>
<p>And then they merged into one, because you know, I think, yeah. I'm trying to think of different-- I wish sitting in Richland the day they bombed Pearl Harbor, right in Richland at Thayer Drive. And it come over the news that they'd bombed Pearl Harbor.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: On the radio? Was it on the radio?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Yeah, radio, we didn't have TV then. This was '41. That was quite a shock. When they said Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, and I was quite of a history buff. Some of these people still don't know what happened. But I knew we was going to go to war. And they hit Pearl Harbor that day.</p>
<p>That's the day Culp got off the Arizona any other boy swam out from the California. Well, I'll tell you a little side story. It didn't fit into Richland. But my uncle was in Pasco, and there was a guy sitting on a bar over there.</p>
<p>And my uncle, he was in the Navy, World War I. He thought he was Japanese, and my dad was with him. And he was going to beat the hell out of that Jap. Come to find out, he was a China man. You know what I mean? This is right after Pearl Harbor?</p>
<p>There's been a few other people that was picked up here. One or two guys here in this town were out hollering Hail Hitler. The United States Marshall picked one of them and shipped him back to Leavenworth.</p>
<p>Nobody bothered him but the day Pearl Harbor was hit, things opened up. They let him, when they were fighting Great Britain, that was a great deal. Germany was beating the hell out of Great Britain.</p>
<p>But the day Pearl Harbor was bombed, that changed the atmosphere. This one kid would come to high school and brag about the Germans picking the hell out of the British. But anyway, he shut up after Pearl Harbor.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: So what was Richard like as a place to grow up?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Huh?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: What was Richland like as a place to grow up?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: What was Richland like, what?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: As a place to grow up?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: It was a kind of a quiet little quaint town. My uncle, he had never drove. He drove a team of horses. He drank a little beer. He trained horses.</p>
<p>It wasn't a regular policemen. Bill Perry had a server station here. He was the town Marshall. Things were quite quaint. You know what I mean? There was one guy that got in a fight with a guy, and I guess he died.</p>
<p>That was hot news in those days. This guy died from a fistfight. Actually, things were pretty quiet at that time, I guess. But we did go through World War I here. There were two or three boys that got in that one.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: You mentioned earlier some of the businesses in Richland. What about churches?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: What?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Do you remember any churches at the time?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Churches? OK there was a Methodist Church, and a holy roller. I remember they had a holy roller church right in downtown Richland, and they'd get up and role on the floor.</p>
<p>One guy was looking through the window, they had curtains over it and somebody pushed the barrel and he rolled right in with the holy rollers. Yeah, there was a Methodist Church right across from where the school was.</p>
<p>And I remember when they'd have funerals there. I remember one women died, Mrs. [? Kayler. ?] We remembered that. It was a different name. Well, my grandparents are buried out at that cemetery.</p>
<p>There was no Catholic church. The Catholic church was in Kennewick. They had a holy roller church. I guess a-- what's that one? I'm not a great church goer. I went to the Methodist church a little bit. Most of the churches were over in Kennewick.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Well, is there anything else you want to share?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Huh?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Anything else you want to say about growing up in Richland?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Growing up now?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: No. Anything else that you want to say about your time growing up in Richland.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: About what?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: About your time, your childhood.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Anything else you want to say about it?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Well, I played a little basketball here. I was no-- my peak come when my son won the-- my son, he was good enough to play. He was on the state champ. He was good enough to get a football scholarship at the University of Montana.</p>
<p>He wanted to go to Oregon. Oregon wanted him to go, but they wanted him to go to Columbia Basin and play a year and then go. He didn't get an offer for Washington State or Washington, but he did get an offer from all those big sky, Montana, Idaho, to play ball, football.</p>
<p>But in Oregon he kind of-- Oregon says, you go to Columbia Basin. Columbia Basin at that time had a football team if you remember. They wanted him to go over there for one year.</p>
<p>He had a chance to go back. I'm bragging a little on his college. He had a chance to go back to one of the big east schools-- they egg head schools. You know what I'm talking about.</p>
<p>He was pretty good in grades. But he ended up going to the University of Montana. He could've went to the University of Idaho, but then he got hurt.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Well, I want to thank you for coming in today. And share the memories of growing up in Richland.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: You know, a lot I've missed or thought about. A few names you hate to bring in, you know what I mean? Now, I have to ask you guys something. Is this going to be the air?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: It could be.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Camera man</span>: Right. Parts of it will be.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Huh?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Parts of it.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: What did he say?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Parts of it probably will be.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: March what?</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Parts of it.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Part, not all of it.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Right.</p>
<p><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Chalcraft</span>: Well, that's fine. You always got somebody-- You know, I've been a little-- I'm not too bragging-- but I've been a little successful. And I found out people, if you get a little successful, they'll run you down a little bit.</p>
Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
00:38:11
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
5276 kbps
Hanford Sites
Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview
1950-1975
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1910-2013
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Chalcraft, TJ
Chalcraft, Tom
Jamison, Hershel
Dam, John
Charmin, Phil
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Lloyd Chalcraft
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Lloyd Chalcraft conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Format
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video/mp4
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Richland (Wash.)
Hanford (Wash.)
Richland (Wash.). Public Schools
Richland (Wash.)--Politics and government.
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
2016-05-18: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
8/20/2013
DuPont
Hunting
Kennewick (Wash.)
Richland (Wash.)
swimming
White Bluffs (Wash.)
-
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F180660234e109a77b4340610c4e50f43.jpg
3816611a7f7cbd88b1b5d25e8b651ee9
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2Fc9ba08478b7c6707489551cbfcf22ffa.mp4
8ba37550abf1599a853424689260db35
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Post-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Robert Bauman
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Steve Buckingham
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX150736100">
<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><strong><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Northwest Public Television | </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span class="SpellingError SCX150736100">Buckingham_Steve</span></span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></strong></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX150736100">
<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Robert Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">We're going to go ahead and start if that's all right.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
</div>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Steve Buckingham:</span> Okay.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
</div>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> So if we could start by just having you say your name and spell</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">it for us?</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
</div>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Okay. </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">It's</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> John Stevens Buckingham is the full name, and it's S-T-E-V-E-N-S</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> B-U-C-K-I-N-G-H-A-M, just like the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">palace.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
</div>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">All right. Thank you. And today's date is November 13 of 2013--</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
</div>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">November 13, 19</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">2013.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: 2013.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX150736100">
<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">2013.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> I'm still in the last century.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">And my name’</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">s Bob Bauman, and we're doing this interview on the campus of Washington State University Tri-Cities. So if we could start maybe by having you tell us how you came to Hanford, what brought you here, when</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">you arrived</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">?</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
</div>
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX150736100">
<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">. Well, first of all, I'm a native Washingtonian. I was born in Seattle, grew up in Pacific County. Went to</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Washington</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">graduated from high school in 1941, and went to Washington State College, at that time, in chemical</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">engineering. Well, of course you know the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7th of that year. I was</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">able to finish off my first year at Washington State, and came back, the second year, the sophomore year, there</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">were just mobs of people on campus recruiting for military. I tried several of them. I tried to get into the Navy V-12</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">program, but my eyes were not good enough. But I was able to get into an Air Corps program that they were</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">looking for meteorologists. So I signed up for that. I had to get my dad to give me permission, because I was only</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">18 at the time.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">But I was able to finish </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">my sophomore year. I had just begun my</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> freshman, my first semester, and I had just</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">started the semester, my second semester, when I got the call to report to active duty. And the program that I had</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">signed up for was this pre-meteorology program. And actually, it was kind of a neat situation. I was sent to Reed</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">College in Portland, Oregon. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">nd it was a little bit of a cultural shock, coming from a rather conservative</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Washington State to go to Reed College. We could smoke in classes. We could go up to a girl's room in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">dormitory. [LAUGHTER] A</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">nd they sang rather interesting songs on campus</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> too.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> But Reed has very high scholastic standards,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">and I think the best math professor I ever had, I had at Reed College. But we went</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">we just had almost normal</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">college classes:</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> math, and physics, and geography. It was an interesting experience.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Well, after a year at Reed, and also being in the military</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">because I think we must have had about</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">we had</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">, what,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> two</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">flights of cadets there, and we were all in uni</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">form, of course. And after one year</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> they decided they had enough</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">meteorologists, so most of us were looking around for another program to get into. And I applied to go into</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">communications, because I had a lot of physics background by then, and was accepted in that. They sent me to</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">—oh, </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">gosh, I can't even think. It was North Carolina. It was the first time I'd ever been down to the South, which was</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">another cultural shock. [LAUGHTER] T</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">o see separate drinking fountains for black</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">colored and white. That's where we went</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">through, essentially, Officers Candidate School. But the communications part of it was spent at Yale University in</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">New Haven. </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">That was about—oh, </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">I think that was about six months that I was there going through communication.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">We had to learn all about radio and communications. But there is where I got my</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">I was commissioned, then, as a</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">second lieutenant in the Air Corps. And about the time that I</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">just before I finished there, one of my friends had</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">gone up to Yale University</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">to Harvard, because they were looking for people to work in radar. Well, why not?</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> So</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">I applied, and was sent up to New Haven</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">not New Haven, up to Harvard. And there we went through a very</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">intensive training on electronics, getting all the background on electronics. I used to kind of laugh. If you dropped</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">a pencil on the floor went to drop</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> to pick it up, you'd be behind three months.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> It was really intensive training.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">And after that training, then they sent</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">most of us went downtown in Boston and worked on the top floor of a</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">building that overlooked the harbor</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> developing radar they were working on.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">And that was really kind of interesting. But that was kind of temporary. That was just to give us some practical</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">experiences. So that</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">then when that part of the training was over with, they assigned me to the 20th Air Force,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">which was the big bombers that were gettin</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">g ready to go to Japan, and sent</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> me to Boca Raton, Florida. And that</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">was kind of another goof-off. We were just</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">we had to go o</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">n training exercises, flight training exercises once a</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">week. So I got to</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> fly all over Florida, all over the Caribbean.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> Just goof-off things. It's really kind of almost</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">embarrassing, because we'd go fishing and stuff like that on the boat, because they'd always had to send a boat</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">out in case a plane went down in the ocean, and so we could go out on the boat an</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">d</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> fish.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">While I was at Boca Raton,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> then</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> the Japanese surrendered, and the war was over. Well, what are they going to do with</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">all of us that had been trained?</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> I went out to Albuquerque, New Mexico, and they were bringing B-29s back from</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">overseas. And all we did was remove the radar equipment from B-29s and stash it someplace. Well, I guess they</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">decided they really didn't need us anymore. So I was able to be discharged and get back to the Washington State</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">College to pick up my second semester sophomore year. Well, I had accumulated so many credits in going to</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">these other colleges. So I went and talked to the dean, and he says, well, why don't you just switch to chemistry?</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Get your degree in chemistry or general, and then come back for a master's degree.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Well, I had been on the East Coast for two years, and I did not like it back there. Being a</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">my mom and dad lived</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">out in Pacific County</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> yet</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">, and I wanted to get home. I had two job offers when I graduated from college. One was in</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Troy, New York, and the other was here. General Electric was</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">had on the campus quite a bit of recruiting</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">people, because they were getting ready to develop a new separation p</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">rocess called the REDOX</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> process. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">nd they</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">were looking for people with scientific background, chemistry and so forth, to work there. Well, I grabbed the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">opportunity, and I arrived here on the 26th of July in 1947. I remember the day.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> And that was really</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">it was very</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">interesting, because Richland was</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">GE was really operating under the old DuPont system yet. It was the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">organization was still the one that DuPont set up during construction.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">We were in the technical department.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> And I was sent out to the 100 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">reas</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> waiting for my clearance to come</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">through, and w</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">e were just analyzing the water</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">that went</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> through the piles. And then when my </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">clearance</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">came through, they sen</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">t me to the 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">rea where</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> they were developing this new separation process, this</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">REDOX</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> process, and we were doing the analytical control for </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">REDOX</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> process. And that was</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">of course, the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">development was using just uranium and other chemicals that didn't have any of the radioactive, really highly</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">radioactive material other than uranium. But it was really very interesting, because a whole new line of metallurgy</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">was being dev</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">eloped there. The metallurgy in—</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">old metallurgy was stuff like smelting, and electrolytic, and stuff like</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Well, the chemical separation process they used out at Hanford was a carrier precipitation process, which did not</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">allow them to recover the uranium. So this is why they were developing this new solvent extraction process, so</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">they</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> could</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> cover both plutonium and uranium simultaneously. That was really quite a remarkable new metallurgical</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">process that they were really developing here at Hanford, because how do you contact organic and aqueous</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">pha</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">ses, and stuff like that? And </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">what kind of a con</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">tact? They had all kinds of ones</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> that they were working with</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">there in the 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">rea, and it was really very interesting. We were doing all </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">the analysis for it. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">then </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">I was there</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">maybe a little over a year, and they decided we needed to have a little experience with </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">“</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">real</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">”</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> material.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER] So they sent</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">several of us of to be</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> shi</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">ft supervisors, out of the 200 Area, and the 222-T and 222-V P</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">lants. That's</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">where we got to work with real material. And it was just another training program. The</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">y</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> were still</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">they had begun</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">construction on the </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">REDOX</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> P</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">lant. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">nd about that time, then there was a little bit of an accident down in Texas,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">where a ship loaded with ammonium nitrate blew up and practically wiped out the city of Texas City.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> And that was</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">what we were using as a salting agent in the </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">REDOX</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> process. Well, that set the </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">REDOX</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> process into a big delay.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">What are you going to do with</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">we can't use ammonium nitrate. It's just plain too hazardous. They began looking</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">at new salting agents at that time, and it took, oh, maybe six months or so before they finally came up with a new</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">salting agent.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Well, we just kind of fiddled around a little bit out in the labs. They were closing the business phosphate process</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">labs. They combined them into just one lab. So several of us just kind of floated around doing other work that was</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">kind of related to the REDOX</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> process. For a while, I was in standards, where we were making radioactive</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">standards they used to control the counting machines and all that kind of stuff. And it was not that interesting. Well</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">I had an opportunity then to go into an organization that was still there i</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">n the old 3706 B</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">uilding in 300 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">rea. It was</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">called process chemistry. And they were the ones who were working on the chemistry of the </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">REDOX</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> process. It</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">was just</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">to me, it was just an absolute perfect fit, because I liked to monkey around with experiments and do</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">research type stuff.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">And it was a neat bunch of people that we were working with. Some of them I still kind of chortle when I think of</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">some of the stuff they pulled.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> But I was able to move into that, and I w</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">as the third person to move out</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> to 222-S,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">which </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">was the laboratory for the REDOX</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> process. And that's where we were, for our final laboratory was out there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">And I stayed in that most of my working career. I did take a couple years to go over to work on writing the waste</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">management tech manual, because they were</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">that was another process. We got to work in every new process</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">that came along. We concentrated a lot on the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> REDOX</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> process, </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">because that was new. And then that</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> chemist down</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">in the Hanford laboratories discovered tributyl phosphate, so that opened up the whole new PUREX process. That</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">had to be developed. And all the chemistry that went in to that development, we worked with.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">And then they decided they had to do something with the waste, and there was an outfit came in that was going to</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">separate out fission products out of the waste. And we were going to have a big fission product market. Well, we</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">s</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">eparated out a lot of strontium-90 and cesium-137. And the strontium-</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">90 was all right, because they could use</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">that as a heat source for places where they didn't have much sunshine, deep space probes and so forth. The</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">cesium, unfortunately</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> the capsule we set someplace leaked, and we had a little bit of embarrassment. That had to</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">be cleaned up. </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">So Isochem had taken</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">that was when the companies had separated into all these different</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">companies. And the waste management </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">just </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">kind of petered out. We still had waste management we had to do</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">something with.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">So I continued just working on it</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> but went back to the process chemistry laboratory. I finally ended up manager</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">there for several years until I retired.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> But it was a real experience, t</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">hat's all I've got to say. I feel like I was very</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">fortunate in being able to work with so much new technology. And I think one of the more interesting ones was, we</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">were recovering</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">out of our wast</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">e, we were recovering neptunium-</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">237, and I had set up a small demonstration</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">process in the laboratory. And for three years, I wa</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">s the total source of neptunium-</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">237 in the whole United States.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">And that 237, when we first started doing it, we actually would convert the 237 to an oxide, and mix it with</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">aluminum, and make a fuel element out of it that we stuck</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> in B reactor to make plutonium-239. Plutonium-</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">239 is a</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">very unique isotope of plutonium. It is non-fissionable, but if you get a ball of it about the size of a golf ball, it's</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">generating so much heat, it'll actually glow red.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">So they use it as a heat source for deep space probes. So we were working on snap programs and all this is really</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">fascinating new technology. </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">And </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">I just feel very fortunate that I had been able to have a finger in some of this stuff</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">that's really far out. We were looking</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">you know that one time they were going to convert that big building next to</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">the FFT</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">F into a facility just to process</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> plutonium-</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">238. That was another program that didn't ever develop. But we</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">kind of had fingers in just an awful lot of stuff over the years. Some of the stuff I kind of laugh about. There was a</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">they developed silver reactors to remove iodine from our off gases coming out of the plant, because of the iodine</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">contamination. And one </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">of the silver reactors at the PU</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">REX P</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">lant blew up.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> Well, it was not serious. It was all</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">contained. But we had to try to figure out, why did that darn reactor blow up? Why did they have a reaction in</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">there?</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">And I still remember one of the old chemists, Charlie Pollock. He was the one who was in charge</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> of it</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">. But I still</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">remember him making mixtures and putting it outside the lab door on a hot plate and standing behind the door to</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">see it, was he going to pop? </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">[LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">We did an awful lot of innovation like that. It was just really</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">I think we did have a</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">good time mucking with this stuff. I jokingly say that</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">every Monday we would have what they called a process</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">meeting where the chemists and the process engineers would get together to discuss what we're going to do this</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">week. And I always said we just got together to see how we're going to screw the plant up this week. </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">[LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">There was</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">so much new technology, and every week somebody would come up with a new idea. They were the biggest pilot</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> plants in the world, really. [LAUGHTER] B</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">oth the </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">REDOX</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> one and the PUREX one, just developing these processes. The</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">whole</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">you know, when we first came here, we were living in dormitories.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">And the men's dormitory was on one side of town, and the women's was on the other side of town. We'd meet in</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">the cafeteria. [LAUGHTER] A</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">nd I still recall, when we were working shift works, we would gather in the cafeteria after swing shift,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">and we'd still be</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> in</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> there talking, or doing something with the guys who would come in for breakfast to go to work on</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">day shifts.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> Graveyard was always hell, because you didn't have time to do anything but sleep and eat.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> And swing</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">shift was kind of bad because the movie house, the movies didn't start until 4:00, and so we could go to any</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">movies or anything. But it was tolerable. We formed an organization called the dorm club, where we went on</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">made a lot of camping trips, had a few beer busts. I tell about, I was social chairman for a</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">while, and I found a big</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">bargain on beer, Pioneer Beer.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">It was made by the breweries that they opened when they were doing construction during the war. It was not very</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">good beer. I think I had five cases hidden under my bed in the dorm for weeks until I got rid of it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> But most of us</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">met our spouses at that time. And it was really a unique situation early on in the late 40s and early 50s, because</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">almost all of us h</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">ad been in the same boat. We had</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> started college. We'd been called into active duty during the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">war. We'd finished active duty and returned to </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">college to finish our degrees. So we all had had the same type of</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">experiences. Some of them were pretty hairy. I</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">n fact, I</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> well remember one of my roommates was telling about being in</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">the Philippines, and sitting on his bunk during one time, and said a big old snake crawled up between his legs.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> I</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">think I would have been of the roof and never come back </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">down if that had happened to me! [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">But you know we had all had similar experiences, and it was our first time, really, that we were making any money</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">that we could do things with. We could buy cars</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">, and bought cars</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">. So we went on just all sorts of trips. We learned</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">most of us</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">learned to ski. And those ski trips, that was still was fairly new in the State of Washington. There was a rope tow</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">up in the Blue Mountains at Tollgate. </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">And, o</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">h gosh, I think a season ticket cost $5.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> And</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> we would—</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">went down, and I think we</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">initiated the chairlift at T</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">imberline</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> down at Mount Hood. We went to a lot of places just when they were first</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">opening.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> So, in fact--</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">How long did you live in the dorms, then?</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Well, let's see. I lived in the dorms several years, and then an acquaintance was able to get an apartment over on</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">George Washington W</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">ay, and he asked if I wanted to share this apartment with him. You had to share.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> You</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">couldn't just live in one by yourself. So I then lived in that apartment for a couple of years, until I got married. Then</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> we had a B</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> house. [LAUGHTER] A</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">nd that's where we were living when they began selling Richland out. And we were junior</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">tenants in the B</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> house, </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">and way down on the move list, s</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">o there wasn't much chance of getting a decent</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">house. My wife and I bought a lot over in Kennewick.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">And we didn't have much money, but we had a lot of energy, and we did an awful lot of building our own house. I</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">think</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">I'm still living in it 54 years later.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER] So—</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">but it's been</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Oh, I don't regret a day of the work that we've done here.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">It's been challenging and interesting. After I retired from full time, I did a lot of part time work. I</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> helped—</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">was declassifying</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">documents and I was a tour director, taking people on tours of Hanford. And I worked at the old Science Center</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">down on the Pos</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">t Office, before that became CREHST</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> over there, where it is now. And the Visitors Center out at</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Energy Northwest, I worked there. And the FFDF Visitors Center. So it's been a wonderful life, really. </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">[LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Fun.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">I wonder, when you arrived</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> in</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">was it July 26th of 1947? What was your first impression of Richland, or of the place</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">here?</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">[LAUGHTER] Well! W</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">hen I graduated from college, when my folks came over to graduate, and we came back through here. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">I still remember going on the old highway, looking over, and seeing the stack of the old heating plant that used to</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">be downtown in Richland, and thinking, oh gosh, do I really want to come here? And it was a little different. Of</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">course I had worked in very highly classified stuff during radar during the war. So I was used to the classification.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">But Richland was really different. You just didn't talk about your work at all. You kind of </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">k</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">new what your buddies did.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">And there was the separation technology people, there was the pile technology people, the fuel technology</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">people. You kind of knew what they did, but that's all. You didn't really know any </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">details. And you never talked, w</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">e</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">never talked about it.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">You talked about the chemistry of</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> the </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">REDOX</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> process. Could you explain sort of what that means, in terms of </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">REDOX</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">what the process was?</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Yeah. The fuel is dissolved, of course. They take the jackets off with sodium hydroxide, and then you dissolve the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">fuel in nitric acid. And then </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">they used this solvent, it’s</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> an organic solvent. The stuff </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">we used was </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">H</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">exon</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">e</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">, for what</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">the chemical name is methyl</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">isobutyl</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> k</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">etone, which is a paint thinner. And to make sure that we could extract, this</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">H</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">exon</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">e</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> would extract uranium and plutonium from aqueous phase into this organic phase. Well, you needed to add</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">a salting agent to be able to improve th</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">at extraction. These were done i</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">n what we called columns. They were</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">packed columns. They used some stuff called </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span class="SpellingError SCX150736100">Raschig</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> rings, and they were about 40 feet long. The feed would</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">come</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> about the middle of the column. The organic things would come in at the bottom of the column.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">And then there'd be a scrubbing agent came in up at the top of the column, and that would scrub some of this</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">stuff out. Oh, it was a complicated process. Then we would oxidize the plutonium</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">or we would re</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">duce the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">plutonium through a three </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">valence state, and that wouldn't extract. And that was the separation column. And then</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">you'd have to run both of these stuff through similar columns to clean</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> it up. It was—r</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">eally, it was kind of a marvelous</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">process. It was a whole new metallurgical processing. It was something that hadn't been done, really, until we did</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">here at Hanford. So just developing all these littl</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">e techniques was quite a chore. And it worked!</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Then you said you were s</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">hift supervisor in the 200 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">rea?</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Yeah, in the laboratories.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">In the laboratories. So what sort of work did that involve</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> at that point</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">?</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Well, that was, then, that process chemistry that we were doing. But whenever there was an upset with the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">columns, there was all sorts of things, like the columns would occasionally flood, and they would just emulsify, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">they couldn't get the organic and the stuff to separate. But why was that happening? And things like that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Sometimes the chemistry would get off a little bit, or we would get a carryover for some reason or other. It just</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">it</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">worked, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> it worked very well. But we were able to recover both the uranium and the plutonium. So we weren't</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">putting uranium out in those old waste tanks.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Then, you know, when we developed the PUREX process, we used the tributyl</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">phosphate in a more dilute phase</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">to go back in and recover that uranium we had stored from the old bismuth phosphate separation process. So you</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">name it, we did it! [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> I kind of jokingly say that</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">you know, when DuPont was building this place, the war manpower</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">boards told them where they could recruit, and they did a lot of recruiting in the South, because that was not</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">highly industrialized. So that's why quite a few Southerners came up here to work. Well, Southerners are</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">rednecks.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> They can make anything work. And I really, I sincerely think it's a lot of the ability of those people to be</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">able to do things, why this place even succeeded. And when you stop to think that that original construction and</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">everything took place in 14, 16 months, it's just mind boggling.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Given the sort of materials you were working with out there, why don't you talk about safety issues? Was safety</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">emphasized quite a bit?</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Oh, you </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span class="SpellingError SCX150736100">betcha</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">. You know</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> DuPont was a st</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">inker on safety because they mad</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">e gunpowder. You've heard the story</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">about them getting criticized for making big profits doing gunpowder during World War I. So when they took over</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">the contract here, they said they'd do it for cost plus $1, and they only received $0.80.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> I think that's kind of an</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">interesting story in itself. But DuPont was really</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">boy, if you saw something was unsafe, that was corrected right</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">now. You didn't need to continue working in the unsafe condition at all.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">And I kind of laugh a little bit about. I think we were safer out at the plant than we were in our own homes. We'd</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">have these dumb safety meetings. Once a week you had to go through a safety meeting. Sometimes they were</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">boring as hell. </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">[LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">But the other </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">thing was that when we didn't have any accidents for a certain length of time, we'd get</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">a prize. I still have some of the prizes we won over the years. That was another thing. When GE was taking over,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">we could get GE</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">we </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">could </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">buy GE products at employee cost. You wouldn't dare buy a frying pan unless it was GE.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> So</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">there were many little advantages.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">I wonder, o</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">f the different things you worked on at Hanford, what were some of the most challenging aspects of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">work you did, and what was some of the most rewarding?</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Well, I think one of the most re</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">warding ones was this neptunium-</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">237. That was really a fun project, because about</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">once a month we'd have to start up this little pilot plant, and you had to run it 24 hours a day for about a week to</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">separate out this 237. That was a very challenging and </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">very rewarding project, because it</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> had a lot of interest.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">That, and the fact that it was also highly classified. They k</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">ept changing the classification,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> I think every month,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">you'd</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> have a new name for it. One time it was Palmolive.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> Let's see, what were some of the others? Birch bark.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">You never knew what you were supposed to call it from one month to the next, because it was a very high-priority</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">thing. Also, when we had</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">they begin shipping most of it back to Savannah River, because Savannah River could</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">make the 238 easier than we could here at Hanford.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">But I would separate out this 237, and I'd have to deliver personally to the mint car. That was the car that took the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">plutonium down to Los Alamos. I'd have to take that 237 up in a cask and put it on </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">that mint car.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> So there were a </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">lot of little things like that. Some of the challenges, we had some technical problems over the years that were real</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">problems. Like</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> we had a ru</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">thenium problem out at the REDOX</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> process that was a </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">little bit of a challenge. W</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">e</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">spewed some plutonium out on the ground out there. And plutonium is kind of a nasty stuff, because it doesn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">absorb. It migrates towards the river fairly fast. So there were a few of those little things that were a bit of a</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">problem. Also, then, during the Cold War, when production was so critical</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">you know you just didn't shut down for</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">hell or high water. And we were running out of waste storage space.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">We came up with a way we could treat the waste and make it crib</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">-</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">able, so we could put it just to a crib, an</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">underground crib, like a dry well. And that was kind of a dumb thing to do.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> But it was necessary, because we had</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">to get plutonium out</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> somehow or other. And we didn't have waste storage space. It takes too long to build a waste</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">tank. And some of the interesting little things is some of the crushers found that nice salty stuff down in the soil,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">and we had an awful lot of hot poop spread around in the desert at various places.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> Some of those challenges</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">were kind of challenging!</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> We didn't get too involved in it, but somebody was getting involved in it, and we always</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">knew who it was.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">So the situation where y</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">ou said that you sort of spewed</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> a little bit of plutonium, was that at PUREX? What</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">happened with that situation?</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Oh, they were recovering americium from the plutonium down at 234-5, and they had a criticality event down</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">there. That was a very challenging situation. I happened to</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">the engineer who was in charge of that was a good</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">friend. He was at a Boy Scout—at a heat </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">down along the river, and they went down and got him, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">brought h</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">im back</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> so we could do some work out there. But that was really kind of scary. That's the only really</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">serious incident. That and Mr. McCluskey</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">’s</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">, when the glove box blew up in his face. And I always blame the union</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">on that, because the union was being very stubborn about settling the strike, and that's why the column</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> had</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> sat with</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">this acid on it for so long. Then when they started it up, it took off.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Are there any other incidents or things that happened during your time working at Hanford that really stand out to</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">you? Humorous things, or serious.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">I can't think. I can think of several humorous situations that occurred, particularly when I was a punk kid supervisor</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">out there </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">in the 222-T P</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">lant. We had quite a few women workers out there, and I swear, I think those women used</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">lay awake at night to see how they could embarrass me. </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">[LAUGHTER] And t</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">his one</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">the hot water tank was in the women's</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">restroom, and it had a check valve in it. Well, the toilets were all these pressure-type toilets. And this one woman</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">went in to use the toilet, and the check valve didn</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">'t check. She burned her bottom. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Oh, no.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: A</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">nd I had to take her to first</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">aid. And she was not at all hesitant about telling me exactly what had happened in detail.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> I about died having to</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">write up the accident report!</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> Had employee been instructed on the job</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">?</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> and stuff like that.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> But I still chortle about</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">that.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Y</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">eah. Y</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">ou talked earlier about how during the peak of the Cold War, there was focus on production, production. At some</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">point, that leveled off, and there was sort of a decreased emphasis on production, and of course, eventually, a</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">shift toward cleanup. But I wonder if that sort of shift away from really high production, how that impacted your</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">work at all?</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> Did that change?</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">It didn't seem to change it an awful lot. Those are very complicated processes out there. There not just simple</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">processes, and they seem to have a tendency to something always going wrong. Like we had a situation of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">columns flooding. And it was detergents that was put in through the Columbia River, up in Spokane</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> and</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> Wenatchee</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> up</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">above us. Our water treatment system didn't remove this detergent. It was a phosphate detergent, and there it</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">came through with our water purification stuff that we were doing.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">I think it gave us a bit of a headache for a</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">while, of why there were these columns flooding all the time, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">little </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">situations like that. They see</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">med to come up, t</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">hey'd crop up at weird times. Or a piece of equipment would fail,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">and how do we do it. Just—i</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">f you ever go out to the a</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">rea, as you pass the old PUREX P</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">lant, there's a tunnel that comes</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">from the end of the PUREX Pl</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">ant almost out to the highway, and there's a vent out there. And that tunnel is full of</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">equipment that f</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">ailed in the PUREX P</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">lant that</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> they shoved it into this tunnel and left it there. That's got to be</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">cleaned up someday.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">I was going to ask you, President Kennedy came to v</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">isit in 1963 to dedicate the N R</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">eactor. Were you present that</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">day? Were you able to see</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Oh, you </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span class="SpellingError SCX150736100">betcha</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">. They took </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">us—a</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">nybody who wanted to go in a bus down to the place where they were going to have</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">the dedication. My wife, and her sister, and my two kids came out. And I don't know how my daughter ever found</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">me in that crowd down there, but she spotted me somehow or other.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> We were so far back you could hardly see</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> him</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">But that was the first time they actually allowed people to come on the project, too. So it was really</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">—</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">I think my</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">wife and her sister said they sat for an hour waiting to get through the barricade before they could come out. They</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">were both quite amazed at what they saw when they got out here.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Right. And as you look back at all your years working at Hanford, how would you assess it as a place to work?</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Well, some of the companies were much better to work for than others. I really enjoyed working for General</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Electric, because that's the company I first came to work for here. And Arco was a good company to work for.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Isochem was just kind</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> of iffy. They were very small—a</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">nd I don't</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">they didn't quite have their act together yet.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Some of the other later companies, I thought were just, </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">nah</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">. That was one of the reasons I quit</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> when I did</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">. I quit a little early.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">I took retirement at 63, because I just couldn't stand the company that was here at that time. They knew how to</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">build airplanes, but they didn't kno</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">w how to run a chemical plant. That</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> shouldn't be in here. I hope you edit that out.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">[LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">You</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> did talk earlier about some of the technology that you saw. I wonder, are there any other examples? Or you</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">could talk about some of the new technology that you saw develop </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">during this time you were there?</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Well, gosh, the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">technology was moving so fast. You know, they had this Fast Flux test</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">they built the Fast Flux Test Facility. That</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">was all new technology. And </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">the plutonium recycle reactors—</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">that was all new technology. I'm just amazed at the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">technology that they were developing here. And it was all developed here. We didn't get a lot of credit for it,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">unfortunately.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> And I feel kind of bad about that, because it was the cleverness of the people working here that</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">developed some of this technology.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Even up there in that</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">in what they called the old separation plant, the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> old</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> bismuth phosphate plant, the design of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">equipment in that is just very unique. It was the first ti</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">me that high-level radiation</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> radioactive material was</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">being handled, and they had to come up with a technique of handling it. There was a crane operator</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">there was a</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">big long crane that ran the whole length of </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">that 800-foot building. He sat </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">in a lead-lined cab behind a concrete</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">parapet. The o</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">nly thing he had was optics that</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> he could see down into the cells. And how he could take those--you look into one of those cells down there, and it's like looking into a plate of spaghetti. There's so much junk in</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">it, so much stuff in there, pipes. And all everything that comes in has to come through these connectors. And he,</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">the crane operator, had to know which one he had to take off first to get in, and another one in behind it, or</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">something.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">And just the technology they went through, and the learning process. </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">I don't know how anyone was ever</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> to do it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">I've talked to one old engineer that, fortunately enough, I could take on a tour one time. He came out here with</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">DuPont during the early construction, and he worked on quite a bit of it. He was here, and they gave him a special</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">tour. And I happened to be the one who took him around. It was one of the </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span class="SpellingError SCX150736100">funnest</span></span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> days I had, because he told</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">me all sorts of things about some of </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">the stuff that he had worked on</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">. He had helped design the cask carts that</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">carried the fuel from the reactors up to the separation plants, and he knew the people who would design the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">connectors for the separation plants, and some of the design on the waste tanks. To me, some of the stuff that</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">they were able to do here, it still just boggles my mind. There was an awful lot of smart people working on this</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">place, that's all I've go</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">t to say. A lot smarter than me!</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">One more question. I teach a course on the Cold War, and of course most of my students now were born after the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Cold War ended.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> You know, I wonder, as someone who worked at a place like Hanford during the peak of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Cold War, what you would say to a young person who would have no memory of the Cold War at all, or much of</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">an underst</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">anding, what it was like to work</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> at Hanford?</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">It was a little scary, because we were surrounded by gun emplacements. And I still remember going home after</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">shift one day, and there was some gun emplacements right at the bottom </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">of the Two East H</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">ill, and they were</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">all raised, like they might be ready, had a warning or something. And you kind of wonder about that. And we went</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">in, we always had to have these</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">in all of the buildings, we had supplies that we could hole up in case of an</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">attack. And all of us had junk in our cars, an evacuation plan. I know my wife and I did. I had canned goods that I</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">would put in the trunk of the car. And if we were attacked, she was to meet me at a certain places in Yakima, and</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">we were</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> going to head for the Willapa H</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">ills.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER] The Willapa H</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">ills are a very remote part of Pacific county.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Wow, s</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">o you did hav</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">e preparations in place in case, because--</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Yeah. And some people even built</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">there were a few bomb shelters built around.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Well, is there anything else about your work at Hanford, or your experience there that we haven't talked</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> about</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> yet that</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">you'd like to share?</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Oh, gosh, there's so many things that went on. I could sit here and talk probably all afternoon about some of this</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">stuff because new ideas would come up that I can't remember. Well, I can remember shortly after I had gotten</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">in</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">to the laboratory down at 3706 B</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">uilding, one of the women that I was working with, she and I did more uranium</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">analysis in one shift than anybody had ever done.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> We were very proud of that. We just hit every sample size as</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">perfect. And it was</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">we just were boiling out uranium analysis like crazy.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER] I can't remember now, b</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">ut it was</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">there were little incidences like that that were kind of fun. And for a</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">while the coveralls that they were</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">giving us had pockets on them to take the size. They were colored. And there were some of those women, I tell</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">yo</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">u. I like women, b</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">ut I think some of those gals that use</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">d to work down there had a warped sense of humor. T</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">hey loved to grab ahold of these pockets and </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">rip. They'd rip the pockets off!</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> Well, they came up behind me one</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">time and grabbed the pockets, of and ripped, and the pockets didn't come off, but the whole seat came off.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> That</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">was when I was still single, and emba</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">r</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">rassed very easily. And I had gotten a blue sock in with my white underwear.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">My shorts were blue! [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> Oh, they got such a kick out of my blue under</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">wear!</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> I could have slapped them, though.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Oh, t</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">hat's quite a story.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">One of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> things that we did, I think we we</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">re a lot closer. We worked closely with each other. And we'd have</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">wonderful</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">we'd call them safety meetings in the tavern.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> They were just</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">We'd have a lot</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">we had a lot of</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">parties. But they don't seem to do that anymore. I don't know why. We were more like a big family, and if anything</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">happened to somebody, like a death in the family, we would all rally around them and do things like that, like</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">families did. And Richland was really a very close little community back then. If anybody got into trouble, boy, you</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">sure knew it.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Well, I want to thank you very much for coming in today, and sharing your memories and experiences. I really</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">appreciate it.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Well, I enjoyed doing it, because I think it was a very unique time in history. And I'm afraid that we're beginning to</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">lose that, because my</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">now, I'm getti</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">ng to the age where World War II</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> veterans are dying off like flies.</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> So many of</span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">my friends have already gone, and it's just a little shocking.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Right. </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">Thank you, again, for coming in. I really appreciate it.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX150736100"><span class="TextRun SCX150736100"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Buckingham</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX150736100">You're very welcome. Thank you for asking me.</span><span class="EOP SCX150736100"> </span></p>
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Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
00:58:53
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
5273kbps
Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Hanford Sites
Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview
100 Area
200 Area
300 Area
222-T Plant
222-V Plant
222-S Laboratory
Plutonium Uranium Extraction Plant (PUREX)
Reduction-Oxidation Plant (REDOX)
N Reactor
B Reactor
Plutonium Recycle Test Reactor (PRTR)
234-5 Building (Plutonium Finishing Plant)
400 Area / Fast Flux Test Facility
Building 3706
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1947-2013
Years on Hanford Site
Years on the Hanford Site, if any.
1947-1987
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963
Pollock, Charlie
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Steve Buckingham
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Steve Buckingham conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
November 13th, 2013
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
2016-05-11: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
Subject
The topic of the resource
Hanford Nuclear Site (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Nuclear weapons plants--Environmental aspects--Washington (State)--Hanford Site
Nuclear weapons plants--Waste disposal--Environmental aspects--Washington (State)--Hanford Site
Nuclear instruments & methods
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
100 Area
200 Area
222-S Laboratory
222-T Plant
222-V Plant
234-5 Building (Plutonium Finishing Plant)
300 Area
400 Area
Arco
B Reactor
Building 3706
DuPont
Energy Northwest
Fast Flux Test Facility (Wash.)
General Electric
Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963
Kennewick (Wash.)
N Reactor
Plutonium Recycle Test Reactor (PRTR)
Plutonium Uranium Extraction Plant (PUREX)
Reduction-Oxidation Plant (REDOX)
Richland (Wash.)
-
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F54cd3ac226c71cfb58dbac14575b96eb.jpg
f287161aff407d507797401b6b03f0d5
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/omeka-hhp%2Foriginal%2F1b4d000db44e1cb8761e58f9bedc02ab.mp4
55abe4852274c66ce085092001035e43
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Post-1943 Oral Histories
Subject
The topic of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Description
An account of the resource
Oral histories with residents about the Hanford area during and following the Second World War
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this collection should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for these items.
Oral History
A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge.
Interviewer
The person(s) performing the interview
Robert Bauman
Interviewee
The person(s) being interviewed
Loris Brinkman
Transcription
Any written text transcribed from a sound
<div class="OutlineElement Ltr SCX267983003">
<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><strong><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Northwest Public Television | </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span class="SpellingError SCX267983003">Brinkman_Loris</span></span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></strong></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Loris </span></span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">L-O-R-I-S and Brinkman is B-R-I-N-K-M-A-N.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Robert Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Thank you very much. Thanks for letting us talk to you today, I appreciate it. Today's date is October 29, 2013. My</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> name is Robert Bau</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">man and we're condu</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">cting this interview in Richland</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">, Washington. So let's start, if you could,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Loris, by having you tell us about how you came to Hanford, what brought you here, and when did you arrive?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">, I was, as I stated be</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">fore, I spent seven years with Civil Conservation—w</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">ith the CCCs. And then I got a</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">job with DuPont spent one year at Rosemount Minnesota, and that was from 1942 to '43. So I came out here in</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">September of '43. And I came out here and they sent me out to 200 West. I came out to 200 West</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> and there</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">wasn't much going on the</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">re yet. It was pretty i</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">n the beginning part of it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Now they were digging</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">t</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">hey were excavating for the 221-</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">T B</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">uilding. And I think they were probably building on</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">the powerhouse. Well, my first job</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> they had to get water down there. And there was a water line just north of us,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">as I recall. And the first thing we had to do is to have a temporary water line, and that was made of wood pipe.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And it was laid out, and it was laid out like this</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> so it made a circle around there so that all the facilities would be</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">able to get water from this water line. And I was given the job of somebody has to follow the work. And there were</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">be places where we'd have to pour some concrete. And it was wood pipe. And wood pipe was certainly new.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And so when we got that pretty well taken care of</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> I was given the job to follow the steam lines. Now as I said, the</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">powerhouse was under construction. And the steam line that came out of the powerhouse was about 16 inches in</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">diameter. And you see, at th</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">at time, there was the T Building and the U B</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">uilding. And the steam lines came out of</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">the powerhouse, which was kind of halfway in between the two.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And then </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">one line went up towards the T B</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">uilding and the oth</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">er line went down toward the U B</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">uilding. Well there</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">was construction or excavation being g</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">oing on at the</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">I think they called it the 221-</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">T B</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">uilding. And the steam</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">lines were necessary because they were going to furnish the steam for all the construction there. Now in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">steam line, it doesn't sound like a very important job, but we would probably go 300 to 400 feet.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And then there would </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">have to be a, what they called </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">an expansion loop there. It would go like this. And that was</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">to take care of the expansion when the steam was in operation. Now the thing that we did was we would construct</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">maybe three</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">I don't remember</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">but 300 to 500 feet in length. And then there would have to be a loop to take</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">care of the expansion.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And what we would do is to construct a line, and then about midway between these expansion loops</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> we would cut</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">the line and take out about two or three inches, as I recall. And then they would put chains on there and bring</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">those two together and weld them together. Now the reason for that is that the tension was on there when it was</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">cold.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And when they put the steam in the line, the expansion would make the steam line pretty much without tension on</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">it. You get the idea? And along with that steam line</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> I worked on construction of several permanent buildings that</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">were part of the main construction there. And that was the</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">we had the laundry</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> and we had the office building,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">and a few buildings like that. I worked on those, too.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Now when the work was all complete, my portion of the work was fin</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">ished there, I went to the 200 E</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">ast A</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">rea. And I</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">don't really remember what I did there, but I think it was probably sim</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">ilar to what I did over in the W</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">est A</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">rea. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">after about a year's work there, the work that I was doing was pretty well completed.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And so I went to</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">excuse me. See, a</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">t my age names don't come quite like they used to.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: That’s right, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> But I went to Indiana, to the</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Indiana Ordinance Works. And I worked there for about a year. And by that time, after completing the work there, I</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">went to the Wilmington</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> head office</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> there,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> and I worked </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">there for about two and a half years. </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">But</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> you know,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> after being out here a year, I couldn't quite get this place out of my mind. As we said, if you can last six</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">months, you're going to like it. But many people came out here didn't last six months. When I came out here in the</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">beginning, I was going to</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">the fellow that I was working with at Rosemount was already out here.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And he had a room in Pasco, a</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">nd I was going to room with him. So when I got out here and I called his number,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">and I said, I'd like to speak to Ham</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">m</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">. Mr. Ham</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">m</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> terminated last Friday. And there was another man with me and he</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">said, Mr. Brinkman, I don't know anything about Mr. Ham</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">m</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">. I will tell you one thing, it takes a damn good man to</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">stay out here.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> [LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">But anyway, after another year down at Wilmington</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">or down at Indiana Ordina</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">nce Works, I went to Wilmington and</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> I</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">stayed there for about </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">two and a half</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> years. And then there was an opportunity for me to get back out here. I didn't</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">hesitate. I came out here again. Got out here in</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">I think it was</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">1948. And I've been here ever since.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">What was it about the place that made you want to come back?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">One of the things is the climate. This is ideal climate. We don't have these 40 degree weather that we had in</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Wisconsin. Once in a</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">while i</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">t did get cold here. One time. I was, let’s see—w</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">e did have six days of cold weather. And the</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">temperature got as low as minus 26 or 27 degrees.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: Wow.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> And that was six days.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And then I went out in the evening and oh, I says we have a chinook. A chinook</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">they called it a chinook when the</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">warm breeze would come in there. And it's chinook. A</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">nd the temperature went up 40,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> 50 degrees</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> in the night</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">. So the cold</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">period was over with. But I just like the weather. I like the people that were here.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">They were people that were out here for one purpose, we've got to get this thing built. We need this in our war. So</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">that was the main thing that I liked out here.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Mm-hm. </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">When you first came in 1943, what were your very first impressions of the place? Do you remember?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Well, I really didn't hate the place. A lot of people did. We didn't have very much sunshine. There was about six</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">weeks the sun didn't shine. But I really enjoyed the place.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And when you came out here to work, what did you know about the work you were doing or what Hanford was</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">for?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Well, in the first place, you didn't know what we were going to make here. Nobody's</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">there were a few people that</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">knew, but that was not discussed. We did not discuss what we were going to make here and what it was going to</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">be used for. That was absolutely quiet.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Do you remember when you found out?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Yes, when I was</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">I think it was</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">in Indiana Ordinance Works when they dropped the bomb. Then I knew what we</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">were doing out here. That this was very important. And the bomb was very important.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And when you worked out here in 1943, do you remember how much money you made?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Yes. I made</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">I think it was</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">about $85 a week.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And how many hours a week was that?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Well, when I first started out here it was nine hours, six days a week. Put in about 54 hours.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And then when you came back in 1948, what sort of job did you have when you came back here?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">I have to think a little bit on this, on what I did. I don't remember what exactly what the first job was. But my biggest</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">job after getting back here was construction of</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">supervising, or not really supervising, but seeing that the job was</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">done according to the plans of the</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> tank farm. We had these underground tanks. You see, we had waste, and that</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">waste had lots of plutonium in there.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">We didn't get it all out. The uranium was changed in</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">part of it was changed in</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">to</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> plutonium. And then that was in</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">the 100 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">rea. Or</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">yeah, the B A</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">rea an</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">d 100 Areas. And then in the 200 A</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">reas they separated the plutonium. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">the plutonium was used to make the bomb. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> then</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> there we had tank farms.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> Oh,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">I'm trying to think how many, 750,000 gallons or something like that. And we usually had 12 steel tanks. And we</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">would dig a hole way down deep. And these tanks were, I think, something like 75 feet in diameter. And we'd pour</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">a concrete base and then we'd build from there. And they would go up about 75 feet.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And then when they were all completed, then we'd backfill again. And then we'd have these tanks ready for the</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">waste from the process that was going on there. And I think</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">I don't remember just how many</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">but we had</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">maybe three or four tank farms. And I worked on those tank farms</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">. I was known as the tank farm</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> engineer,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">something like that.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">So what did being a tank farm</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> engineer involve? Sort of, supervising?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Yeah, you have to have somebody there. We would have a contractor do the work. And we would have to see that</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">it was done properly, </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">check </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">everything that was done. And be very careful about the back filling and that sort of thing.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">So how long did you work the tank farms?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Oh, I think maybe two or three years, probably.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">What did you do after that?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Well, I have to think now.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> After that</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> I got involved mostly with</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">as we call it</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">the project engineering. And with this</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">place there were always new facilities being created. And we call them a project. Maybe we would design this</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">project and then follow the construction of it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">But there was considerable work being done all the time. And I was part of the project engineering work.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And so how long in all did you work at Hanford? When did you stop working?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Okay.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> I was 59, and that was in 1971, I think it was. And then I retired. And about a year later</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">, why,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> they called me and</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">said, would you come </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">out and help us? And I said, no!</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> And then I thought about it a bit and I said, wait a minute,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">call me tomorrow. I'll think about it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And they called the next day</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> and I says, I'll come out and work about four months. And you know, I enjoyed it very</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">much. And the next year I went out again for four months</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">. And I did that for four years!</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> Finally I got to the stage</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">where I said, no, I think I've gone long enough. It's now time for me to travel.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">So after that,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> why,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> then my wife and I traveled all over the world. We took three month tours and went around the</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">world, down South America, and that sort of thing. And we loved that very much.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">I want to go back to when you first came to Hanford in 1943, you mentioned that a lot of people stayed </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">for </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">just a little</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">while and left. What sorts of things were there to do for fun? Was there entertainment available? What sorts of</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">things happened here?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Well, </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">they had a big place down at</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> Hanford itself. They built barracks for people. And they had, well, for one</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">thing in ten days they built a great big building which was the entertainment building. And they had</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> party—or</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> dances and</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">that sort of thing. And they had beer places around.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">People could buy a</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> big</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> jar of beer. And they had lots of those. They had to have facilities here that would interest</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">people so they would stay. And they spent a lot of money on that to make interests for people.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Mm-hm. </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And you said when you first came you</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">did you stay in Pasco?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">No, let's s</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">ee, I first stayed up at Grandv</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">iew. I stayed there and worked back and forth. Then I got a house in</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Richland. And that was great, then. And I stayed there until I moved out to--</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">To Indiana?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Yeah, Indiana. Right.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And then when you came back in 1948, where did you</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">did you move into Richland?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Yeah, r</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">ight in there. I got a house. I had</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> got a house practically right away.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">What was Richland like as a community in the 1940s?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Well, it wasn't a big town in the 1940s. Oh, you mean before we came out here?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">No, I mean when you were here.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">All right, when we were here</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">—see, </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">I have to think a little bit. We had</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">—</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Woman one</span>: Hello?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: W</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">e had a number of stores</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Woman</span>: Hello? That’s okay, I’ll come back later.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: B</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">ut Pasco had stores</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">and Kennewick had stores. And most of the shopping was done over in those areas. But we did, then, we had the</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">C</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">. </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">C</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> Anderson place here.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And that was a place, they had good material in there that you could buy. It wasn't a very big shopping area here,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">but it was adequate. I would say that.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Did you go over to Kennewick and Pasco occasionally, then</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">, to shop</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Oh, sure. Yeah. And the funny part of it was my daughter, when we got over to Kennewick, she said this is a real</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">city.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>:</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> It's </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">a little bit different than</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> Richland</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> was</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">. But Richland was being built all the time and adding new facilities,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">new stores, </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">new</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> houses all the time, until it got to be a pretty good place.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">I</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">’ve</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> had a few people I talked to from that period talk about the dust storms. Was that an issue at all that you</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">remember?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Yes, we had dust storms. And when we had a dust storm, we'd close the windows, of course. But there would be</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">dust all over the inside of your house. And that was the thing that sent quite a few people out of here. They'd have</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">a dust storm and then they'd leave.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">But it didn't bother us, we jus</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">t took those things in stride. We liked—b</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">y that time I liked it here. And when we came back on</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">the second time</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">, we got this house, a</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">nd right across the street was the school. My wife went over and said, I'm a</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">teacher, I have a master's degree,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">I</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> would like a job.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">She got a job as a fifth grade teacher just like that. </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">[LAUGHTER] </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And she taught there for 23 years.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And w</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">hat school was this?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">In f</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">ifth grade.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Do you remember which elementary school it was?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Yeah, it was Lewis and Clark. And we lived right across the street from there, right on the corner.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Oh, okay</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">, did you have one of the alphabet homes?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Yeah, H house. And then the time came when we were able to buy that house. And that was wonderful, too. That</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">turned into a good deal for us.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Do you remember how much?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Yeah, I paid about $6,000 for it. Then I added. I did some construction on it. I added</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">enlarged the two</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">bedrooms. And when we sold it,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> boy,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> I don't mind saying</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> it</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">, we sold it for $85,000. And made a return of say, like,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">$76,000 or $77,000. So that was a good thing for us.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">That's a pretty good deal.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Yeah, it was a very good deal. Yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">President Kennedy came out </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">here in 1963 to dedicate the N R</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">eactor. I wonder, were you there? Did you see him</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">when he came</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> at all</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">I sure was there.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">What do yo</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">u remember about his visit here?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">I don't remember anything about his speech. He just, as I recall, he emphasized the fact of the importance of this</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">work here. That was probably the main thing. And he tried to make us feel like we were really doing something</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">great for the country. And I guess we were.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">You and your whole</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">were your whole family out there as well?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Oh yeah, the whole family was there, yeah.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">A very special event.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">You see, they</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">it was wonderful for us to have that school there</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">. [LAUGHTER] Because</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> my wife could go over there and teach and</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">then get back in time. And when I got home the meals were ready.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">So I wanted to ask about security at Hanford. Did you have to have special clearance?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Oh yes, yes. Yes, w</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">e had to have Q clearance</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">, mm-hm</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Are there any other events that really stand out in your mind?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Any what?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Any events that stand out in your mind</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> or things that happened during the time you worked at Hanford that you</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">just thought were really interesting or important?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Well, I should remember, but my mind doesn't function like it should in that case. I don't know that there was</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">anything—i</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">mportant things that we had.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Overall, how was Hanford as a place to work?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">How was what?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Hanford as a place to work?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Wonderful, as far as I was concerned.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And what was it about working there that made it wonderful for you?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Well, we worked out in</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> the area most the time. And</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> people</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">we all worked together. That was the thing, I</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">thi</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">nk, that was—t</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">hat we were all working together</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> helping to accomplish what we were set out to do there. Now my</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">mind doesn't work quite like it should.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Of the different jobs you had at Hanford, was there one that was a favorite for you, one that you really enjoy the</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">most?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">It wasn't the tank farm. That wasn't it. But I think the part I liked the best was in the latter part</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> we worked on</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">various projects. And the projects were our projects, so to speak. And we were interested in seeing that those</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">we probably designed them, worked out the design and then followed the construction of it.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">And we were just anxious to see how it worked out.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Is there anything I haven't asked you about yet</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> or that you haven't had a chance to talk about yet</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> in terms of</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">either working at Hanford or living in Richland</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> that you think would be important to talk about?</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Well, as I said, at my age here</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">,</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> my mind doesn't do quite what I hoped it would do.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">You're doing great.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Well, we just, oh, when we got, as far as the schools are concerned, we had such great sports here. Our</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">basketball team has won the state championship three times. They had won the state championship in football</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">once or twice. And this has ju</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">st been a very wonderful</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> sports area.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">We've had </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">quite a few basketball players that played well for colleges. And as I said, we won state championships</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">three times and got second place maybe three or four times. It was just wonderful sports. And we were always</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">--</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">my wife and I were always interested in sports. We would go to the other cities and that sort of thing.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">My son played on the basketball team.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Great. </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Well, </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">I want to thank you very much for letting us talk to you today.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> And for sharing your memories. I really appreciate--</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">My mind doesn't work quite the way it should right now.</span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"> [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">It's working pretty darn well, myself. [LAUGHTER]</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Well.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Thank you, again. I really appreciate it.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Brinkman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Well I'm sure glad that if I have anything here that will be of some use to you, I'm sure happy to have helped out.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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<p class="Paragraph SCX267983003"><span class="TextRun SCX267983003"><span style="text-decoration:underline;">Bauman</span>: </span><span class="TextRun SCX267983003">Absolutely. Thank you very much.</span><span class="EOP SCX267983003"> </span></p>
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Location
The location of the interview
Washington State University - Tri-Cities
Duration
Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.)
00:35:01
Bit Rate/Frequency
Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio)
193 kbps
Hanford Sites
Any sites on the Hanford site mentioned in the interview
200 East Area
100 Area
B Area
200 Area
N Reactor
Years in Tri-Cities Area
Date range for the interview subject's experience in and around the Hanford site
1943-2013
Years on Hanford Site
Years on the Hanford Site, if any.
1943-1971
Names Mentioned
Any named mentioned (with any significance) from the local community.
Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963;
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Interview with Loris Brinkman
Description
An account of the resource
An interview with Loris Brinkman conducted as part of the Hanford Oral History Project. The Hanford Oral History Project was sponsored by the Mission Support Alliance and the United States Department of Energy. Loris Brinkman passed away on August 1, 2017. <a href="http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/tricityherald/obituary.aspx?n=loris-b-brinkman&pid=186392713">Obituary</a>.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Hanford Oral History Project at Washington State University Tri-Cities
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
2013-10-29
Rights
Information about rights held in and over the resource
Those interested in reproducing part or all of this oral history should contact the Hanford History Project at ourhanfordhistory@tricity.wsu.edu, who can provide specific rights information for this item.
Date Modified
Date on which the resource was changed.
2016-07-21: Metadata v1 created – [J.G.]
Subject
The topic of the resource
Richland (Wash.)
Kennewick (Wash.)
Pasco (Wash.)
Hanford (Wash.)
Hanford Site (Wash.)
Nuclear weapons plants--Waste disposal--Environmental aspects--Washington (State)--Hanford Site.
Format
The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource
video/mp4
Provenance
A statement of any changes in ownership and custody of the resource since its creation that are significant for its authenticity, integrity, and interpretation. The statement may include a description of any changes successive custodians made to the resource.
The Hanford Oral History Project operates under a sub-contract from Mission Support Alliance (MSA), who are the primary contractors for the US Department of Energy's curatorial services relating to the Hanford site. This oral history project became a part of the Hanford History Project in 2015, and continues to add to this US Department of Energy collection.
100 Area
200 Area
200 East Area
B Area
Hanford (Wash.)
Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963;
Kennewick (Wash.)
N Reactor
Pasco (Wash.)
Richland (Wash.)